Biology highlights

Section one Biology is the study of life and can be used to both solve societal problems and explain of our daily lives Living thing share the same 7 characteristics: organization and cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and evolution. Multicellular organisms show a hierarchy of organization going from the organisms to the atom To stay alive, living thing must maintain homeostasis, obtain and use energy, and pass on hereditary info from parents to offspring, also called reproduction. Section two Three themes in biology are unity of lifes diversity, the Interdependence of organisms, and evolution of life. Living organisms show diversity and can be classified into domains and kingdom. Organisms live in interdependent communities and the environment. Evolution helps to explain how species came to exist, have changed over time, and adapt to their environment.

Vocabulary Biology- the study of life Organization- the high degree of order within an organisms internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world. Cell- the smallest unit that can perform all life processes. Unicellular- describes an organism that consists of a single cell. Multicellular-describes a tissue, organ, or organism that is made up of many cells. Organ- a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized to perform a specific. Tissue- a collection of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function. Organelle-one of the smallest bodies that are found in the cytoplasm of a cell and that are specialized to perform a specific function Biological molecule- chemical compound that provides physical structure and brings about movement, energy use, and other cellular function. Homeostasis- the steady-state physiological condition of the body Metabolism- the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism Cell division- the formation of two cells from one existing cell. Development- the gene-directed process by which an organism matures. Reproduction- the process of producing offspring. Gene-a short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait

Vocabulary Domain-in a modern taxonomic system, the broadest category. Kingdom- in a traditional taxonomic system, the highest taxonomic category, which contain a group of similar phyla. Ecology-the study of the interaction between organisms and the other living and nonliving components of their environment. Ecosystem-a community of organisms and their abiotic environment Evolution-a heritable change in the characteristics within a population from one generation to the next Natural selectionAdaptation-the process of becoming adapted to an environment.

Biology highlights
Chapter two highlights

Section one composition of matter

Section three water and solutions Section two energy Matter is everything that Addition of energy to The two hydrogen atoms occupies space and has mass substance can cause its state and one oxygen atom that to change from a solid to a make up water molecule are Element are made of a single kind of atom and cannot be liquid to a gas. arranged at an angle to one broken down chemical means another. Reactants are substances into simpler substances that enter chemical Water is a polar molecule. Atoms are composed of reactions. Products are The electrons in the protons, neutrons, and substances produced by molecule are shared electrons. Protons and chemical reactions. unevenly between hydrogen neutrons make up the nucleus and oxygen. This polarity Enzymes lower the amount of the atom. Electrons move makes water effective at about the nucleus in orbitals. of activation energy dissolving other polar necessary for a reaction to Compound consists of atoms of substances. begin in living systems. two of more elements that are joined by chemical bonds in a Hydrogen bonding accounts A chemical reaction in fixed proportion. for most of the unique which electrons are properties of water. Most element react to form exchanged between atoms is chemical bonds so that their called an oxidation The unique properties of atoms become stable. An atom reduction reaction. water include the ability to achieves stability when the dissolve many substances, orbitals that correspond to its cohesion and adhesion, the highest energy level are filled ability to absorb a relatively with maximum number of large amount of energy as electrons. heat, the ability to cool A covalent bond is formed surfaces through when two atoms share evaporation, and the low electrons. density of ice. An ionic bond is formed when A solution consists of a one atom give up an electron to another. The positive ion is solute dissolved in a solvent. then attracted to a negative ion Water ionizes into to form the ionic bond. hydronium ions and hydroxide ions. Acidic solution contains more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions. Basic solutions contain more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions. Buffers are chemicals that neutralize the effects of adding small amount of either an acid or a base to a solution.

Biology highlights
Chapter three highlights
Section one-carbon compounds Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are found in living things. Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bounds with other atoms including other carbon atoms. The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds. Functional groups are group of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate. Condensation reactions join monomers to form polymers. A condensation reaction releases water as a by-product. In a hydrolysis reaction water is used to split polymers into monomers. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes enabling organisms to function Section two- molecules of life There are four main classes of organic compounds: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharaides. Two monosaccharaides join to form a double sugar called a disaccharide. A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of three or more monosaccharaides.
Carbohydrates such as glucose are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms. Proteins have many functions including structural, defensive, and catalytic. Proteins are made up of monomers called amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a proteins shape and function. A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide, which is made up of amino acids joined by peptide bone. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates. The binding of a substrate with an enzymes shape and reduces the activation energy of the reaction. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that store energy and are an important part of cell membranes. Most lipids contain fatty acids, molecules that have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end. There are three kinds of lipids: triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. Phospholipids, which make up cell membranes, consist of fatty acids and one glycerol molecule. A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined one long alcohol. The nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, contains all the genetic info for cell activities. Ribonucleic acid molecules play many key role in building of proteins and can act as enzymes