T-SQL Tutorial v1

2017

www.tsql.info
 Backup and Restore

SQL Server allow to back up and restore your databases. Also, you can export and import
security certificates and keys.

TSQL Backup
 Backup entire database to disk file
 Backup partial backup to disk file
 Backup database devices in a Striped Media Set

TSQL Restore

 Restore entire database

 Restore full and differential database backup

Backup entire database

The following example backs up the master database to a disk file.

BACKUP DATABASE Syntax:

BACKUP DATABASE { database_name }
TO backup_device [ ,...n ]
[ MIRROR TO clause ]
[ WITH { DIFFERENTIAL | [ ,...n ] } ];

BACKUP DATABASE Example:

BACKUP DATABASE master
TO DISK = 'E:\SQLServerBackup\master.bak'
WITH FORMAT;
GO

Messages:
Processed 464 pages for database 'master', file 'master' on file 1.
Processed 3 pages for database 'master', file 'mastlog' on file 1.
BACKUP DATABASE successfully processed 467 pages in 0.274 seconds (13.308 MB/sec).
Backup partial database
The following example backup partial the model database to a disk file.

BACKUP DATABASE Syntax:

BACKUP DATABASE { database_name }
READ_WRITE_FILEGROUPS [ , [ ,...n ] ]
TO backup_device [ ,...n ]
[ MIRROR TO clause ]
[ WITH { DIFFERENTIAL | [ ,...n ] } ];

Backup partial backup example:

BACKUP DATABASE model READ_WRITE_FILEGROUPS
TO DISK = 'E:\SQLServerBackup\model_partial.bak'
GO

Messages:
Processed 328 pages for database 'model', file 'modeldev' on file 1.
Processed 2 pages for database 'model', file 'modellog' on file 1.
BACKUP DATABASE...FILE=name successfully processed 330 pages in 0.325 seconds
(7.910 MB/sec).

Backup partial backup with differential example:

BACKUP DATABASE model READ_WRITE_FILEGROUPS
TO DISK = 'E:\SQLServerBackup\model_partial.dif'
WITH DIFFERENTIAL
GO

Messages:
Processed 40 pages for database 'model', file 'modeldev' on file 1.
Processed 2 pages for database 'model', file 'modellog' on file 1.
BACKUP DATABASE...FILE=name WITH DIFFERENTIAL successfully processed
42 pages in 0.147 seconds (2.182 MB/sec).
Backup database devices
Backup database devices in a Striped Media Set
The following example backup the model database devices in a striped media set.

Example:
BACKUP DATABASE model
TO DISK='E:\SQLServerBackup\1\model_1.bak',
DISK='E:\SQLServerBackup\2\model_2.bak'
WITH FORMAT,
MEDIANAME = 'modelStripedSet0',
MEDIADESCRIPTION = 'Striped media set for model database';
GO

Messages:
Processed 328 pages for database 'model', file 'modeldev' on file 1.
Processed 2 pages for database 'model', file 'modellog' on file 1.
BACKUP DATABASE successfully processed 330 pages in 0.350 seconds (7.345
MB/sec).

Restore entire database

Restore a full database backup from the logical backup device.

RESTORE DATABASE Syntax:

RESTORE DATABASE { database_name }
[ FROM [ ,...n ] ]
[ WITH
{
[ RECOVERY | NORECOVERY | STANDBY = {standby_file_name} ]
| , [ ,...n ]
|,
|,
|,
|,
|,
} [ ,...n ]
]
[;]

RESTORE DATABASE Example:

USE master;
GO
RESTORE DATABASE test_2
FROM test_2;
GO

Messages:
Processed 328 pages for database 'test_2', file 'test_2' on file 1.
Processed 2 pages for database 'test_2', file 'test_2_log' on file 1.
RESTORE DATABASE successfully processed 330 pages in 0.276 seconds (9.333
MB/sec).

Restore full and differential database

backup
Restore a full database backup followed by a differential backup from backup device.

RESTORE DATABASE Syntax:

RESTORE DATABASE [ database_name ]
FROM DISK = [ backup_path ]
WITH FILE = [ file_number]
RECOVERY;

RESTORE DATABASE Example:

RESTORE DATABASE AdventureWorks2012 FROM DISK =
'Z:\SQLServerBackups\AdventureWorks2012.bak' WITH FILE = 9 RECOVERY;

Messages:
Processed 328 pages for database 'test_2', file 'test_2' on file 1.
Processed 2 pages for database 'test_2', file 'test_2_log' on file 1.
RESTORE DATABASE successfully processed 330 pages in 0.276 seconds (9.333
MB/sec).
 Constraints
In the Constraints sections you can learn how to create a Primary Key Constraint or add a
Foreign Key to a table. Also you can learn how to use commands to enable or disable
keys.

Constraints operations
 Create a Primary Key
 Create a Foreign Key
 Disable a Foreign Key
 Enable a Foreign Key
 List table constraints
 Delete a Constraint Key

Create a Primary Key

To create a primary key in a table, use the command alter table with add constraint.

Departments table

USE tempdb;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.departments
(
id int NOT NULL,
name varchar(250)
);
GO

Create Constraint Primary Key

USE tempdb;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.departments
ADD CONSTRAINT PK_DEP_ID
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (ID);
GO
Create a Foreign Key
To Create a foreign key in an existing table, use the command alter table with add
constraint.

Employees table

USE tempdb;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.EMPLOYEES(
ID INT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (250) NULL,
JOB VARCHAR (30) NULL,
DEPT_ID INT NULL );
GO

Departments table

USE tempdb;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.departments(
id int NOT NULL,
name varchar(250) );
GO

Create Constraint Foreign Key

USE tempdb;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.EMPLOYEES
ADD CONSTRAINT
FK_DEPT_ID FOREIGN KEY(DEPT_ID)
REFERENCES dbo.DEPARTMENTS(ID);
GO

Disable a Foreign Key

To disable a foreign key constraint, use the command alter table with NOCHECK
constraint.

Status Foreign Key

select name, type_desc, is_disabled from sys.foreign_keys;

name type_desc is_disabled
FK_DEPT_ID FOREIGN_KEY_CONSTRAINT 0

Disable Foreign Key Constraint

USE tempdb;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.EMPLOYEES
NOCHECK CONSTRAINT FK_DEPT_ID;
GO

Status Foreign Key

select name, type_desc, is_disabled from sys.foreign_keys;

name type_desc is_disabled

FK_DEPT_ID FOREIGN_KEY_CONSTRAINT 1

Enable a Foreign Key

To Enable a foreign key constraint, use the command alter table with CHECK constraint.

Status Foreign Key

select name, type_desc, is_disabled from sys.foreign_keys;

name type_desc is_disabled

FK_DEPT_ID FOREIGN_KEY_CONSTRAINT 1

Enable Foreign Key Constraint

USE tempdb;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.EMPLOYEES
CHECK CONSTRAINT FK_DEPT_ID;
GO
Status Foreign Key

select name, type_desc, is_disabled from sys.foreign_keys;

name type_desc is_disabled

FK_DEPT_ID FOREIGN_KEY_CONSTRAINT 0

List table constraints

To list table constraints, use select on sys.foreign_keys, sys.key_constraints or
sys.all_objects.

sys.foreign_keys

SELECT * FROM sys.foreign_keys;

sys.key_constraints

SELECT * FROM sys.key_constraints;

sys.all_objects

SELECT * FROM sys.all_objects

WHERE TYPE IN ('F','PK')
ORDER BY create_date DESC;

Delete a Constraint Key

To delete a constraint key from an existing table, use the command alter table with drop
constraint.

Create Constraint Foreign Key

USE tempdb;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.EMPLOYEES
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_DEPT_ID FOREIGN KEY(DEPT_ID)
REFERENCES dbo.DEPARTMENTS(ID);
GO
Delete Constraint Foreign Key

USE tempdb;
GO
ALTER TABLE dbo.EMPLOYEES
DROP CONSTRAINT FK_DEPT_ID;
GO
 Cursors

In this chapter you can learn how to work with cursors using operations like declare
cursor, create procedure, fetch, delete, update, close, set, deallocate.

Cursor operations

 Declare cursor
 Create procedure
 Open cursor
 Close cursor
 Fetch cursor
 Deallocate cursor
 Delete
 Update

Declare cursors
Declare cursor Syntax:
DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR [ LOCAL | GLOBAL ]
[ FORWARD_ONLY | SCROLL ]
[ STATIC | KEYSET | DYNAMIC | FAST_FORWARD ]
[ READ_ONLY | SCROLL_LOCKS | OPTIMISTIC ]
[ TYPE_WARNING ]
FOR select_query_statement
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF column_name [ ,...n ] ] ] ;

Declare simple cursor example:

DECLARE product_cursor CURSOR
FOR SELECT * FROM model.dbo.products;
OPEN product_cursor
FETCH NEXT FROM product_cursor;
Create procedure
Create procedure example:
USE model;
GO
IF OBJECT_ID ( 'dbo.productProc', 'P' ) IS NOT NULL
DROP PROCEDURE dbo.productProc;
GO
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.productProc
@varCursor CURSOR VARYING OUTPUT
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON;
SET @varCursor = CURSOR
FORWARD_ONLY STATIC FOR
SELECT product_id, product_name
FROM dbo.products;
OPEN @varCursor;
GO

Open cursors
Open cursor Syntax:
OPEN { { cursor_name } | cursor_variable_name }

Open cursor example:

USE model;
GO
DECLARE Student_Cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT id, first_name, last_name, country
FROM dbo.students WHERE country != 'US';
OPEN Student_Cursor;
FETCH NEXT FROM Student_Cursor;
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
FETCH NEXT FROM Student_Cursor;
END;
CLOSE Student_Cursor;
DEALLOCATE Student_Cursor;
GO

Close cursors
Close cursor Syntax:
CLOSE { { cursor_name } | cursor_variable_name }

Close cursor example:

USE model;
GO
DECLARE Student_Cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT ID, FIRST_NAME FROM dbo.students;
OPEN Student_Cursor;
FETCH NEXT FROM Student_Cursor;
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
FETCH NEXT FROM Student_Cursor;
END;
CLOSE Student_Cursor;
DEALLOCATE Student_Cursor;
GO

Fetch cursors
Fetch cursor Syntax:
FETCH
[ NEXT | PRIOR | FIRST | LAST
| ABSOLUTE { n | @nvar }
| RELATIVE { n | @nvar }
]
FROM
{ { cursor_name } | @cursor_variable_name }
[ INTO @variable_name [ ,...n ] ] ;

Fetch in cursors example:

USE model;
GO
DECLARE Student_Cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT id, first_name, last_name, country
FROM dbo.students WHERE country = 'US';
OPEN Student_Cursor;
FETCH NEXT FROM Student_Cursor;
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
FETCH NEXT FROM Student_Cursor;
END;
CLOSE Student_Cursor;
DEALLOCATE Student_Cursor;
GO

Deallocate cursors
When the cursor is deallocated, the data structures comprising the cursor are released by
Microsoft SQL Server.

Deallocate cursor Syntax:

DEALLOCATE { { cursor_name } | cursor_variable_name }

Deallocate cursor example:

USE model;
GO
DECLARE @CursorName CURSOR
SET @CursorName = CURSOR LOCAL SCROLL FOR
SELECT * FROM dbo.students;

DEALLOCATE @CursorName;

SET @CursorName = CURSOR LOCAL SCROLL FOR

SELECT * FROM dbo.students;
GO
Delete in cursors
Delete in cursors example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE MyCursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT *
FROM dbo.students
WHERE first_name = 'David' AND last_name = 'BROWN' AND id = 6 ;
OPEN MyCursor;
FETCH FROM MyCursor;
DELETE FROM dbo.students WHERE CURRENT OF MyCursor;
CLOSE MyCursor;
DEALLOCATE MyCursor;
GO

Update in cursors
Update in cursors example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE test_cursor CURSOR LOCAL FOR
SELECT id, first_name, last_name, section
FROM dbo.students WHERE id = 2;
OPEN test_cursor;
FETCH test_cursor;
UPDATE dbo.students
SET section = 'Medicine'
FROM dbo.students
WHERE CURRENT OF test_cursor;
GO

SELECT id, first_name, last_name, section FROM dbo.students;

GO
 Data Types
The Transact SQL language allow you to use various data types like: Numeric (int,
numeric, decimal, float), Character Strings (char, varchar), Unicode Character Strings
(nchar, nvarchar) , Date (date, datetime, datetime2, time) and other data types.

Binary Strings

 Binary
 Varbinary

Character Strings

 Char
 Varchar

Date and Time

 Date
 Datetime
 Datetime2
 Datetimeoffset
 Smalldatetime
 Time

Numerics
 Bigint
 Int
 Smallint
 Tinyint
 Decimal
 Numeric

Unicode Character Strings

 Nchar
 Nvarchar

Other Data Types

 Rowversion
 Uniqueidentifier
 Table
Binary
On Transact SQL language the binary is part of binary strings data types and have fixed
length.
The string length must be a value from 1 through 8,000.

Binary syntax:
binary [ ( n ) ]

Binary example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE @myVar BINARY(2);
SET @myVar = 12345678;
SET @myVar = @myVar + 2;
SELECT CAST( @myVar AS INT);
GO

Results
24912

Varbinary
On Transact SQL language the binary is part of binary strings data types and have
variable length. The string length must be a value from 1 through 8,000.

Varbinary syntax:
varbinary [ ( n ) ]
varbinary [ ( max ) ]

Range Storage
2^31-1 bytes (2 GB) 2 Bytes

Varbinary example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE @myVar VARBINARY(2);
SET @myVar = 123456789;
SET @myVar = @myVar + 3;
SELECT CAST( @myVar AS INT);
GO

Results
52504

Char
On Transact SQL language the char is part of character strings data types and have fixed
length.
The string length must be a value from 1 through 8,000.

Char syntax:
char [ ( n ) ]

Char example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE myCharTable ( a char(25) );
GO
INSERT INTO myCharTable VALUES ('abc + def');
GO
SELECT a FROM myCharTable;
GO

Results
abc + def

Varchar
On Transact SQL language the varchar is part of character strings data types and have
variable length. The string length must be a value from 1 through 8,000.

Varchar syntax:
varchar [ ( n ) ]
varchar [ ( max ) ]

Varchar example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE varcharTable ( a varchar(10) );
GO
INSERT INTO varcharTable VALUES ('abcdefghij');
GO
SELECT a FROM varcharTable;
GO

Results
abcdefghij

USE model;
GO
DECLARE @myVar AS varchar(20) = 'abc123';
SELECT @myVar as 'My column', DATALENGTH(@myVar) as 'Length';
GO

My column Length
abc123 6

Date
On Transact SQL language the date is part of date and time data types and define a date
on sql server.

Date syntax:
date

Property Value
Default string literal format YYYY-MM-DD
Range 0001-01-01 through 9999-12-31
Length 10
Storage size 3 bytes, fixed
Calendar Gregorian

Date example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE @date date= '08-21-14';
SELECT @date AS 'Date';
GO

Date
2014-08-21

Datetime
On Transact SQL language the datetime is part of date and time data types and define a
date that is combined with a time of day with fractional seconds.

Datetime syntax:
datetime

Property Value
Range January 1, 1753, through December 31, 9999
Length 19 minimum - 23 maximum
Storage size 8 bytes
Calendar Gregorian
Datetime example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE @date date= '08-21-14';
DECLARE @datetime datetime = @date;
SELECT @datetime AS 'Datetime', @date AS 'Date';
GO

Datetime Date
2014-08-21 2014-08-
00:00:00.000 21

Datetime2
On Transact SQL language the datetime2 is part of date and time data types and is an
extension of the datetime type that has a larger date range, a larger default fractional
precision.

Datetime2 syntax:
datetime2

Property Value
Default string literal YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss[.fractional
format seconds]
Range 0001-01-01 through 9999-12-31
Length 19 minimum - 27 maximum
Storage size 8 bytes
Calendar Gregorian

Datetime2 example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE @datetime2 datetime2 = '08-21-14 10:09:30.123';
SELECT @datetime2 AS 'Datetime2';
GO

Datetime2
2014-08-21 10:09:30.1230000

Datetimeoffset
On Transact SQL language the datetimeoffset is part of date and time data types and
define a date that is combined with a time of a day that has time zone awareness.

Datetimeoffset syntax:
datetimeoffset [ (fractional seconds precision) ]

Property Value
Default string literal YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss[.nnnnnnn]
format [{+|-}hh:mm]
Range 0001-01-01 - 9999-12-31
Length 26 minimum - 34 maximum
Storage size 10 bytes

Datetimeoffset example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE @datetimeoffset datetimeoffset(3) = '2014-08-21 10:49:32.1234 +10:0';
DECLARE @datetime2 datetime2(3)=@datetimeoffset;
SELECT @datetimeoffset AS 'Datetimeoffset', @datetime2 AS 'Datetime2';
GO

Datetimeoffset Datetime2
2014-08-21 10:49:32.123 +10:00 2014-08-21 10:49:32.123

Smalldatetime
On Transact SQL language the smalldatetime is part of date and time data types and
define a date that is combined with a time of day.
Smalldatetime syntax:
smalldatetime

Property Value
Range 1900-01-01 through 2079-06-06
Length 19 maximum
Storage size 4 bytes
Calendar Gregorian

Smalldatetime example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE @smalldatetime smalldatetime = '2014-08-21 11:03:17';
DECLARE @date date = @smalldatetime
SELECT @smalldatetime AS 'Smalldatetime', @date AS 'Date';
GO

Smalldatetime Date
2014-08-21 11:03:00 2014-08-21

Time
On Transact SQL language the time is part of date and time data types and define a time
of a day.

Time syntax:
time

Property Value
Default string literal format hh:mm:ss[.nnnnnnn]
Range 00:00:00.0000000 - 23:59:59.9999999
Length 8 minimum - 16 maximum
Storage size 5 bytes

Time example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE @time time = '08-21-14 10:21:12.123';
SELECT @time AS 'Time';
GO

Time
10:21:12.1230000

Bigint
On Transact SQL language the bigint is an numeric data type. On this page you can read
about max value and find an simple example.

Bigint syntax:
Range Storage
-2^63 (-9,223,372,036,854,775,808) to 2^63-1
8 Bytes
(9,223,372,036,854,775,807)

Bigint example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE test_table ( a bigint );
GO
INSERT INTO test_table VALUES (9223372036854775807);
GO
SELECT a FROM test_table;
GO

Results
9223372036854775807

Int
On Transact SQL language the int is an numeric data type. The int data type is the
primary integer data type in SQL Server.

Int syntax:
 Range Storage
-2^31 (-2,147,483,648) to 2^31-1 (2,147,483,647) 4 Bytes

Int example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE myIntTable ( b int );
GO
INSERT INTO myIntTable VALUES (214483647);
GO
SELECT b FROM myIntTable;
GO

Results
214483647

Smallint
On Transact SQL language the smallint is an numeric data type. Here you can read about
max value and find an simple example.

Smallint syntax:
Range Storage
-2^15 (-32,768) to 2^15-1 (32,767) 2 Bytes

Smallint example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE mySmallintTable ( c smallint );
GO
INSERT INTO mySmallintTable VALUES (32767);
GO
SELECT c FROM mySmallintTable;
GO

Results
32767
Tinyint
On Transact SQL language the tinyint is an numeric data type. The maximum value of
tinyint data type is 255.

Tinyint syntax:
Range Storage
0 to 255 1 Byte

Tinyint example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE myTinyintTable ( d tinyint );
GO
INSERT INTO myTinyintTable VALUES (255);
GO
SELECT d FROM myTinyintTable;
GO

Results
255

Decimal
On Transact SQL language the decimal is the same like numeric data types and have
fixed precision and scale.

Decimal syntax:
Precision Storage
1-9 5 Bytes
10-19 9 Bytes
20-28 13 Bytes
29-38 17 Bytes

Decimal example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE myDecTable ( b decimal (7,2) );
GO
INSERT INTO myDecTable VALUES (234);
GO
SELECT b FROM myDecTable;
GO

Results
234.00

Numeric
On Transact SQL language the numeric data types that have fixed precision and scale.

Numeric syntax:
Precision Storage
1-9 5 Bytes
10-19 9 Bytes
20-28 13 Bytes
29-38 17 Bytes

Numeric example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE myNumTable ( a numeric (12,6) );
GO
INSERT INTO myNumTable VALUES (777.123);
GO
SELECT a FROM myNumTable;
GO
 Results
777.123000

Nchar
On Transact SQL language the nchar is part of unicode character strings data types and
have fixed length. The string length must be a value from 1 through 4,000.

Nchar syntax:
nchar [ ( n ) ]

Nchar example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE myNcharTable ( a nchar(20) );
GO
INSERT INTO myNcharTable VALUES ('This is an example');
GO
SELECT a FROM myNcharTable;
GO

Results
This is an
example

Nvarchar
On Transact SQL language the nvarchar is part of unicode character strings data types
and have variable length. The string length must be a value from 1 through 4,000.

Nvarchar syntax:
nvarchar [ ( n ) ]
nvarchar [ ( max ) ]

Range Storage
2^31-1 bytes (2 GB) 2 Bytes
Nvarchar example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE nvarcharTable ( a nvarchar(25) );
GO
INSERT INTO nvarcharTable VALUES ('This is an example');
GO
SELECT a FROM nvarcharTable;
GO

Results
This is an
example

Rowversion
On Transact SQL language the rowversion is a data type that generate automatically
unique binary numbers within a database. The storage size is 8 bytes.

Rowversion syntax:
rowversion

Rowversion example:
USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE myTest (id int PRIMARY KEY, name char(20), test_column
rowversion);
GO
INSERT INTO myTest (id, name) VALUES (1, 'test_1');
GO
INSERT INTO myTest (id, name) VALUES (2, 'test_2');
GO
SELECT * FROM myTest;
GO

id name test_column
1 test_1 0x0000000000000FA1
2 test_2 0x0000000000000FA2
Uniqueidentifier
On Transact SQL language the uniqueidentifier is a character type for the purposes of
conversion from a character expression.

Uniqueidentifier syntax:
uniqueidentifier

Uniqueidentifier example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE @id_var uniqueidentifier = NEWID();
SELECT @id_var AS 'Result';
GO

Result
4BCF38AD-BB98-42CA-82D3-
97DBE081EB4B

Table
On Transact SQL language the table variable is a special data type that can be used to
store a result set for processing at a later time. Table variables are automatically will be
emptied at the end of the function or stored procedure in which they are defined.

Table syntax:
table

Table example:
USE model;
GO
DECLARE @TableVar table(id int NOT NULL, OldValue char(2), NewValue char(2));
UPDATE my_table SET b='c'
OUTPUT INSERTED.a, DELETED.b, INSERTED.b
INTO @TableVar;
SELECT id, OldValue, NewValue FROM @TableVar;
GO

id OldValue NewValue
1 a c
2 b c
 Operators

Operators
Arithmetic
Bitwise
Comparison
Compound
Logical

Arithmetic
Operator Meaning
+ Add
- Subtract
* Multiply
/ Divide
% Modulo

Bitwise
Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
Comparison
Operator Meaning
= Equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
<> Not equal to

Compound
Operator Meaning
+= Add Equals
-= Subtract Equals
*= Multiply Equals
/= Divide Equals
%= Modulo Equals
&= Bitwise AND Equals
^-= Bitwise Exclusive Equals
|*= Bitwise OR Equals

Logical
Operator Meaning
ALL TRUE if all of a set of comparisons are TRUE.
AND TRUE if both expressions are TRUE.
TRUE if any one of a set of comparisons are
ANY
TRUE.
TRUE if the operand is within the range of
BETWEEN
comparisons.
EXISTS TRUE if a subquery contains any rows.
TRUE if the operand is equal to one of a list of
IN
expressions.
LIKE TRUE if the operand matches a pattern.
NOT Reverses the value of any other operator.
OR TRUE if either expression is TRUE.
SOME TRUE if some of a set of comparisons are TRUE.
 Select Query
Select query
Group By
Having
Order By
Where
Between
Like
Exists
In
Some
Any

Group By
Group By is used when we have an aggregate function(like: count, max, min, sum, avg)
in our query. In first example the order is random, in second example we use the
column amount for the order.

CONTRACT_ID AMOUNT
1 400
2 500
3 700
4 500
1 400
5 200

Group By Example 1:
SELECT c.contract_id, c.amount, COUNT(c.contract_id) AS CtrCount
FROM contracts c
GROUP BY c.contract_id, c.amount;

Contract_Id Amount CtrCount

5 200 1
1 400 2
2 500 1
4 500 1
3 700 1

Group By Example 2:
SELECT c.contract_id, c.amount, COUNT(*) AS CtrCount
FROM contracts c
GROUP BY c.amount, c.contract_id
ORDER BY c.amount;

Contract_Id Amount CtrCount

5 200 1
1 400 2
2 500 1
4 500 1
3 700 1

Having
Having Example:
CONTRACT_ID CUSTOMER_ID AMOUNT
1 1 400
2 2 500
3 3 700
4 1 1000
5 2 1200
6 4 900
7 3 2000
8 2 1500

SELECT c.customer_id, c.amount

FROM contracts c
WHERE c.amount < 2500
GROUP BY c.customer_id, c.amount
HAVING MIN(c.amount) > 1000 ;
 Customer_Id Amount
2 1200
3 2000
2 1500

Order By
Order By Example:
CONTRACT_ID CUSTOMER_ID AMOUNT
1 1 400
2 2 500
3 3 700
4 1 1000
5 2 1200
6 4 900
7 3 2000
8 2 1500

SELECT c.customer_id, c.amount

FROM contracts c
WHERE c.amount < 2500
GROUP BY c.customer_id, c.amount
HAVING MIN(c.amount) > 1000
ORDER BY c.amount ;

Customer_Id Amount
2 1200
2 1500
3 2000

SELECT c.customer_id, c.amount

FROM contracts c
WHERE c.amount < 2500
GROUP BY c.customer_id, c.amount
HAVING MIN(c.amount) > 1000
ORDER BY c.amount DESC;

Customer_Id Amount
3 2000
2 1500
2 1200

Where
Where Example:
CONTRACT_ID CUSTOMER_ID AMOUNT
1 1 400
2 2 500
3 3 700
4 1 1000
5 2 1200
6 4 900
7 3 2000
8 2 1500

SELECT c.contract_id, c.customer_id, c.amount

FROM contracts c
WHERE c.amount > 900 ;

Contract_Id Customer_Id Amount

4 1 1000
5 2 1200
7 3 2000
8 2 1500

Between operator
Between operator:
Cities table:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
1 New York New York
2 Los Angeles California
3 Chicago Illinois
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

Between Example 1:
Find the cities with id between 2 and 4.
SELECT * FROM cities WHERE city_id BETWEEN 2 AND 4;

Between Result:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
2 Los Angeles California
3 Chicago Illinois
4 San Antonio Texas

Insurance table:
ID TYPE START_DATE END_DATE
2 Life 2012-01-21 2052-01-20
3 Health 2013-01-26 2018-01-25
4 Vehicle 2010-01-23 2012-01-22
5 Vehicle 2008-06-21 2016-06-20
6 Health 2009-03-07 2030-03-06

Between Example 2:
Find the insurance policies underwritten between '01-JAN-2010' and '31-JAN-2013'.
SELECT * FROM insurance WHERE start_date BETWEEN '2010-01-01' AND '2013-
01-31';

Between Result:
ID TYPE START_DATE END_DATE
2 Life 2012-01-21 2052-01-20
3 Health 2013-01-26 2018-01-25
4 Vehicle 2010-01-23 2012-01-22

Like operator
Like operator:
Cities table:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
1 New York New York
2 Los Angeles California
3 Chicago Illinois
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

Like Example 1:
Find the city name that contain letters: an.
SELECT * FROM cities WHERE name LIKE '%an%';

Like Result:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
2 Los Angeles California
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

Like Example 2:
Find the cities name that start with: Sa.
SELECT * FROM cities WHERE name LIKE '%Sa%';

Like Result:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

Like Example 3:
Find the cities name that end with: go.
SELECT * FROM cities WHERE name LIKE '%go';

Like Result:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
3 Chicago Illinois
5 San Diego California

Exists operator
Exists operator:
Cities table:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
1 New York New York
2 Los Angeles California
3 Chicago Illinois
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

States table:
STATE_ID NAME
1 Arizona
2 California
3 Texas
4 Michigan

Exists Example:
Find the cities that have the column state correspondent in the states table.
SELECT * FROM cities c WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM states s WHERE
c.state=s.name );

Exists Result:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
2 Los Angeles California
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

NOT Exists Example:

Find the cities that NOT have the column state correspondent in the states table.
SELECT * FROM cities c WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM states s WHERE
c.state=s.name );

NOT Exists Result:

CITY_ID NAME STATE
1 New York New York
3 Chicago Illinois

IN operator
IN operator:
Cities table:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
1 New York New York
2 Los Angeles California
3 Chicago Illinois
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

States table:
STATE_ID NAME
1 Arizona
2 California
3 Texas
4 Michigan

IN Example:
Find the cities that have the state in the states table.
SELECT * FROM cities c WHERE c.state IN (SELECT s.name FROM states s );

IN Result:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
2 Los Angeles California
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

NOT IN Example:
Find the cities that NOT have the state in the states table.
SELECT * FROM cities c WHERE c.state NOT IN (SELECT s.name FROM states s );

NOT IN Result:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
1 New York New York
3 Chicago Illinois

Some operator
Some operator:
Cities table:
 CITY_ID NAME STATE
1 New York New York
2 Los Angeles California
3 Chicago Illinois
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

States table:
STATE_ID NAME
1 Arizona
2 California
3 Texas
4 Michigan

Some Example:
Find the cities that have the state in the states table using = some.
SELECT * FROM cities c WHERE c.state = SOME (SELECT s.name FROM states s );

Some Result:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
2 Los Angeles California
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

Any operator
Any operator:
Cities table:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
1 New York New York
2 Los Angeles California
3 Chicago Illinois
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California

States table:
STATE_ID NAME
1 Arizona
2 California
3 Texas
4 Michigan

Any Example:
Find the cities that have the any state in the states table using = any.
SELECT * FROM cities c WHERE c.state = ANY (SELECT s.name FROM states s );

Any Result:
CITY_ID NAME STATE
2 Los Angeles California
4 San Antonio Texas
5 San Diego California
 SET Statements
On Transact sql language the SET statements allow you to change the current session
handling of specific information like: dateformat, system language, lock timeout,
rowcount.

Date and time

 SET Datefirst
 SET Dateformat

Locks

 SET Deadlock_priority
 SET Lock_timeout

Miscellaneous
 SET Concat_null_yields_null
 SET Cursor_close_on_commit
 SET Identity_insert
 SET Language

Query Execution
 SET Rowcount
 SET Noexec

SET Datefirst
SET Datefirst - sets the first day of the week to a number from 1 through 7.

SET Datefirst Syntax:

SET DATEFIRST { number | @number_variable } ;

SET Datefirst Example:

SET DATEFIRST 1 ;
 Messages:
Command(s) completed successfully.

SELECT @@DATEFIRST AS 'First Day';

Result:
1

SET Dateformat
SET Dateformat - sets the order of the month, day, and year date parts.

SET Dateformat Syntax:

SET DATEFORMAT { format | @format_variable } ;

SET Dateformat Example:

SET DATEFORMAT dmy;
GO
DECLARE @date_variable datetime2 = '31/08/2014 10:11:43.1234567';
SELECT @date_variable;
GO

Result:
2014-08-31 10:11:43.1234567

SET Deadlock_priority
SET Deadlock_priority - sets the importance of the current session if it is deadlocked
with another session.

SET Deadlock_priority Syntax:

SET DEADLOCK_PRIORITY { LOW | NORMAL | HIGH | <numeric-priority> |
@deadlock_variable } ;
<numeric-priority> ::= { -10 | -9 | ... | 0 | ... | 9 | 10 }
SET Deadlock_priority Example:
SET DEADLOCK_PRIORITY NORMAL;
GO

Messages:
Command(s) completed
successfully.

SET Lock_timeout
SET Lock_timeout - sets the number of milliseconds of statement that waits for a lock to
be released.

SET Lock_timeout Syntax:

SET LOCK_TIMEOUT milliseconds_number ;

SET Lock_timeout Example:

SET LOCK_TIMEOUT 3600;
GO

Messages:
Command(s) completed
successfully.

SET Concat_null_yields_null
SET Concat_null_yields_null - Checks whether concatenation results are treated as null
or empty string values.

SET Concat_null_yields_null Syntax:

SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL { ON | OFF } ;
SET Concat_null_yields_null Example:
USE model;
GO
SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL ON;
GO
SELECT 'test' + NULL;
GO

Results
NULL

USE model;
GO
SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL OFF;
GO
SELECT 'test' + NULL;
GO

Results
test

SET Cursor_close_on_commit
SET Cursor_close_on_commit - The default value for
CURSOR_CLOSE_ON_COMMIT is OFF.
With CURSOR_CLOSE_ON_COMMIT set OFF the server will not close cursors when
you commit a transaction.

SET Cursor_close_on_commit Syntax:

SET CURSOR_CLOSE_ON_COMMIT { ON | OFF } ;

SET Cursor_close_on_commit Example:

USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE my_table (a INT, b CHAR(10));
GO
INSERT INTO my_table VALUES (1,'a'), (2,'b');
GO
SET CURSOR_CLOSE_ON_COMMIT OFF;
GO
PRINT 'BEGIN TRANSACTION';
BEGIN TRAN;
PRINT 'Declare cursor';
DECLARE my_cursor CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM my_table;
PRINT 'Open cursor';
OPEN my_cursor;
PRINT 'COMMIT TRANSACTION';
COMMIT TRAN;
PRINT 'Use cursor after commit transaction';
FETCH NEXT FROM my_cursor;
CLOSE my_cursor;
DEALLOCATE my_cursor;
GO

Messages
BEGIN TRANSACTION
Declare cursor
Open cursor
COMMIT TRANSACTION
Use cursor after commit transaction

SET Identity_insert
SET Identity_insert - allow to be inserted explicit values into the identity column of a
table.

SET Identity_insert Syntax:

SET IDENTITY_INSERT [ database_name . [ schema_name ] . ] table { ON | OFF } ;

SET Identity_insert Example:

USE model;
GO
CREATE TABLE Department(
ID INT IDENTITY NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(250) NOT NULL);

GO
INSERT INTO Department(Name)
VALUES ('Anthropology'), ('Biology'), ('Chemistry'), ('Computer Science'),
('Economics');
GO
DELETE FROM Department WHERE name='Biology';
GO
SELECT * FROM Departments;
GO

ID Name
1 Anthropology
3 Chemistry
4 Computer Science
5 Economics

USE model;
GO
INSERT INTO Departments (ID, Name) VALUES (2, 'Biology');
GO

Messages
Msg 544, Level 16, State 1, Line 1
Cannot insert explicit value for identity column in table 'Departments' when
IDENTITY_INSERT is set to OFF.

USE model;
GO
SET IDENTITY_INSERT Departments ON;
GO

Messages
Command(s) completed
successfully.

USE model;
GO
INSERT INTO Departments (ID, Name) VALUES (2, 'Biology');
GO

Messages
(1 row(s) affected)

SET Language
SET Language - sets the language of session.
The session language establish the format of date and system messages.

SET Language Syntax:

SET LANGUAGE { [ N ] 'language' | @language_variable } ;

SET Language Example:

USE model;
GO
DECLARE @MyDay DATETIME;
SET @MyDay = '06/21/2014';

SET LANGUAGE French;

SELECT DATENAME(month, @MyDay) AS 'French Month';

SET LANGUAGE English;

SELECT DATENAME(month, @MyDay) AS 'English Month' ;
GO

French Month
Juin
English Month
June

SET Rowcount
SET Rowcount - sets the number of rows for sql query.
When the specified number of rows are returned the execution of query stops.

SET Rowcount Syntax:

SET ROWCOUNT { number | @number_variable } ;

SET Rowcount Example:

USE model;
GO
SET ROWCOUNT 3;
GO
SELECT * FROM Departments WHERE id <=3;
GO

ID Name
1 Anthropology
2 Biology
3 Chemistry

USE model;
GO
SET ROWCOUNT 2;
GO
SELECT * FROM Departments;
GO

ID Name
1 Anthropology
2 Biology

SET Noexec
SET Noexec - sets the compile of each query but does not execute the queries.

SET Noexec Syntax:

SET NOEXEC { ON | OFF } ;

SET Noexec Example:

USE model;
GO
PRINT 'OK';
GO
SET NOEXEC ON;
GO
SELECT * FROM Departments WHERE id > 3;
GO
SET NOEXEC OFF;
GO
 Messages
OK
 SQL Tutorial

Select Join Create database Avg

Distinct Inner Join Create table Count
Where Left Join Create index Max
And - OR Right Join Create view Min
Order By Full Join Increment Sum
Group By Union Drop Mid
Having TOP Alter table Len
Like Wildcard Add column Round
Insert IN Alter column Now
Update Between Rename column UCase
Delete ISNULL Drop column LCase
Select
Select Syntax:
SELECT column(s)FROM table ;
SELECT * FROM table ;

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE
1 100
2 300
3 800
4 300

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM store;

OBJECT_ID PRICE
1 100
2 300
3 800
4 300

Example 2:
SELECT price FROM store;

PRICE
100
300
800
300

Distinct
Distinct Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM table_name ;

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE
1 100
2 400
3 800
4 400

Example:
SELECT DISTINCT price FROM store;

PRICE
100
400
800

Where
Where Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition ;

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE
1 200
2 500
3 900
4 500

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM store WHERE price = 500;

OBJECT_ID PRICE
2 500
4 500

Example 2:
SELECT * FROM store WHERE price > 500;

OBJECT_ID PRICE
3 900

And & OR
Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM store WHERE name='B' AND price = 500;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

2 500 B

Example 2:
SELECT * FROM store WHERE name='B' OR price = 500;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

2 500 B
4 500 D

Example 3:
SELECT * FROM store WHERE price = 900 AND (name='A' OR name='C');

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

3 900 C

Order By
Order By Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Example 1:
SELECT * FROM store ORDER BY price, name;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

1 200 A
2 500 B
4 500 D
3 900 C

Example 2:
SELECT * FROM store ORDER BY name DESC;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

4 500 D
3 900 C
2 500 B
1 200 A
Group By
Group By Syntax:
SELECT column_name1, aggregate_function(column_name2)

FROM table GROUP BY column_name1

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE TYPE
1 200 LOW
2 500 MEDIUM
3 900 HIGH
4 500 MEDIUM

Example:
SELECT type, SUM(price) FROM store GROUP BY type;

TYPE PRICE
LOW 200
MEDIUM 1000
HIGH 900

Having
Having Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s), aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM my_table
WHERE condition {optional}
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING (aggregate_function condition)
Having Example:
Sales table:

ID PRICE CUSTOMER
1 200 David
2 500 Linda
3 900 Tom
4 500 David
5 1200 Ellen
6 1200 Linda

SELECT customer, SUM(price)

FROM sales
GROUP BY customer
HAVING SUM(price) > 1000

Having Result:
customer SUM(price)
Linda 1700
Ellen 1200

Like
Like Syntax:
SELECT column(s) FROM table WHERE column LIKE pattern

Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 John 21
2 Samantha 22
3 Tom 23
4 James 24
5 Sandra 24

Like Example 1:
Find the employee names that contain letters: am.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE '%am%';

Like Result:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
2 Samantha 22
4 James 24

Like Example 2:
Find the employee names that begin with: J.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'J%';

Like Result:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 John 21
4 James 24

Like Example 3:
Find the employee names that end with: a.
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE '%a';

Like Result:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
2 Samantha 22
5 Sandra 24

Insert into
Insert into Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, ...)

OR

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...) VALUES (value1, value2, ...)

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Example 1:
INSERT INTO store VALUES (5, 600, 'E');

Example 2:
INSERT INTO store(object_id, price, name) VALUES (6, 400, 'F');

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D
5 600 E
6 400 F

Update
Update Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET column1 = new_value1, column2 = new_value2,... WHERE
{condition}
IF you don't put the {condition} then all records on the updated column will be
chenged.

Store table:
OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Example 1:
UPDATE store SET price = 300 WHERE object_id=1 AND name='A';

SELECT * FROM store WHERE object_id=1 AND name='A';

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

1 300 A

Example 2:
UPDATE store SET price = 1000, name = 'Y' WHERE object_id=3;

SELECT * FROM store WHERE object_id=3;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

3 1000 Y

Delete
Delete Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE {condition}

IF you don't put the {condition} then all the records from the table will be erased.

Store table:
 OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Example:
DELETE FROM store WHERE price=500;

SELECT * FROM store;

OBJECT_ID PRICE NAME

1 200 A
3 900 C

Join
Join Example:
SELECT s.student_id, s.name, b.book_id, b.price
FROM students s, books b
WHERE s.student_id = b.student_id
AND b.price > 90 ;

Students table:
STUDENT_ID NAME YEAR
1 STUDENT_1 I
2 STUDENT_2 II
3 STUDENT_3 III
4 STUDENT_4 IV
Books table:
BOOK_ID STUDENT_ID PRICE
1 1 40
2 2 50
3 3 70
4 1 100
5 2 120
6 4 90
7 3 200
8 2 150

Join Result:
STUDENT_ID NAME BOOK_ID PRICE
1 STUDENT_1 4 100
2 STUDENT_2 5 120
3 STUDENT_3 7 200
2 STUDENT_2 8 150

Inner Join
Inner Join Example:
SELECT s.student_id, s.name, SUM(b.price)
FROM students s INNER JOIN books b
ON s.student_id = b.student_id
GROUP BY b.price ;

Students table:
STUDENT_ID NAME YEAR
1 STUDENT_1 I
2 STUDENT_2 II
3 STUDENT_3 III
4 STUDENT_4 IV

Books table:
 BOOK_ID STUDENT_ID PRICE
1 1 40
2 2 50
3 3 70
4 1 100
5 2 120
6 4 90
7 3 200
8 2 150

Inner Join Result:

STUDENT_ID NAME PRICE
1 STUDENT_1 140
2 STUDENT_2 320
3 STUDENT_3 270
4 STUDENT_4 90

Left Join
Left Join Example:
SELECT s.student_id, s.name, b.price
FROM students s LEFT JOIN books b
ON s.student_id = b.student_id
ORDER BY s.student_id ;

Students table:
STUDENT_ID NAME YEAR
1 STUDENT_1 I
2 STUDENT_2 II
3 STUDENT_3 III
4 STUDENT_4 IV
5 STUDENT_5 I
6 STUDENT_6 IV

Books table:
 BOOK_ID STUDENT_ID PRICE
1 1 40
2 2 50
3 3 70
4 1 100
5 2 120
6 4 90
7 3 200
8 2 150

Left Join Result:

STUDENT_ID NAME PRICE
1 STUDENT_1 40
1 STUDENT_1 100
2 STUDENT_2 50
2 STUDENT_2 120
2 STUDENT_2 150
3 STUDENT_3 70
3 STUDENT_3 200
4 STUDENT_4 90
5 STUDENT_5
6 STUDENT_6

Right Join
Right Join Example:
SELECT * FROM employee e RIGHT JOIN department d
ON e.DEP_ID = d.DEP_ID
ORDER BY d.DEP_ID ;

Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23
4 EMPLOYEE_4 24
5 EMPLOYEE_5

Department table:
DEP_ID DEP_NAME
21 DEP_21
22 DEP_22
23 DEP_23
24 DEP_24
25 DEP_25

Right Join Result:

EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID DEP_ID DEP_NAME
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21 21 DEP_21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22 22 DEP_22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23 23 DEP_23
4 EMPLOYEE_4 24 24 DEP_24
25 DEP_25

Full Join
Full Join Example:
SELECT * FROM employee e FULL JOIN department d
ON e.DEP_ID = d.DEP_ID
ORDER BY e.employee_id ;

Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23
4 EMPLOYEE_4 24
5 EMPLOYEE_5

Department table:
 DEP_ID DEP_NAME
21 DEP_21
22 DEP_22
23 DEP_23
24 DEP_24
25 DEP_25

Full Join Result:

EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID DEP_ID DEP_NAME
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21 21 DEP_21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22 22 DEP_22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23 23 DEP_23
4 EMPLOYEE_4 24 24 DEP_24
5 EMPLOYEE_5
25 DEP_25

Union
Union Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name_a
UNION
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name_b

Union All Syntax:

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name_a
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name_b

Employee_a Employee_b
id name id name
1 Martin 1 David
2 Carol 2 Barbara
3 Davis 3 Carol
4 Sandra 4 Sandra

UNION Example:
SELECT * FROM employee_a UNION SELECT * FROM employee_b;

UNION Result:
1 Martin
2 Carol
3 Davis
4 Sandra
1 David
2 Barbara
3 Carol

UNION ALL Example:

SELECT * FROM employee_a UNION ALL SELECT * FROM employee_b;

UNION ALL Result:

1 Martin
2 Carol
3 Davis
4 Sandra
1 David
2 Barbara
3 Carol
4 Sandra

TOP
TOP Syntax:
SELECT TOP number column_name(s) FROM table_name
SELECT TOP percent column_name(s) FROM table_name

Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23
4 EMPLOYEE_4 24

TOP number Example:

SELECT TOP 3 * FROM employee;

TOP Result:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22
3 EMPLOYEE_3 23

TOP percent Example:

SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM employee;

TOP Result:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 EMPLOYEE_1 21
2 EMPLOYEE_2 22

Wildcard
Wildcard Definition
% Represents zero or more characters
_ Represents exactly one character
[char list] Represents any single character in charlist
[^char list]
Represents any single character not in
or
charlist
[!char list]

Students table:
ID NAME STATE
1 Tom Arizona
2 Martin Texas
3 Helen Florida
4 Tania California
5 Harry Colorado

_ Wildcard Example:
Select the student with a name that starts with any character, followed by "ar".
SELECT * FROM students WHERE name LIKE '_ar';

_ Wildcard Result:
ID NAME STATE
2 Martin Texas
5 Harry Colorado

[char list] Wildcard Example:

Select the student with a name that starts with any character from char list.
SELECT * FROM students WHERE name LIKE '[tma]%';

[char list] Wildcard Result:

1 Tom Arizona
2 Martin Texas
4 Tania California

[!char list] Wildcard Example:

Select the student with a name that do not starts with any character from char list.
SELECT * FROM students WHERE name LIKE '[!tma]%';

[!char list] Wildcard Result:

3 Helen Florida
5 Harry Colorado
In
In Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN
(value1,value2,value3,...)

Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 John 33
2 Samantha 34
3 Bill 35
4 James 36
5 Sandra 37

In Example:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name IN ('Samantha', 'Bill', 'Sandra');

In Result:
2 Samantha 34
3 Bill 35
5 Sandra 37

Between
Between Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN
value_a AND value_b
Employee table:
EMPLOYEE_ID NAME DEP_ID
1 John 33
2 Samantha 34
3 Bill 35
4 James 36
5 Sandra 37

Between Example:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE dep_id BETWEEN 34 AND 36;

Between Result:
2 Samantha 34
3 Bill 35
4 James 36

ISNULL
ISNULL Syntax:
SELECT ISNULL(column_name,0) FROM table_name

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 100 A
2 B
3 600 C
4 D

ISNULL Example:
SELECT id, ISNULL(price,0), name FROM store;

ISNULL Result:
 ID PRICE NAME
1 100 A
2 0 B
3 600 C
4 0 D

Create Table
Create Database Syntax:
CREATE DATABASE database_name

Create Database Example:

CREATE DATABASE new_dba;

Create Table
Create Table Syntax:
CREATE TABLE new_table
(
column_name_1 datatype,
column_name_2 datatype,
....
column_name_n datatype
);

Create Table Example:

CREATE TABLE sales
(
id int,
price int,
name varchar(50)
);
Create Index
Create Index Syntax:
CREATE INDEX my_index
ON my_table (column_name)

Create Unique Index Syntax:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX my_index
ON my_table (column_name)

Create View
Create View Syntax:
CREATE VIEW my_view_name AS
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM my_table_name
WHERE condition

Create View Example:

Sales table:

ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

CREATE VIEW sales_view AS

SELECT id, price, name
FROM sales
WHERE price=500;

Create View Result:

 ID PRICE NAME
2 500 B
4 500 D

Increment
Identity Syntax:
CREATE TABLE new_table
(
column_name_1 PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY,
column_name_2 datatype,
....
column_name_n datatype
);

Identity Example:
CREATE TABLE sales
(
id int PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY,
price int,
name varchar(50)
);

Drop
Drop Table Syntax:
DROP TABLE table_name;

Drop Database Syntax:

DROP DATABASE database_name;

Drop Index Syntax:

DROP INDEX table_name.index_name;

Truncate Table Syntax:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Alter Table
Alter Table
Add Column
Alter Column
Rename Column
Drop Column

Add Column
Add Column Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name data_type

Employee table:
Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)

Add Column Example:

ALTER TABLE employee ADD (dep_id int, address varchar(100));

Add Column Result:

Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
address varchar(100)

Alter Column
Alter Column Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name data_type

Employee table:
Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
address varchar(100)

Alter Column Example:

ALTER TABLE employee ALTER COLUMN address varchar(400);

Alter Column Result:

Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
address varchar(400)

Rename Column
Rename Column Syntax:
EXEC sp_rename 'Table.Old_Column', 'New_Column', 'COLUMN'

Employee table:
Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
address varchar(400)
Rename Column Example:
EXEC sp_rename 'employee.address', 'new_address', 'COLUMN' ;

Rename Column Result:

Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
new_address varchar(400)

Drop Column
Drop Column Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name

Employee table:
Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
address varchar(400)

Drop Column Example:

ALTER TABLE employee DROP COLUMN address;

Drop Column Result:

Column name Data_type
id int
name varchar(250)
dep_id int
AVG
AVG Syntax:
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

AVG Example:
SELECT AVG(price) FROM store;

AVG Result:
525

Count
Count Syntax:
SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name
Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Count Example 1:
SELECT COUNT(id) FROM store WHERE price=500;

Count Result: 2
Count Example 2:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM store;

Count Result: 4

Max
Max Syntax:
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Max Example:
SELECT MAX(price) FROM store;
Max Result: 900

Min
Min Syntax:
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Min Example:
SELECT MIN(price) FROM store;

Min Result: 200

Sum
Sum Syntax:
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name

Sales table:
 ID PRICE NAME
1 200 A
2 500 B
3 900 C
4 500 D

Sum Example:
SELECT SUM(price) FROM store;

Sum Result: 2100

Mid
Mid Syntax:
SELECT MID(column_name,start[,length]) FROM table_name

Students table:
ID NAME State
1 Tom Arizona
2 Linda Texas
3 Helen Florida
4 Robert California

Mid Example:
SELECT state, MID(state,1,4) FROM students;

Mid Result:
State MID(state,1,3)
Arizona Ari
Texas Tex
Florida Flo
California Cal
Len
Len Syntax:
SELECT LEN(column_name) FROM table_name

Students table:
ID NAME State
1 Tom Arizona
2 Linda Texas
3 Helen Florida
4 Robert California

Len Example:
SELECT state, LEN(state) FROM students;

Len Result:
State LEN(state)
Arizona 7
Texas 5
Florida 7
California 10

Round
Round Syntax:
SELECT ROUND(column_name,decimal precision) FROM table_name

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 25.845 A
2 26.97 B
3 27.9 C
4 28.34 D

Round Example 1:
SELECT id, ROUND(price,1) FROM store;

Round Result:
ID PRICE
1 25.8
2 26.9
3 27.9
4 28.3

Round Example 2:
SELECT id, ROUND(price,0) FROM store;

Round Result:
ID PRICE
1 26
2 27
3 28
4 28

Now
Now Syntax:
SELECT NOW() FROM my_table

Sales table:
ID PRICE NAME
1 25.845 A
2 26.97 B
3 27.9 C
4 28.34 D

Now Example:
SELECT id, price, NOW() as PriceDate FROM store;

Now Result:
Id Price PriceDate
1 25.845 12/9/2012 15:30:23 PM
2 26.97 12/9/2012 15:30:23 PM
3 27.9 12/9/2012 15:30:23 PM
4 28.34 12/9/2012 15:30:23 PM

UCase
UCase Syntax:
SELECT UCASE(column_name) FROM table_name

Students table:
ID NAME State
1 Tom Arizona
2 Linda Texas
3 Helen Florida
4 Robert California

UCase Example:
SELECT name, UCASE(name) FROM students;

UCase Result:
Name UCASE(name)
Tom TOM
Linda LINDA
Helen HELEN
Robert ROBERT

LCase
LCase Syntax:
SELECT LCASE(column_name) FROM table_name

Students table:
ID NAME State
1 Tom Arizona
2 Linda Texas
3 Helen Florida
4 Robert California

LCase Example:
SELECT name, LCASE(name) FROM students;

LCase Result:
Name LCASE(name)
Tom tom
Linda linda
Helen helen
Robert robert
 Stored Procedures

Stored Procedures
Create Procedure
Create Function
Call Stored Procedure
Drop Stored Procedure
Rename Stored Procedure

Create Stored Procedure

Create Procedure Example:
Customers Table
CUSTOMER_ID CUSTOMER_NAME CUSTOMER_TYPE

1 CUSTOMER_1 CC
2 CUSTOMER_2 I
3 CUSTOMER_3 SM
4 CUSTOMER_4 CC

Contracts Table
CONTRACT_ID CUSTOMER_ID AMOUNT

1 1 400
2 2 500
3 3 700
4 1 1000
5 2 1200
6 4 900
7 3 2000
8 2 1500
CREATE PROCEDURE SalesByCustomer
@CustomerName nvarchar(50)
AS
SELECT c.customer_name, sum(ctr.amount) AS TotalAmount
FROM customers c, contracts ctr
WHERE c.customer_id = ctr.customer_id
AND c.customer_name = @CustomerName
GROUP BY c.customer_name
ORDER BY c.customer_name
GO

EXEC SalesByCustomer 'CUSTOMER_1'

GO

Customer_Name TotalAmount
CUSTOMER_1 1400

Create Function
1. Create Function Example
CREATE FUNCTION CtrAmount ( @Ctr_Id int(10) )
RETURNS MONEY
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @CtrPrice MONEY
SELECT @CtrPrice = SUM(amount)
FROM Contracts
WHERE contract_id = @Ctr_Id
RETURN(@CtrPrice)
END
GO

SELECT * FROM CtrAmount(345)

GO

2. Create Function Example

CREATE FUNCTION function_name (@PRODUCT_ID Int)
RETURNS @ProductsList Table
(Product_Id Int,
Product_Dsp nvarchar(150),
Product_Price Money )
AS
BEGIN
IF @PRODUCT_ID IS NULL
BEGIN
INSERT INTO @ProductsList (Product_Id, Product_Dsp, Product_Price)
SELECT Product_Id, Product_Dsp, Product_Price
FROM Products
END
ELSE
BEGIN
INSERT INTO @ProductsList (Product_Id, Product_Dsp, Product_Price)
SELECT Product_Id, Product_Dsp, Product_Price
FROM Products
WHERE Product_Id = @PRODUCT_ID
END
RETURN
END
GO

Call Stored Procedure

Call Stored Procedure Example:
EXEC SalesByCustomer 'CUSTOMER_1'
GO

Execute procedure in 20 minutes

BEGIN
WAITFOR DELAY "0:20:00"
EXEC SalesByCustomer 'CUSTOMER_1'
END

Drop Stored Procedure

Drop Stored Procedure Syntax:
DROP PROCEDURE stored_procedure_name

Drop Stored Procedure Example:

DROP PROCEDURE SalesByCustomer

GO

Rename Stored Procedure

Rename Stored Procedure Syntax:
sp_rename 'old_procedure_name', 'new_procedure_name'

Rename Stored Procedure Example:

EXEC sp_rename 'SalesByCustomer', 'NewSalesByCustomer';

GO
 System Stored Procedures

The Transact SQL language allow you to use various system stored procedures like:
sp_tables, sp_table_privileges, sp_stored_procedures, sp_cursor, sp_executesql,
sp_rename, sp_lock, sp_execute, sp_help.

Sp_addextendedproperty
The sp_addextendedproperty is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and adds a
new extended property to a database object.

Sp_addextendedproperty Syntax
sp_addextendedproperty
[ @name = 'property_name' ]
[ , [ @value = 'value' ]
[ , [ @level0type = 'level0_object_type' ]
, [ @level0name = 'level0_object_name' ]
[ , [ @level1type = 'level1_object_type' ]
, [ @level1name = 'level1_object_name' ]
[ , [ @level2type = 'level2_object_type' ]
, [ @level2name = 'level2_object_name' ]
]]]];

Add an extended property to a table:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sys.sp_addextendedproperty
@name = N'Test example',
@value = N'This is an example.',
@level0type = N'SCHEMA', @level0name = 'dbo',
@level1type = N'TABLE', @level1name = 'my_table';
GO

Sp_columns
The sp_columns is part of Catalog Stored Procedures and return column information for
the specified objects that can be queried in the database.

Sp_columns syntax:
sp_columns [ @table_name = 'Object name.' ] ,
[ @table_owner = 'The database user who created the table.' ] ,
[ @table_qualifier = 'Database name.' ] ,
[ @column_name = 'Column name.' ] ,
[ @ODBCVer = 'ODBC Version 2 or 3.' ] ;

Sp_columns example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_columns
@table_name = 'students',
@table_owner = 'dbo';

Sp_column_privileges
The sp_column_privileges is part of Catalog Stored Procedures and return column
privilege information for a single table in the current database.

Sp_column_privileges syntax:

sp_column_privileges [ @table_name = 'Table name.' ] ,

[ @table_owner = 'The database user who created the table.' ] ,
[ @table_qualifier = 'Database name.' ] ,
[ @column_name = 'Column name.' ] ;

Sp_column_privileges example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_column_privileges
@table_name = 'students',
@table_owner = 'dbo';

Sp_special_columns
The sp_special_columns is part of Catalog Stored Procedures and return the optimal set
of columns that uniquely identify a row in the table.

Sp_special_columns syntax:
sp_special_columns [ @table_name = 'Table name.' ] ,
[ @table_owner = 'The database user who created the table.' ] ,
[ @table_qualifier = 'Database name.' ] ,
[ @col_type = 'Column type.' ] ,
[ @scope = 'The minimum required scope of the ROWID.' ] ,
[ @nullable = 'The special columns can accept a null value.' ] ,
[ @ODBCVer = 'ODBC Version 2 or 3.' ] ;

Sp_special_columns example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_special_columns
@table_name = 'students',
@table_owner = 'dbo';

Sp_configure
The sp_configure is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and displays or changes
global configuration settings for the current server.

Sp_configure syntax:

sp_configure [ [ @configname = 'option_name' ] , [ @configvalue = ] 'value' ];

Sp_configure example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced option', '1';

Sp_databases
The sp_databases is part of Catalog Stored Procedures and return a list of databases from
an instance of the SQL Server or are accessible through a database gateway.

Sp_databases syntax:

sp_databases ;
Sp_databases example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_databases ;

Sp_execute
The sp_execute is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and executes a prepared
Transact-SQL statement using a specified handle and optional parameter value.

Sp_execute syntax:

sp_execute handle OUTPUT, [bound_param ] [,...n ];

Sp_execute example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_execute 6, null;
GO

Sp_executesql
The sp_executesql is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and executes a Transact-
SQL statement or batch that can be reused many times.

Sp_executesql syntax:

sp_executesql [ @stmt = ] statement ;

Sp_executesql example:

USE model;
GO
EXECUTE sp_executesql
N'SELECT * FROM students WHERE id= @id',
N'@id int',
@id = 3;
Sp_fkeys
The sp_fkeys is part of Catalog Stored Procedures and return logical foreign key
information for the current database.

Sp_fkeys syntax:

sp_fkeys [ @pktable_name = 'Table name.' ] ,

[ @pktable_owner = 'The database user who created the table.' ] ,
[ @pktable_qualifier = 'Database name.' ] ,
[ @fktable_name = 'Table name.' ] ,
[ @fktable_owner = 'The database user who created the table.' ] ,
[ @fktable_qualifier = 'Database name.' ] ;

Sp_fkeys example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_fkeys
@pktable_name = 'students',
@pktable_owner = 'dbo',
@pktable_qualifier = 'model',
@fktable_name = 'students',
@fktable_owner = 'dbo',
@fktable_qualifier = 'model';

Sp_help
The sp_help is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and reports information about
a database object or a data type.

Sp_help syntax:

sp_help [ @objname = 'Object name.' ] ;

Sp_help example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_help;
GO
USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_help 'students';
GO

Sp_helpdb
The sp_helpdb is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and shows information
about a specified database or all databases.

Sp_helpdb syntax:

sp_helpdb [ @dbname= 'Database name.' ] ;

Sp_helpdb example:

EXEC sp_helpdb;
GO

EXEC sp_helpdb N'model';

GO

Sp_helpindex
The sp_helpindex is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and reports information
about the indexes on a table or view.

Sp_helpindex syntax:

sp_helpindex [ @objname = 'Object name.' ] ;

Sp_helpindex example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_helpindex N'Departments';
GO

Sp_lock
The sp_lock is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and shows information about
locks.
Sp_lock syntax:

sp_lock [ [ @spid = ] 'session ID' ] ;

Sp_lock example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_lock;
GO

Sp_monitor
The sp_monitor is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and shows statistics about
Microsoft SQL Server.

Sp_monitor syntax:

sp_monitor ;

Sp_monitor example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_monitor;
GO

Sp_prepare
The sp_prepare is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and prepares a
parameterized statement and returns a statement handle for execution.

Sp_prepare syntax:

sp_prepare handle OUTPUT, params, statement, options ;

Sp_prepare example:

USE model;
GO
DECLARE @Param1 int;
EXEC sp_prepare @Param1 output,
N'@Param1 nvarchar(250), @Param2 nvarchar(250)',
N'SELECT database_id, name FROM sys.databases
WHERE name=@Param1 AND state_desc = @Param2';
EXEC sp_execute @Param1, N'Test', N'ONLINE';
GO

Sp_pkeys
The sp_pkeys is part of Catalog Stored Procedures and return primary key information
for a single table in the current database.

Sp_pkeys syntax:

sp_pkeys [ @table_name = 'Table name.' ] ,

[ @table_owner = 'The database user who created the table.' ] ,
[ @table_qualifier = 'Database name.' ] ;

Sp_pkeys example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_pkeys
@table_name = 'students',
@table_owner = 'dbo',
@table_qualifier = 'model';
GO

Sp_rename
The sp_rename is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and rename the name of an
object (table, index, column or alias data type) in the current database.

Sp_rename syntax:

sp_rename
[ @objname = 'Object name' ] ,
[ @newname = 'New object name' ] [ , [ @objtype = 'Object type' ] ] ;

Rename a table:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_rename 'Departments', 'test';
GO
Rename a column:

USE model;
GO EXEC sp_rename 'my_table.b', 'c', 'COLUMN';
GO

Sp_renamedb
The sp_renamedb is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and changes the name of
a database.

Sp_renamedb syntax:

sp_renamedb
[ @dbname = 'Old database name' ] ,
[ @newname = 'New database name' ] ;

Rename a database name:

USE master;
GO
CREATE DATABASE myTest;
GO
EXEC sp_renamedb N'myTest', N'Test';
GO

Sp_tables
The sp_tables is part of Catalog Stored Procedures and return a list of objects (table or
view) that can be queried in the current environment.

Sp_tables syntax:

sp_tables [ @table_name = 'Table name.' ] ,

[ @table_owner = 'The database user who created the table.' ] ,
[ @table_qualifier = 'Database name.' ] ,
[ @table_type = "Table, system table, or view." ] ;

Sp_tables example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_tables ;
GO
Sp_table_privileges
The sp_table_privileges is part of Catalog Stored Procedures and return a list of table
permissions for the specified table or tables.

Sp_table_privileges syntax:

sp_table_privileges [ @table_name = 'Table name.' ] ,

[ @table_owner = 'The database user who created the table.' ] ,
[ @table_qualifier = 'Database name.' ] ;

Sp_table_privileges example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_table_privileges
@table_name = '%';

Sp_server_info
The sp_server_info is part of Catalog Stored Procedures and return a list of attribute
names and matching values for SQL Server.

Sp_server_info syntax:

sp_server_info [@attribute_id = 'attribute_id'];

Sp_server_info example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_server_info
@attribute_id = '1';

Sp_stored_procedures
The sp_table_privileges is part of Catalog Stored Procedures and return a list of stored
procedures in the current environment.

Sp_stored_procedures syntax:

sp_stored_procedures [ @sp_name = 'Procedure name.' ] ,

[ @sp_owner = 'The schema or database user who created.' ] ,
[ @sp_qualifier = 'Database name.' ] ;

Sp_stored_procedures example:

USE model;
GO EXEC sp_stored_procedures ;
GO

Sp_unprepare
The sp_unprepare is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and discards the
execution statement created by the sp_prepare stored procedure.

Sp_unprepare syntax:

sp_unprepare handle ;

Sp_unprepare example:

USE model;
GO
DECLARE @Param1 int;
EXEC sp_prepare @Param1 output,
N'@Param1 nvarchar(100), @Param2 nvarchar(100)',
N'SELECT database_id, name FROM sys.databases
WHERE name=@Param1 AND state_desc = @Param2';
EXEC sp_execute @Param1, N'myDatabase', N'ONLINE';
EXEC sp_unprepare @Param1;
GO

Sp_updatestats
The sp_updatestats is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and runs update
statistics against all tables in the current database.

Sp_updatestats syntax:

sp_updatestats [ @resample = 'resample'];

Sp_updatestats example:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_updatestats;
GO

Sp_who
The sp_who is part of Database Engine Stored Procedures and shows information about
current users, sessions and processes.
Sp_who syntax:

sp_who [ [ @loginame = ] 'login' | session ID | 'ACTIVE' ];

List all processes:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_who;
GO

List active processes:

USE model;
GO
EXEC sp_who 'active';
GO
 Table Joins

Table joins
Inner Join
Left Join
Right Join
Self Join

Table Inner Join

Inner Join Example:
Customers Table
CUSTOMER_ID CUSTOMER_NAME CUSTOMER_TYPE
1 CUSTOMER_1 CC
2 CUSTOMER_2 I
3 CUSTOMER_3 SM
4 CUSTOMER_4 CC

Contracts Table
CONTRACT_ID CUSTOMER_ID AMOUNT
1 1 400
2 2 500
3 3 700
4 1 1000
5 2 1200
6 4 900
7 3 2000
8 2 1500
SELECT c.customer_id, c.customer_name, ctr.contract_id, ctr.amount
FROM customers c, contracts ctr
WHERE c.customer_id = ctr.customer_id
AND ctr.amount > 900 ;

Result:
Customer_Id Customer_Name Contract_Id Amount
1 CUSTOMER_1 4 1000
2 CUSTOMER_2 8 1500
2 CUSTOMER_2 5 1200
3 CUSTOMER_3 7 2000

Table Left Join

Left Join Example:
Customers Table
CUSTOMER_ID CUSTOMER_NAME CONTACT_NAME
1 CUSTOMER_1 NAME_1
2 CUSTOMER_2 NAME_2
3 CUSTOMER_3 NAME_3
4 CUSTOMER_4 NAME_4
5 CUSTOMER_5
6 CUSTOMER_6

Contracts Table
CONTRACT_ID CUSTOMER_ID AMOUNT
1 1 400
2 2 500
3 3 700
4 1 1000
5 2 1200
6 4 900
7 3 2000
8 2 1500
SELECT c.customer_id, c.customer_name, ctr.contract_id, ctr.amount
FROM customers c LEFT JOIN contracts ctr
ON c.customer_id = ctr.customer_id
ORDER BY c.customer_id ;

Result:
Customer_Id Customer_Name Contract_Id Amount
1 CUSTOMER_1 1 400
1 CUSTOMER_1 4 1000
2 CUSTOMER_2 2 500
2 CUSTOMER_2 5 1200
2 CUSTOMER_2 8 1500
3 CUSTOMER_3 3 700
3 CUSTOMER_3 7 2000
4 CUSTOMER_4 6 900
5 CUSTOMER_5
6 CUSTOMER_6

Table Right Join

Right Join Example:
Customers Table
CUSTOMER_ID CUSTOMER_NAME USER_NAME
1 CUSTOMER_1 SYSTEM
2 CUSTOMER_2 ELLEN
3 CUSTOMER_3 TOM
4 CUSTOMER_4 STEVE
5 CUSTOMER_5
6 CUSTOMER_6

Users Table
USER_NAME DEPARTMENT_NAME
SYSTEM IT
TOM SALES
STEVE SALES
ELLEN SALES
JOHN IT
SELECT c.customer_id, c.customer_name, c.user_name
FROM users u RIGHT JOIN customers c
ON c.user_name = u.user_name
ORDER BY c.customer_id ;

Result:
Customer_Id Customer_Name User_Name
1 CUSTOMER_1 SYSTEM
2 CUSTOMER_2 ELLEN
3 CUSTOMER_3 TOM
4 CUSTOMER_4 STEVE
5 CUSTOMER_5
6 CUSTOMER_6

Table Self Join

Self Join Example:
Users Table
ID USER_NAME DEPARTMENT_NAME MANAGER_ID
1 SYSTEM IT 1
2 TOM SALES 2
3 STEVE SALES 2
4 ELLEN SALES 2
5 JOHN IT 1

SELECT u.id, u.user_name, m.id manager_id, m.user_name manager

FROM users u, users m
WHERE u.manager_id = m.id
ORDER BY u.id ;

Result:
Id User_Name Manager_Id Manager
1 SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM
2 TOM 2 TOM
3 STEVE 2 TOM
4 ELLEN 2 TOM
5 JOHN 1 SYSTEM
 Transactions

A transaction is a single logical unit of work and it is composed of several sql server
statements. The transaction begins with the first sql server statement executed and ends
when the transaction is saved or rolled back.

T-SQL Transaction Statements

 BEGIN DISTRIBUTED TRANSACTION
 BEGIN TRANSACTION
 COMMIT TRANSACTION
 COMMIT WORK
 ROLLBACK TRANSACTION
 ROLLBACK WORK
 SAVE TRANSACTION

Begin Distributed Transaction

A distributed transaction is an operations transaction that can be run on multiple different
servers.

Begin distributed transaction syntax:

BEGIN DISTRIBUTED { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
[ transaction_name | @transaction_name_variable ] ;

Begin distributed transaction example:

USE model;
GO
BEGIN DISTRIBUTED TRANSACTION;
--> Delete students from local instance.
DELETE students WHERE id = 7;
--> Delete students from remote instance.
DELETE RemoteServer.students WHERE id = 7;
COMMIT TRANSACTION;
GO
Begin Transaction
The Begin Transaction is the start point of an explicit transaction and increments
@@TRANCOUNT by 1.

Begin transaction syntax:

BEGIN { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
[ { transaction_name | @transaction_name_variable }
[ WITH MARK [ 'transaction description' ] ] ];

Begin transaction example:

BEGIN TRANSACTION DelStudent WITH MARK N'Delete student';
GO
USE model;
GO
DELETE FROM students WHERE id = 7 and section = 'History';
GO
COMMIT TRANSACTION DelStudent;
GO

COMMIT Transaction
The COMMIT Transaction is the end point of a successful implicit or explicit transaction.

When @@TRANCOUNT is 1, all data modifications performed are commit and the
resources held by the transaction are released, and decrements @@TRANCOUNT to 0.
When @@TRANCOUNT is greater than 1, COMMIT TRANSACTION decrements
@@TRANCOUNT only by 1 and the transaction stays active.

Commit transaction syntax:

COMMIT [ { TRAN | TRANSACTION } [ transaction_name |
@transaction_name_variable ] ]
[ WITH ( DELAYED_DURABILITY = { OFF | ON } ) ] ;
Commit transaction example:
USE model;
GO
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
GO
DELETE FROM students WHERE id = 7 and section = 'History';
GO
insert into students(id,first_name, last_name, gender,city, country, section)
values(7,'Ashley','THOMPSON','F','London','Liverpool', 'History');
GO
COMMIT TRANSACTION;
GO

COMMIT WORK
The COMMIT WORK transaction is the end point of a successful transaction.

Commit work syntax:

COMMIT [ WORK ] ;

Commit work example:

USE model;
GO
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
GO
DELETE FROM students WHERE id = 7 ;
GO
insert into students(id,first_name, last_name, gender,city, country, section)
values(7,'Ashley','THOMPSON','F','Liverpool','England', 'History');
GO
COMMIT WORK;
GO
ROLLBACK Transaction
The ROLLBACK Transaction is an operation that rolls back an unsuccessful explicit or
implicit transaction to the beginning of the transaction or to a save point inside the
transaction.

Rollback transaction syntax:

ROLLBACK { TRAN | TRANSACTION }
[ transaction_name | @transaction_name_variable
| savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable ] ;

Rollback transaction example:

USE model;
GO
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
GO
insert into students(id,first_name, last_name, gender,city, country, section)
values(8,'Alysia','MARTIN','F','Toronto','Canada', 'Biology');
GO
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION;
GO

ROLLBACK WORK
The ROLLBACK WORK is an transaction operation that rolls back a user specified
transaction.

Rollback work syntax:

ROLLBACK [ WORK ] ;

Rollback work example:

USE model;
GO
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
GO
insert into students(id,first_name, last_name, gender,city, country, section)
values(8,'Alysia','MARTIN','F','Toronto','Canada', 'Biology');
GO
ROLLBACK WORK;
GO

SAVE Transaction
The SAVE transaction sets a save point within a transaction.

Save transaction syntax:

SAVE { TRAN | TRANSACTION } { savepoint_name | @savepoint_variable } ;

Save transaction example:

USE model;
GO
DECLARE @Counter INT;
SET @Counter = @@TRANCOUNT;
IF @Counter > 0
SAVE TRANSACTION my_savepoint;
ELSE
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
GO
insert into students(id,first_name, last_name, gender,city, country, section)
values(8,'Alysia','MARTIN','F','Toronto','Canada', 'Biology');
GO
COMMIT TRANSACTION;
GO
 Triggers
In this chapter you can learn how to work with triggers using operations like create,
alter, rename, drop, enable, disable.

Trigger operations
 Create Trigger
 Alter Trigger
 Rename Trigger
 Drop Trigger
 Enable Trigger
 Disable Trigger

Create Trigger
Create Trigger Syntax
DML Trigger

CREATE TRIGGER trig_name

ON { table_name | view_name }
{ FOR | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
{ [ INSERT ] [ , ] [ UPDATE ] [ , ] [ DELETE ] }
AS { sql_statement [ ; ] }
GO

DDL Trigger

CREATE TRIGGER trig_name

ON { ALL SERVER | DATABASE }
{ FOR | AFTER }
{ CREATE, ALTER, DROP, GRANT, DENY, REVOKE, UPDATE STATISTICS }
AS { sql_statement [ ; ] }
GO
Logon Trigger

CREATE TRIGGER trig_name

ON ALL SERVER
{ FOR| AFTER }
LOGON
AS { sql_statement [ ; ] }
GO

Alter Trigger
Alter Trigger Syntax
DML Trigger

ALTER TRIGGER trig_name

ON { table_name | view_name }
{ FOR | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
{ [ INSERT ] [ , ] [ UPDATE ] [ , ] [ DELETE ] }
AS { sql_statement [ ; ] }
GO

DDL Trigger

ALTER TRIGGER trig_name

ON { ALL SERVER | DATABASE }
{ FOR | AFTER }
{ CREATE, ALTER, DROP, GRANT, DENY, REVOKE, UPDATE STATISTICS }
AS { sql_statement [ ; ] }
GO

Logon Trigger

ALTER TRIGGER trig_name

ON ALL SERVER
{ FOR| AFTER }
LOGON
AS { sql_statement [ ; ] }
GO
Rename Trigger
Rename Trigger Syntax
sp_rename 'Old_Trigger_Name', 'New_Trigger_Name';

Rename Trigger Example

CREATE TRIGGER Customers_Op
ON Customers
AFTER UPDATE
AS
UPDATE Customers
SET address = UPPER('ADDRESS_5')
WHERE customer_id = 5
GO

sp_rename 'Customers_Op', 'NewCustomers_Op';

Drop Trigger
Drop Trigger Syntax
DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;

Drop Trigger Example

CREATE TRIGGER Customers_Op
ON Customers
AFTER UPDATE
AS
UPDATE Customers
SET address = UPPER('ADDRESS_5')
WHERE customer_id = 5
GO

DROP TRIGGER Customers_Op;

Enable Trigger
Enable Trigger Syntax
ENABLE TRIGGER { [ schema_name . ] trigger_name [ ,...n_trigger_name ] | ALL }
ON { table_name | DATABASE | ALL SERVER } [ ; ]

Enable Trigger Example 1

ALTER TABLE Customers ENABLE TRIGGER ALL;

Enable Trigger Example 2

ENABLE Trigger master.Customers_Op ON master.Customers ;

Disable Trigger
Disable Trigger Syntax
ALTER TABLE table_name DISABLE TRIGGER ALL;
DISABLE Trigger master.trigger_name ON master.table_name ;
DISABLE Trigger ALL ON ALL SERVER;

Disable Trigger Example

ALTER TABLE Customers DISABLE TRIGGER ALL;

DISABLE Trigger system.Customers_Op ON system.Customers ;
DISABLE Trigger ALL ON ALL SERVER;
 Views

 Create View
 Alter View
 Modify Data From View
 Rename View
 Drop View

Create View
Create View Example
Customers table

CUSTOMER_ID CUSTOMER_NAME CUSTOMER_TYPE

1 CUSTOMER_1 CC
2 CUSTOMER_2 I
3 CUSTOMER_3 SM
4 CUSTOMER_4 CC

Contracts table

CONTRACT_ID CUSTOMER_ID AMOUNT

1 1 400
2 2 500
3 3 700
4 1 1000
5 2 1200
6 4 900
7 3 2000
8 2 1500
CREATE VIEW CustomersList
AS
SELECT c.customer_id, c.customer_name, ctr.contract_id, ctr.amount
FROM customers c, contracts ctr
WHERE c.customer_id = ctr.customer_id
AND c.customer_type='CC' ;

Result:

Customer_Id Customer_Name Contract_Id Amount

1 CUSTOMER_1 1 400
1 CUSTOMER_1 4 1000
4 CUSTOMER_4 6 900

Alter View
Alter View Example
CREATE VIEW CustomersList
AS
SELECT c.customer_id, c.customer_name, ctr.contract_id, ctr.amount
FROM customers c, contracts ctr
WHERE c.customer_id = ctr.customer_id
AND c.customer_type='CC' ;

Customer_Id Customer_Name Contract_Id Amount

1 CUSTOMER_1 1 400
1 CUSTOMER_1 4 1000
4 CUSTOMER_4 6 900

ALTER VIEW CustomersList

AS
SELECT c.customer_id, c.customer_name, ctr.amount
FROM customers c, contracts ctr
WHERE c.customer_id = ctr.customer_id
AND c.customer_type='CC' ;

Customer_Id Customer_Name Amount

1 CUSTOMER_1 400
1 CUSTOMER_1 1000
4 CUSTOMER_4 900
Modify Data From View
Modify Data From View Example
CREATE VIEW CountriesView
AS
SELECT * FROM countries ;

INSERT INTO CountriesView(Country_Id, Country_Code, Country_Name)

VALUES (8, 'ESP', 'SPAIN');

Country_Id Country_Code Country_Name

UNITED
1 US
STATES
2 ENG ENGLAND
3 FRA FRANCE
4 DEU GERMANY
5 CAN CANADA
6 AUS AUSTRALIA
7 JPN JAPAN
8 ESP SPAIN

UPDATE CountriesView
SET Country_Code='ITA', Country_Name='ITALY'
WHERE Country_Id=8;

DELETE FROM CountriesView WHERE Country_Id=8;

Rename View
Rename View Syntax
sp_rename 'OLD_VIEW', 'NEW_VIEW';

Rename View Example

sp_rename 'CountriesView', 'NewCountriesView' ;
Drop View
Drop View Syntax
DROP VIEW View_Name;

Drop View Example

CREATE VIEW CountriesView
AS
SELECT * FROM countries ;

DROP VIEW CountriesView;