Q.

1COMPUTER
C-COMMONLY
O-OPERATED
M-MACHANICAL
P-PERTICULARLY
U-USED IN
T-TECHNICAL
E-EDUCATIONAL
R-RESEARCH
Defination :-computer is electronic device ,which it takes raw data /user instructions as
input data ,and process the data performing arithmetic and logic operations and prouced
desired results,

Hardware
Hardware represent the physical and tangible components of the computer i.e., that can be seen
and touched. The term there is used to refer to all the physical components inside or outside the
computer.
Example
CPU, motherboard, monitor, keyboard, mouse, sticker, printer, scanner, hard disk CD, DVD
etc.

Classification of Hardware
There are several hardware devices that are used at various phases of data processing cycle.
Input devices
Processing devices
Output devices
Storage devices
Processor
Input devices
The hardware that is used to supply input to the computer is called as input devices.
For example :-
keyboard,
mouse,
scanner ,joystick ,etc.
Processing devices
The hardware that is used to process the data is called as processing device.
For example:- CPU
Output devices
The hardware that is used to present output of the computer is called as output device.
For example monitor, printer, speaker etc.
Storage devices
The hardware that is used to store input or output in the computer is called as storage device.
Example RAM, hard disk, CD, DVD, pen drive etc

Q.2 I/O DEVICES

Input Devices
Input devices are the devices that are used to send signals to the computer for performing tasks.
The receiver at the end is the CPU (Central Processing Unit), which has work to send signals to
the output devices. Some of the classifications of Input devices are:

Keyboard Devices
Pointing Devices
Composite Devices
Game Controller
Visual Devices
Audio Input Devices
Some of the input devices are described below.

1.Keyboard
The keyboard is the most frequent and widely used input device for entering data into a
computer. Although there are some additional keys for performing other operations, the
keyboard layout is similar to that of a typical typewriter.
Generally, keyboards come in two sizes: 84 keys or 101/102 keys but currently keyboards with
104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and the Internet.

Types of Keys

Numeric Keys: It is used to enter numeric data or move the cursor. It usually consists of a set
of 17 keys.
Typing Keys: The letter keys (A-Z) and number keys (09) are among these keys.
Control Keys: These keys control the pointer and the screen. There are four directional arrow
keys on it. Home, End, Insert, Alternate(Alt), Delete, Control(Ctrl), etc., and Escape are all
control keys (Esc).
Special Keys: Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, NumLk, Tab, etc., and Print Screen are among the
special function keys on the keyboard.
Function Keys: The 12 keys from F1 to F12 are on the topmost row of the keyboard.
2.Mouse
The most common pointing device is the mouse. The mouse is used to move a little cursor
across the screen while clicking and dragging. The cursor will stop if you let go of the mouse.
The computer is dependent on you to move the mouse; it won’t move by itself. As a result, it’s
an input device.
A mouse is an input device that lets you move the mouse on a flat surface to control the
coordinates and movement of the on-screen cursor/pointer.
The left mouse button can be used to select or move items, while the right mouse button when
clicked displays extra menus.

3.Joystick
A joystick is a pointing device that is used to move the cursor on a computer screen. A
spherical ball is attached to both the bottom and top ends of the stick. In a socket, the lower
spherical ball slides. You can move the joystick in all four directions.
The joystick’s function is comparable to that of a mouse. It is primarily used in CAD
(Computer-Aided Design) and playing video games on the computer.

Track Ball
Track Ball is an accessory for notebooks and laptops, which works on behalf of a mouse. It has
a similar structure to a mouse. Its structure is like a half-inserted ball and we use fingers for
cursor movement. Different shapes are used for this like balls, buttons, or squares.

Light Pen
A light pen is a type of pointing device that looks like a pen. It can be used to select a menu
item or to draw on the monitor screen. A photocell and an optical system are enclosed in a tiny
tube. When the tip of a light pen is moved across a monitor screen while the pen button is
pushed, the photocell sensor element identifies the screen location and provides a signal to the
CPU.
Scanner
A scanner is an input device that functions similarly to a photocopier. It’s employed when
there’s information on paper that needs to be transferred to the computer’s hard disc for
subsequent manipulation. The scanner collects images from the source and converts them to a
digital format that may be saved on a disc. Before they are printed, these images can be
modified.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

An Optical Mark Reader is a device that is generally used in educational institutions to check
the answers to objective exams. It recognizes the marks present by pencil and pen.

Optical Character Reader (OCR)

OCR stands for optical character recognition, and it is a device that reads printed text. OCR
optically scans the text, character by character turns it into a machine-readable code, and saves
it to the system memory.

Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

It is a device that is generally used in banks to deal with the cheques given to the bank by the
customer. It helps in reading the magnetic ink present in the code number and cheque number.
This process is very fast compared to any other process.

Bar Code Reader

A bar code reader is a device that reads data that is bar-coded (data that is represented by light
and dark lines).Bar-coded data is commonly used to mark things, number books, and so on. It
could be a handheld scanner or part of a stationary scanner. A bar code reader scans a bar code
image, converts it to an alphanumeric value, and then sends it to the computer to which it is
connected.

Web Camera
Because a web camera records a video image of the scene in front of it, a webcam is an input
device. It is either built inside the computer (for example, a laptop) or attached through a USB
connection. A webcam is a computer-connected tiny digital video camera. It’s also known as a
web camera because it can take images and record video. These cameras come with software
that must be installed on the computer in order to broadcast video in real-time over the Internet.
It can shoot images and HD videos, however, the video quality isn’t as good as other cameras
(In Mobiles or other devices or normal cameras).

Digitizer
Digitizer is a device that is used to convert analog signals to digital signals. it converts signals
into numeric values. An example of a Digitizer is Graphic Tablet, which is used to convert
graphics to binary data.

Microphone
The microphone works as an input device that receives input voice signals and also has the
responsibility of converting it also to digital form. It is a very common device that is present in
every device which is related to music.

Output Devices
Output Devices are the devices that show us the result after giving the input to a computer
system. Output can be of many different forms like image, graphic audio, video, etc. Some of
the output devices are described below.

Monitor
Monitors, also known as Visual Display Units (VDUs), are a computer’s primary output
device. It creates images by arranging small dots, known as pixels, in a rectangular pattern. The
amount of pixels determines the image’s sharpness.
The two kinds of viewing screens used for monitors are described below.

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor: Pixels are minuscule visual elements that make up a CRT
display. The higher the image quality or resolution, the smaller the pixels.
Flat-Panel Display Monitor: In comparison to the CRT, a flat-panel display is a type of video
display with less volume, weight, and power consumption. They can be hung on the wall or
worn on the wrist.
Flat-panel displays are currently used in calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computers,
and graphical displays.

Television
Television is one of the common output devices which is present in each and every house. It
portrays video and audio files on the screen as the user handles the television. Nowadays, we
are using plasma displays as compared to CRT screens which we used earlier.

Printer
Printers are output devices that allow you to print information on paper. There are certain types
of printers which are described below.

Impact Printers
Character Printers
Line Printers
Non-Impact Printers
Laser Printers
Inkjet Printers
Printer
Printer

Impact Printer
Characters are printed on the ribbon, which is subsequently crushed against the paper, in
impact printers. The following are the characteristics of impact printers:

Exceptionally low consumable cost.

Quite noisy
Because of its low cost, it is ideal for large-scale printing.
To create an image, there is physical contact with the paper.
Character Printers
Character Printer has the capability to print only one character at a time. It is of two types.

Dot Matrix Printer

Daisy Wheel
Line Printers
Line Printers are printers that have the capability to print one line at a time. It is of two types.

Drum Printer
Chain Printer
Non-Impact Printers
Characters are printed without the need for a ribbon in non-impact printers. Because these
printers print a full page at a time, they’re also known as Page Printers. The following are the
characteristics of non-impact printers:
Faster
They don’t make a lot of noise.
Excellent quality
Supports a variety of typefaces and character sizes
Laser Printers
Laser Printers use laser lights for producing dots which will produce characters on the page.

Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers are printers that use spray technology for printing papers. High-quality papers
are produced in an Inkjet printer. They also do color printing.

Speakers
Speakers are devices that produce sound after getting a command from a computer. Nowadays,
speakers come with wireless technology also like Bluetooth speakers.

Projector
Projectors are optical devices that have the work to show visuals on both types of screens,
stationary and moving both. It helps in displaying images on a big screen. Projectors are
generally used in theatres, auditoriums, etc.

Plotter
Plotter is a device that helps in making graphics or other images to give a real view. A graphic
card is mandatorily required to use these devices. These are the pen-like devices that help in
generating exact designs on the computer.

Braille Reader
Braille Reader is a very important device that is used by blind users. It helps people with low
vision or no vision to recognize the data by running their fingers over the device to understand
easily. It is a very important device for blind persons as it gives them the comfort to understand
the letters, alphabets, etc which helps them in study.

Video Card
A video Card is a device that is fitted into the motherboard of the computer. It helps in
improvising digital content in output devices. It is an important tool that helps people in using
multiple devices.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Global Positioning System helps the user in terms of directions, as it uses satellite technology
to track the geometrical locations of the users. With continuous latitudinal and longitudinal
calculations, GPS gives accurate results. Nowadays, all smart devices have inbuilt GPS.
Headphones
Headphones are just like a speaker, which is generally used by a single person or it is a single-
person usable device and is not commonly used in large areas. These are also called headsets
having a lower sound frequency

Q3;MEMORY:-
memory is used to store huage amount of date in the computer.
memory is calssified into two types
1.primary memory
2.secoundary memory

MEMORY

PRIMARY SECONDARY

CPU Main Memory Magnetic Magnetic Optical

Disk Tape Disk

RAM ROM
Registers Cache
 PROM
 SRAM
 EPROM
 DRAM
 EEPROM

1. Primary storage
(or main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one
directly accessible to the CPU.
2. The CPU
continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required.
3. Main memory is
directly or indirectly connected to the CPU via a memory bus.
4. Consist of less
memory but is costly
5. It is divided into
RAM and ROM.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
6. RAM (Random
Access Memory) is volatile (temporary).
7. Programs and
data can be written to and erased from RAM as needed.
8. RAM stores data
randomly and the processor accesses these data
randomly from the RAM storage.
9. The information
stored in the RAM is typically loaded
from the computer's hard disk, and includes data related
to the operating system and certain applications. When the system is
switched off, the RAM loses all stored information.
10. RAM is made
up of chips mounted on small circuit board(semiconductor)
11. A small
amount of Ram is also integrated into CPU but it is referred as
cache memory
Memory types- RAM
SRAM: Static RAM
12. The most
expensive , SRAM uses internal flip-flop latching circuitry (transistors) to store one bit each
with a shorter Read/Write cycles and hence is faster & High speed but holds less data
13. Its high price
prevents it from being widely used in everyday computing machines, but many modern
machines use SRAM as the processor's cache register.
14. Consumes more
power. No need to be refreshed

DRAM: Dynamic RAM

15. DRAM is slower
than SRAM, but is inexpensive .
16. Electrically
charged that are paired and applied to capacitors.
17. With time they
need to be refreshed periodically.
ROM ( Read Only Memory)
18. ROM ( Read Only
Memory) is nonvolatile (permanent). The contents in
locations in ROM cannot be changed or lost.
19. Known as
Firmware
20. It supports POST
(power on self test)
21. It holds
instructions that run the computer when it is first turned on
called Bootstrap Loader with Basic input output system(BIOS).
22. As the name itself
suggests, data can only be accessed and read by the
user, not overwritten, upgraded, or modified.
23. The system
programs stored on a ROM device
could never be altered and hence, stayed secure
for use.
Memory types– ROM
24. 新細明體
PROM: Programmable ROM
25. Blank ROM
chip can be only written once
26. Instructions
cannot be changes
27. Shock of
electricity will cause fuse burn
28. EPROM:
Erasable PROM
29. Use ultraviolet
light to erase data for at least 10 to 20 min.
30. Allowing to be
written
31. Showed be
removed from computer.
32. EEPROM:
Electronically EPROM
33. Can be erased
using electronic impulses (higher voltages)
34. Slow to erase
but need not be removed out.
3.CACHEMEMORY
35. Principle of
locality helped to speed up main memory access by introducing small fast memories known
as CACHE MEMORIES that hold blocks of the most recently referenced instructions and data
items.

36. Cache is a small

fast storage device that holds the operands and instructions most likely to be used by the
CPU

37. Most individual

applications these days maintain their own cache which can be accessed by the processor,
as well as the user, and can be maintained for as long as required without any risk of losing
the data.

38. A special, high-

speed storage area within the CPU.
39. All data must be
represented in a register before it can be processed. For example, if two numbers are to be
multiplied, both numbers must be in registers, and the result is also placed in a register.
(The register can contain the address of a memory location where data is stored rather than
the actual data itself.)
40. The number of
registers that a CPU has and the size of each (number of bits) help determine the power and
speed of a CPU.
41. . Virtual
Memory
42. It is a computer
system technique which gives an application program the impression that it has contiguous
working memory (an address space), while in fact it may be physically fragmented and may
even overflow on to disk storage.

43. Computer
operating systems generally use virtual memory techniques for ordinary applications, such
 as word processors, spreadsheets, multimedia, players accounting, etc., except where the
required hardware support (memory management unit) is unavailable or insufficient.

SECONDARY MEMORY
44. A secondary storage device refers to any non-volatile storage device that is
internal or external to the computer.

45. It can be any storage device beyond the primary storage that enables
permanent data storage.

46. A secondary storage device is also known as an auxiliary storage device

or external storage.
1.1 Magnetic Tapes
47. Compact storage with inexpensive method of storing data.
48. Used for back ups
49. Much similar to audio cassette in tape recorder with forward and rewind
options
50. Multipurpose usage ie., input, output, storage
51. Very economical device
52. Sensitive to dust, temperature moisture etc.
1.2.Floppy Disks

53. A floppy disk is a portable, inexpensive storage medium that consists of a

thin, circular, flexible plastic disk with a magnetic coating enclosed in a
square-shaped plastic shell.
54. A folly disk is a magnetic disk, which means that it used magnetic patterns
to store data.
55. Data in floppy disks can be read from and written to.
1.3.Hard Disks
56. Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk. A hard disk consists of one or
more rigid metal plates coated with a metal oxide material that allows data to be
magnetically recorded on the surface of the platters.
57. The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed, typically 5400 to 7200
revolutions per minute (RPM).
58. Storage capacities of hard disks for personal computers range from 10 GB to 120
GB (one billion bytes are called a gigabyte).
 sectors
each track is
divided into pie-
shaped wedges

cluster tracks
two or more data is recorded in
sectors concentric circular
combined bands

2. Optical Mass Storage Devices

59. Uses optical or light technology, to store or retrieve the data
60. Standardized and relatively low cost with more storage capacity
61. Last for longer time.
62. Non volatile in nature
Types of optical storage
. CD-R Drive,
ii. CD-RW
iii. DVD
iv. Blu ray Disc
2.1 Compact Discs (CD)

63. A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a flat round, portable
storage medium that is usually 4.75 inch in diameter.
64. A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc that used the same laser
technology as audio CDs for recording music. In addition it can contain other
types of data such as text, graphics, and video.
The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data.

700 MB storage
CD-ROM (read only)
CD-R: (record) to a CD
CD-RW: can write and erase CD to reuse it (re-writable)
2.2 DVD (Digital Video Disk

DVD-ROM
65. Over 4 GB storage (varies with format)
66. DVD- ROM (read only)
67. Many recordable formats (e.g., DVD-R, DVD-RW;)
68. Are more highly compact than a CD.
69. Special laser is needed to read them

Q4.PROCESSOR

The word processor and CPU are used interchangeably . A processor is a silicon
chip made from very small transistors and other circuits elements on a single
semiconductor integrated circuit (IC)

1. Processor speed is define as the number of computer instructions

executed per second.

2. The measuring unit is megahertz or giga hertz

3. Megahertz denotes 1 million cycles per second and gigahertz means

1 billion cycles per second.

4. A CPU executes a certain amount of instructions within a grouping

called a cycle.

5. The speed of CPU or processor is measured in how many cycles it can

perform in a given second.
 6. Speed of one cycle per second is called a hertz.

Types of processors

i. Intel ® computer processor

ii. AMD computer processor

Intel ® Computer processor:

The main features of intel ®computer processor are
70. The Intel computer processor is exclusively designed by Intel.
71. Its latest and most popular models include
72. Intel ® Pentium ® 4 processor
73. intel ® Pentium 4 processor with HT Technology and
74. Intel celeron Processor
3. The Intel®Pentium® 4 processor is a powerful processor that can handle
demanding applications such as DVD authoring, 3D gaming and other
multimedia applications.

4. The Intel ® Pentium 4 processor with HT Technology is designed for running

multiple applications simultaneously with fast and efficient response.
5. The Intel celeron processor is compatible with almost all computers hardware
and software brands.
ii. AMD computer processor
The main features of AMD computer processor are
75. AMD computer processor is made by Advanced Micro Devices(AMD)
76. It provides excellent performance and value and compatible with all
computers
77. Some AMD computer processors are programmer with built-in antivirus
protection.
78. some of its models are Athlon XP and AMD Athlon TM 64 which are
designed for execution of complex software and games

Q5 soft ware
Computers cannot do anything on its own. It is the user who instructs computer;
what to do, how to do and when to do. In order to perform any task, you have to
give a set of instructions in a particular sequence to the computer. These sets of
instructions are called Programs.

Software refers to a set of programs that makes the hardware perform a particular
set of tasks in particular order.

System software are sets of programs, responsible for running the computer,
controlling various operations of computer systems and management of computer
resources. Operating System (OS) falls under this category.

An operating system is a system software that provides an interface for a user to

communicate with the computer, manages hardware devices (disk drives,
keyboard, monitor, etc), manages and maintains disk file systems and supports
application programs. Some popular Operating systems are UNIX, Windows and
Linux.
Application Software
Application software is a set of programs, which are written to perform specific
tasks. For example, an application package for managing library known as library
information system is used to manage information of library such as keeping book
details, account holder details, book issue details, book return details, etc. Another
application package for managing student details is called student’s information
system, manages student’s roll number, name, parents name, address, class,
section, processing of examination results, etc. Application software can be broadly
classified into two types:

Types of application software:

There are different types of application software and those are:

General Purpose Software: This type of application software is used for a variety
of tasks and it is not limited to performing a specific task only. For example, MS-
Word, MS-Excel, PowerPoint, etc.

Customized Software: This type of application software is used or designed to

perform specific tasks or functions or designed for specific organizations. For
example, railway reservation system, airline reservation system, invoice
management system, etc.

Utility Software: This type of application software is used to support the computer
infrastructure. It is designed to analyze, configure, optimize and maintains the
system, and take care of its requirements as well. For example, antivirus, disk
fragmenter, memory tester, disk repair, disk cleaners, registry cleaners, disk space
analyzer, :

Q6.Operating Systems

Types of Operating System

Various Operating Systems have evolved depending on the requirement and cost.
Different types of operating system are
79. Single User/Single Tasking Operating System
80. Multi User/Multi Tasking Operating System
81. Multi Programming Operating System
82. Multi-Processing Operating System
83. Multi Threading Operating System
84. Batch Processing Operating System
85. Time sharing Operating System
86. Real Time Operating System
87. Distributed Operating System
88. Single user operating system
Single user operating system is a type of operating system that is developed and
intended for use on a computer that will only have a single user at any given time
i.e only one person can use the machine at a time and operating system is available
to the single user at a timets1t
Example MSDOS
Advantages
89. It is simple to design implement and maintain
90. It is relative leave but free a computer is dedicated to one particular task at a
time.
Disadvantages
91. Inefficient use of CPU time
Multi user operating system
Multi user operating system is a type of operating system allows multiple users on
different computers or terminals to access a single system with one operating
system on it. It allows two or more users to run programs at the same time some
operating system permit hundred or even thousands of concurrent users which are
commonly called sharable machine.
Some multi user systems are Windows 2000 Windows NT and Windows 2000.
Advantages
92. It makes better use of resources.
Disadvantages
93. It has Complex configuration
94. Require lot of memory to process
95. Relatively expensive than single user operating system
Time sharing operating system
Time sharing is a technique of allocation of computer resources in a time-
dependent to several programs simultaneously.
In time sharing the CPU is divided among different users on a schedule basis
therefore each user is given a brief share of the CPU time unlike
multiprogramming with CPU is allocated to programs on priority basis. The share
of CPU time is called the Time Flies or time slot or time Quantum which are very
from 10 milliseconds to seconds.
Example Windows 2000 Windows 2003 UNIX and Linux
Distributed Operating System
The development of networked computers that can be linked and communicate
with each other gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed Operating System
manages a group of independent computers and make them appear to be a single
computer.
It was many users access to a common database. It makes human to human
community example by email, www example of distributed operating system
Advantages
96. It is reliable that is one machines fail you need not bring down the system
97. Computers and software can be added incrementally
Disadvantages
98. It is very difficult to maintain
It is difficult to maintain security and integrity of user programs and data
Batch processing operating system
In this the user's didn't interact directly with the system instead as user prepared a
job which consisted of program data and some control information about the nature
of job and submit it to the computer operator. The operating system of such a
computer had the function to transfer the control from one job to another.
That processing operating systems are ideal in situations where there are large
amounts of data to be processed.
Advantages
It increases overall performance as a new job get started on completion of previous
job without human intervention
The job exhibition is properly organized
Disadvantages
It is difficult to provide the desired priority scheduling
It is difficult to debug program
Multiprocessing operating system
Multiprocessing Operating System allows a program to run on more than one
central Processing Unit at a time. If one CPU breaks on the other CPU will
automatically takes over its job this is also called parallel processing
Example Windows 2000, UNIX and Linux
Advantages
99. It increases the reliability of the system
100. It has better performance than single processing system
Disadvantages
101. It is very expensive
102. If one CPU gets filled it affects the speed of processing
Q7.Understanding of GUI

GUI (Graphical User Interface)

Earlier operating system like MS-DOS provides text based or character based
interface to the user. In which user is required to type the command and press enter
key. After the enter key pressed operating system comes to know that the user has
finished its input and the operating system starts processing on the input.
Every statement type at the command should be a valid command by the operating
system. Some commands requires specific parameters to be given with them
through which the operating system understand more about how the command is to
be carry out.
This approach of user interface has some drawbacks. They are
103. If the comment I did the prom is misspelt operating system does
not recognize the command and thus no work is carried out.
104. If the command is wrong, misspelled, short of required
 parameters, then the operating system response with a error
message this error messages are short in length and it is
sometimes difficult to understand the error and solve the
problem.
105. In a text based interface, if the user has given a command at the
command prompt and has pressed enter key, there is no way we
can change the command. There is no easier way to go back and
correct errors.
As the text based interface is facing some problems, as discussed above, there is
need to change the interface.
It is well known fact that pictures says more than thousand words so this ability
can be used to implement a good user interface. Which is commonly known as
Graphical User Interface. In GUI, there is no need of a prompt to be shown to
the user, every command that is to be Run is depicted with the diagram known as
icon.
To Trap the abilities of this type of interface various pointing devices like mouse,
which show the arrow like cursor using which we can select or execute the
required command.
In GUI, whatever typed on the screen should be produced as it is on the paper with
printer.
If the user wants some words to be bored then it should also be shown on screen
and bones this feature is known as "what you see is what you get. "

Networks- Definition- Types of Network

Computer Network Types

A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables

the computer to communicate with another computer and share their resources,
data, and applications.

A computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer network is

mainly of four types:

Computer Network Types

LAN(Local Area Network)

PAN(Personal Area Network)

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

WAN(Wide Area Network)

LAN(Local Area Network)

Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small

area such as building, office.

LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a

communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.

It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network

adapters, and ethernet cables.

The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.

Local Area Network provides higher security.

PAN(Personal Area Network)

Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,
typically within a range of 10 meters.
Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal
use is known as Personal Area Network.
Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the
Personal Area Network.
Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network
are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.
Computer Network Types
There are two types of Personal Area Network:

Computer Network Types

Wired Personal Area Network
Wireless Personal Area Network
Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by
simply using wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range
network.

Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using
the USB.
Examples Of Personal Area Network:
Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves with a person.
For example, a mobile network moves with a person. Suppose a person
establishes a network connection and then creates a connection with another
device to share the information.
Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so it is also
known as a home network. A home network is designed to integrate the devices
such as printers, computer, television but they are not connected to the internet.
Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the internet and to
a corporate network using a VPN
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by
interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange
line.
The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-
3, ADSL, etc.
It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
WAN(Wide Area Network)
A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area
such as states or countries.
A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large
geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and
education.
Computer Network Types