UNIT IV

EDUCATION AS A SOCIAL TOOL

VALUES

Values are beliefs or principles that individuals or groups consider important in guiding
their behavior, attitudes, and decisions. Values are often associated with ideas about what is
right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable.
Some common values include honesty, integrity, respect, responsibility, compassion,
fairness, and equality. These values are often considered to be fundamental to building strong
relationships, communities, and societies.
Values can be influenced by various factors, including cultural background, religion,
family upbringing, education, and life experiences. People may also have different priorities
when it comes to values, leading to conflicting values and ethical dilemmas.
According to Triandis “ Values are principles that guide our lives”

Education as an Instrument for developing Value

• Encourages critical thinking: Education helps individuals develop critical thinking

skills, which are necessary for evaluating information and making informed decisions.
By encouraging critical thinking, education can help individuals develop values that are
based on reason and evidence, rather than on emotions or hearsay.
• Fosters empathy: Education can help individuals develop empathy, which is the ability
to understand and share the feelings of others. By fostering empathy, education can help
individuals develop values such as compassion, kindness, and respect for others.
• Promotes social responsibility: Education can promote social responsibility, which is
the idea that individuals have a responsibility to contribute to the well-being of society.
By promoting social responsibility, education can help individuals develop values such
as community involvement, civic engagement, and environmental stewardship.
• Provides exposure to diverse perspectives: Education provides exposure to diverse
perspectives, which can help individuals develop values such as tolerance, openness,
and acceptance of differences.
• Teaches ethical decision-making: Education can teach individuals about ethical
decision-making, which is the process of making decisions based on ethical principles.

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 By teaching ethical decision-making, education can help individuals develop values
such as integrity, honesty, and fairness.

Value Education

It is a type of education oriented towards the goal of instilling desirable personal, social,
moral, spiritual and aesthetic values in the learner. Values education aims to promote the
development of positive values in students. It often involves teaching and modeling ethical and
moral values and providing opportunities for students to reflect on their own values and beliefs.
In its narrow sense, it is the process by which teachers and other adults transmit values
to the pupils. In the broader sense, it is the process of developing in the child knowledge, skills,
attitudes, values, behaviour patterns and character and society considers desirable for him to
have both as individual and as a member of society.
Objectives of Value Education
• To understand the relationship between education and values
• To inculcate scientific attitude and to create democratic, moral and religious values
• To develop respect for individuality, dignity of labour, healthy and positive attitude
• To remain firm on secularism and social justice
• To develop international understanding

Values play a significant role in shaping societies and influencing the way people
interact and organize themselves. Nationalism, universalism, and secularism are three distinct
values that have different implications and can sometimes interact or conflict with each other.

NATIONALISM

Nationalism is a political and social ideology that emphasizes the importance of

national identity and loyalty to the nation. It is characterized by a strong sense of pride in one's
country, its history, culture, and traditions. Nationalism often promotes the idea of a common
language, religion, and cultural heritage that unite a people and set them apart from other
nations.

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Education as an Instrument for developing Nationalism

• Teaching history: Education can teach individuals about the history of their country, its
struggles, and its achievements. By learning about their country's history, individuals
can develop a sense of pride in their country's culture and traditions.
• Developing cultural identity: Education can help individuals develop a strong sense of
cultural identity by teaching them about their country's customs, traditions, and values.
This can lead to a sense of belonging and loyalty to their country.
• Promoting civic engagement: Education can promote civic engagement by teaching
individuals about their rights and responsibilities as citizens. By encouraging civic
engagement, education can help individuals develop a sense of ownership and
responsibility towards their country.
• Encouraging critical thinking: Education can encourage critical thinking skills, which
are necessary for evaluating information and making informed decisions. By
encouraging critical thinking, education can help individuals develop a deep
understanding of their country's values and traditions.
• Providing exposure to diverse perspectives: Education can provide exposure to diverse
perspectives, which can help individuals develop an appreciation for the diversity of
their country. This can lead to a sense of unity and pride in the diversity of their country.
• Promote a common national identity, by teaching students about shared values and
beliefs.
• Instil a sense of patriotism, by teaching students to love and defend their country.

UNIVERSALISM

Universalism is a philosophical and ethical concept that asserts the existence of

universal principles or values that apply to all human beings, regardless of their cultural, social,
or historical context. The concept of universalism suggests that certain values and principles,
such as human rights, freedom, justice, and equality, are universally applicable and should be
upheld by all societies and cultures.
It promotes the idea that there are fundamental human rights and ethical norms that
should be respected and upheld universally, such as human dignity, equality, justice, and
freedom.

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Education as an Instrument for developing Universalism

• Teaching about different cultures and perspectives: Education can expose individuals
to different cultures and perspectives, which can help them develop an appreciation for
cultural diversity and respect for different ways of life.
• Developing empathy: Education can develop empathy in individuals by teaching them
about the experiences and perspectives of others. This can help individuals understand
and appreciate the commonalities and differences among people.
• Promoting critical thinking: Education can promote critical thinking skills, which are
necessary for evaluating information and making informed decisions. By encouraging
critical thinking, education can help individuals develop a deeper understanding of
universal values and principles.
• Teaching about human rights: Education can teach individuals about human rights and
the importance of protecting the rights of all people, regardless of their race, gender,
religion, or nationality. This can help individuals develop a sense of responsibility
towards others.
• Encouraging global citizenship: Education can encourage individuals to think of
themselves as global citizens, who are connected to and responsible for the well-being
of people all around the world. This can help individuals develop a sense of solidarity
and responsibility towards the global community.
• Promoting tolerance and respect: Education can help to promote tolerance and respect
for others. This can help to create a more just and equitable world.

SECULARISM
Secularism means anything that doesn’t in any way involve religion—it is not
an opposition to religion. It is based on the idea that the State should be neutral in matters of
religion, and that individuals should be free to practice their religion or belief without
interference from the state.
Secularism is often seen as a key aspect of modern democratic societies, where the state
is separate from any particular religious institution or ideology. India is called a secular state
because it does not have any state religion and people are free to practice any religion of their
choice.

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Education as an Instrument for developing Secularism

• Teaching about the history of religious conflicts: Education can teach individuals about
the history of religious conflicts and the negative consequences of religion being
intertwined with government affairs. By examining historical examples, individuals can
understand the importance of separating religion and government affairs to prevent
religious conflicts.
• Encouraging critical thinking: Education can encourage critical thinking skills, which
are necessary for evaluating information and making informed decisions. By promoting
critical thinking, education can help individuals develop an objective understanding of
religious beliefs and practices.
• Teaching about the importance of religious freedom: Education can teach individuals
about the importance of religious freedom and the need for a neutral state that allows
individuals to practice their religion or belief without fear of discrimination or
persecution. By emphasizing the importance of religious freedom, education can
promote tolerance and respect for diverse religious beliefs and practices.
• Promoting respect for cultural and religious diversity: Education can promote respect
for cultural and religious diversity by teaching individuals about different religions and
their beliefs and practices. By promoting an understanding of diverse religions,
education can help individuals appreciate the importance of respecting the beliefs and
practices of others.
• Encouraging the adoption of secular values: Education can encourage individuals to
adopt secular values, such as reason, logic, and evidence-based thinking. By
emphasizing the importance of these values, education can help individuals develop an
objective understanding of religion and separate it from government affairs.
• Be respectful of all religions
• Provide support for students who are struggling with religious discrimination
• Encouraging open and respectful dialogue about religion. Education can help to create
a space where people of different faiths can come together to discuss their beliefs in a
respectful and open way. This can help to break down barriers and promote
understanding.

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 • Challenging religious extremism and intolerance. Education can help to challenge
religious extremism and intolerance. It can teach students about the dangers of these
ideologies, and it can help them to develop the skills they need to resist them.

TAGORE AND KRISHNAMURTHY ON VALUE EDUCATION

TAGORE

Rabindranath Tagore was a prominent Indian poet, writer, philosopher, and educator
who lived from 1861 to 1941. He is best known for his collection of poems called "Gitanjali"
(Song Offerings), which earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.
In the field of education, Tagore believed in the importance of holistic education that
aimed to develop the entire personality of the individual. Tagore was also deeply involved in
various social and cultural reforms. He established an experimental school called
Shantiniketan, which later evolved into Visva-Bharati University. Shantiniketan emphasized a
holistic and integrated approach to education, combining Western and Indian philosophies.
Visva-Bharati University in 1921 aimed to provide education that combined Western and
Eastern philosophies. Tagore believed in the integration of art, music, and literature into the
curriculum to provide a well-rounded education.
He believed that value education should be integrated into the curriculum and should
focus on developing ethical and moral values. Tagore emphasized the importance of cultivating
a sense of social responsibility and developing a sense of community among students. He
believed that education should not only provide knowledge and skills but also promote social
and emotional well-being.
He believed that value education should be based on the following principles:

• Respect for the individual: Tagore believed that every individual is unique and has the
potential to learn and grow. He believed that education should respect the individual
and help them to develop their own unique talents and abilities.

• Freedom of thought and expression: Tagore believed that education should be about
learning to think for oneself and to express one's own ideas freely. He believed that
education should not be about instilling a set of predetermined beliefs, but about
encouraging students to think critically and to form their own opinions.

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 • Compassion and empathy: Tagore believed that education should help students to
develop compassion and empathy for others. He believed that education should not be
about competition, but about cooperation and understanding.

• Creativity and imagination: Tagore believed that education should help students to
develop their creativity and imagination. He believed that education should not be about
rote learning, but about encouraging students to explore their own interests and to find
their own unique way of learning.

Tagore's philosophy emphasized the ideals of universalism, humanism, and

spiritualism. He believed in the unity of all cultures and the importance of embracing diversity.
His writings often explored themes of love, nature, spirituality, and the human condition.
Rabindranath Tagore passed away on August 7, 1941
Some of the Famous works
• Gitanjali
• The Home and the World
• The Gardener
• Kabuliwala

JIDDU KRISHNAMURTI
Jiddu Krishnamurti was an Indian philosopher, writer, and speaker who lived from 1895
to 1986. J. Krishnamurti was born on 11 May 1895 in Madanapalle in the state of Andhra
Pradesh. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th century and had a
significant impact on the field of education.
Krishnamurti believed in the importance of education in shaping individuals who were
not only knowledgeable but also morally and ethically responsible. He emphasized the need
for individuals to develop critical thinking skills and to question the assumptions and beliefs
that they had been taught.
He believed that education should aim to free individuals from conditioning and
prejudices and enable them to think independently. Krishnamurti believed that value education
should focus on developing the individual's ability to understand the self and the world around
them. He emphasized the importance of moral and ethical values, but believed that these values
should not be imposed from outside but should be discovered through self-reflection and
observation.

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His books

• Education and Significance of Life

• Letters to the School
• Freedom from the Known
• The Awakening of Intelligence
• You Are the World
He believed on the idea that “school is to provide for the fullest possible development
of each learner for living morally, creatively, and productively in a democratic society.”
Education should help an individual to discover the true values which come with unbiased
investigation and self-expression.

Integral education is the core of the educational ideals of Jiddu Kirshnamoorthy.

Integral education enables a learner for:

· Development of capacities to face challenges.

· Development of self knowledge
· Integrated experience
· Freedom from readymade ideas.
· Development of free and mature human beings
· Development of Right Understanding of Environment
· Development of Wisdom and not Acquiring Knowledge
· Development of Love towards others
· Development of Right Relationship
· Development of freedom and integration
· Development of creative intelligence
· Development of International understanding
· Freedom from ideology
· Education for Freedom and discipline
· Spiritual Training and not Religious Education

Krishnamurti's ideas about value education can be applied in the classroom:

• Instead of teaching students to memorize facts, teachers can help students to develop
their critical thinking skills by asking them questions that require them to think for
themselves.

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 • Instead of teaching students to conform to a set of predetermined standards, teachers
can encourage students to develop their own creativity and individuality by giving them
opportunities to express themselves in different ways.
• Instead of teaching students to compete with each other, teachers can help students to
cooperate and understand each other by giving them opportunities to work together on
projects.
Role of Teachers according to Krishnamurti
• Jiddu Krishnamoorti believed that a teacher should not teach the student ‘what to think’
and ‘how to think’. Instead, the teacher should give enormous freedom to think for
her/himself.
• Before making use a method of teaching, teacher should study the child thoroughly and
must employ such methods that suit each learner best.
• In employing any method, a teacher should treat the student as an equal partner.
• Problem solving and explorative methods should be encouraged. Repetition encourages
the mind of the child to be slow-moving.
• The right kind of teacher understands the child and never imposes up on the learner an
ideal of what teacher thinks the learner should be followed.
• A good teacher should be a keen observer:
• The best way for a teacher to understand a child is to observe him at play, work, and at
different moods.
• A good teacher is an Integrated Educator
• “According to Krishnamurti, a true teacher not simply a giver of information, but is the
one who shows the way to wisdom and truth”.
A good teacher must possess a good conduct. Six points of good Conduct which are
specially required by a teacher are given by Krishnamoorti. They are:
1. self – control as to the mind.
2. Self – control in action
3. Tolerance
4. Cheerfulness
5. One – pointedness (sharpness and power of decision making)
6.Confidence.

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 CULTURE

Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions,

and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs,
capabilities, and habits of the individuals
Features
• It is the sum total of acquired traits, habits, and behaviours
• Culture is learned and acquires
• Culture is cumulative
• It is dynamic
• Culture has quality of diffusion and assimilation
• Culture is a social product

Acculturation
Acculturation is the process of modifying cultural beliefs and customs of a group of
people or an individual by borrowing traits from a different culture. It is the process of
adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.
Enculturation
Enculturation is the process through which individual acquire values and norms of a
culture through unconscious repetition, and mostly occurs from birth.

Interaction between Culture and Education/ Cultural Functions of

Education

Both culture and education are so closely related to each other that they both have a
common goal to achieve i.e. the improvement or modification of the behavior of an individual.
Both culture and education are aimed at making the life of an individual worth living. The
following are the important influences exercised by education upon culture:

• Preservation of culture: Education through its formal and informal agencies play a
significant role in preserving all those values, customs, tradition, belief, usage, practice
knowledge and experiences, achievements, and non-materialistic sphere which are
worthwhile in the present age.

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 • Transmission of culture: All the agencies of education play an important role in
transmitting the culture from one generation to another generation. It is due to the role
of education that the thousands of years old culture could be transmitted to the present
age to a great extent.
• Promotion or enrichment of culture: Education not only preserves and transmits the old
culture to the coming generation in the same form but it also plays an important role in
the enrichment or promotion of the culture by adding new experiences, knowledge,
inventions, and discoveries in the field of science and technology and other
achievement made by society to the culture before transmitting it to the next generation.
• Refinement of the culture: Education also brings refinement to the centuries-old culture
by deleting or excluding those customs, traditions, and practices which have either lost
their utility or are scientifically discarded.
• Diffusion of Culture: Education plays a significant role in bringing a diffusion among
the culture not of different sections of society within the country but also of different
countries of the world. Mass media as an informal agency of education is playing an
important role in bringing the diffusion of the culture of different countries of the world.
• Removing cultural lag: Education bridges the gap that exists between material and non-
material culture through activities and program development.
• Adjustment of culture: Education helps individuals to adapt to the changing culture of
society.
• Development of personality: Education aims to develop the personality of the child for
this, it employs diverse cultural patterns of thinking, behavior, and items of cultural
values so that children are physically, Mentally, Socially, and emotionally developed
to the maximum extent
Influence of Culture on Education
• Aim of education: The meaning and aims of education are determined by the cultural
ideas, values, and patterns of society. In short as in the culture of society so shall its aim
of education.
• Curriculum: The curriculum is prepared according to the culture of society. The system
of education tries to realize the cultural needs of society through the curriculum which
conditions all educational activities and programs. There is a waste explosion of
knowledge and so the curriculum is keep upgrading to cater to the needs of society.

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 • Methods of Teaching: Culture and methods of teaching are intimately connected. The
changing cultural patterns of society exert their influence on the methods of teaching.
Previously teaching was teacher-centric where the teacher used to give knowledge to
the child. Now it has become a student center. The teacher considers the instructor only.
The cultural and social conditions generate the methods and techniques of teaching in
a powerful manner. Different ways of teaching to make teaching more realistic are the
new trends in the field of teaching.
• Discipline: Cultural values influence the concepts of the discipline. The present cultural
patterns of thinking and living are directly linked to our concept of discipline where
democratic values are accepted all over the world.
• Teacher: Each individual teacher is imbibed with the cultural values and ideas of the
society of which he/she happens to be an integral member. Only such a teacher achieves
his/her mission successfully. They infuse higher ideas and moral values in children.
• Textbook: The curriculum is contained in the textbook. The textbook is written
according to the formulated or determined curriculum. Only those textbooks are
welcomed which foster and promote cultural values and ideas.
• School: School is the main miniature of society. The total activities and programs of a
school are organized according to the cultural ideas and values of the society which
establishes and organize the school. Hence, School is the center of promoting, molding,
reforming, and developing the cultural patterns of the society

ROLES OF CULTURE IN MEANING MAKING

Meaning Making is the process by which people interpret situations, events, objects, or
discourses, in the light of their previous knowledge and experience.
In terms of meaning making, culture provides us with a framework for understanding
the world around us. It gives us a shared vocabulary for talking about our experiences, and it
helps us to make sense of the things that happen to us. Culture also provides us with a set of
values and beliefs that guide our behavior. These values and beliefs help us to decide what is
right and wrong, and they shape our choices in life. Here are some examples of how culture
can influence meaning-making:

• In some cultures, the color white is associated with death, while in others it is
associated with purity.

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 • In some cultures, it is considered rude to make eye contact when speaking to someone,
while in others it is considered a sign of respect.

• In some cultures, it is common to greet someone with a hug, while in others it is

considered more formal to shake hands.

ROLES OF CULTURE IN FREEDOM

Culture is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that plays a significant role in

freedom. Culture provides individuals with a sense of identity and autonomy. It can both
promote and limit freedom, and it is important to understand how culture works in order to
protect and expand freedom.
Different cultures have different ideas about what freedom is and what it means to be
free. For example, some cultures may value individual freedom more than others, or they may
value different aspects of freedom, such as freedom of speech or freedom of religion. Here are
some examples of how culture can promote freedom:

• Freedom of expression

• Freedom of religion

• Freedom of assembly

Culture can also limit freedom. For example, some cultures may have norms that restrict
people's behavior, such as norms about dress, speech, or sexual activity. These norms can limit
people's freedom to choose how they live their lives. Here are some examples of how culture
can limit freedom:

• Gender roles. In many cultures, traditional gender roles limit the freedom of women

• Religious restrictions. In some cultures, religious restrictions limit the freedom of

people to practice their religion.
• Political repression. In some cultures, political repression limits the freedom of people
to express their political views or to participate in the political process.

ROLES OF CULTURE IN DEVELOPMENT

• Cultural development allows individuals to explore and embrace their unique cultural
heritage, fostering a sense of pride and connection to their roots.

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 • Culture plays a vital role in building social cohesion within communities and societies
• Culture can drive economic development, particularly in the tourism sector. Cultural
heritage sites, festivals, crafts, and traditional practices attract visitors and generate
revenue.
• Culture can also raise awareness of environmental issues and promote sustainable
lifestyles.
• Cultural tourism promotes economic growth, job creation, and the preservation of
cultural assets, benefiting both individuals and communities.
• Culture plays a significant role in international relations and diplomacy. Cultural
exchange programs, festivals, and collaborations promote mutual understanding,
intercultural dialogue, and cooperation among nations.
• Culture contributes to the holistic development and well-being of individuals.
• Culture can be a catalyst for social change and transformation.
• Culture can provide opportunities for recreation and relaxation, which can help to
reduce stress and improve mental and physical health.

EDUCATION AND DIFFERENT CULTURAL ISSUES: PLURALISM,

CRITICAL MULTICULTURALISM, CULTURAL LAG, CULTURAL
CONFLICT ETC.

Pluralism

It is a situation in which people of different social classes, religions, races, etc., are
together in a society but continue to have their different traditions and interests. Pluralism refers
to the coexistence and recognition of diverse cultural, ethnic, religious, and social groups
within a society. It is the acceptance and celebration of the variety of identities, beliefs, values,
and practices that exist within a community or nation. Pluralism is not about erasing differences
or assimilating diverse groups into a single culture. Instead, it recognizes and respects the
uniqueness of each cultural group while fostering an environment of understanding, respect,
and cooperation.

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Features
• Pluralistic societies encompass a wide range of cultural, ethnic, religious, and social
backgrounds
• Pluralism promotes inclusivity by ensuring that all individuals and groups have equal
opportunities and rights, regardless of their cultural or social differences.
• Pluralistic societies emphasize mutual respect among diverse groups, encouraging
dialogue, understanding, and cooperation
• It seeks to bridge divides and promote a sense of shared identity and common goals
among individuals from various backgrounds.
• Pluralistic societies strive for equality and social justice, ensuring that all individuals
have equal rights, opportunities, and access to resources.

In an educational setting, this means that teachers should be aware of the different
cultures represented in their classrooms and should make an effort to include all students in the
learning process. This can be done by incorporating multicultural literature into the curriculum,
offering courses on world cultures, and encouraging students to participate in cross-cultural
exchanges.

Critical Multiculturalism

Multiculturalism refers to (1) the state of a society or the world in which there exists
numerous distinct ethnic and cultural groups seen to be politically relevant; and (2) a program
or policy promoting such a society. Critical multiculturalism is a more radical approach to
pluralism that challenges the dominant culture and its values.
In an educational setting, this means that teachers should not only be aware of the
different cultures represented in their classrooms, but should also help students to critically
examine the dominant culture and its role in perpetuating inequality. This can be done by
teaching students about the history of racism, sexism, and other forms of oppression, and by
encouraging them to think about how they can work to create a more just and equitable society.

Cultural Lag- (William Ogburn 1922)

Due to rapid progress of scientific inventions and technological advancement, material

aspect of culture has gone ahead and its area has been greatly widened. The modern society is
gradually adopting more and more of these techniques and scientific achievements in their day

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to day styles of living, while the non-material aspect of culture has been left far behind. This
vast difference between the material culture and the non-material culture is known as cultural
lag. Cultural lag is the idea that the values and beliefs of a society can sometimes lag behind
the changes that are happening in the world.
In modern societies, it is technological change that sets the pace. According to
Ogburn, “technological progress produces rapid changes in the material aspects of our culture,
but the non-material aspects fail to adjust or they do so only after an excessive time lag. As a
result, many troublesome social problems are created”.
In an educational setting, this can manifest itself in a number of ways, such as when
students from different cultural backgrounds have different expectations about what is
considered appropriate behavior or when teachers are not aware of the different cultural norms
that their students may be operating under.
Cultural Conflict

Cultural conflict is a clash between different cultures that can lead to tension, hostility,
or even violence. In an educational setting, this can manifest itself in a number of ways, such
as when students from different cultural backgrounds have different beliefs about what is right
or wrong or when teachers are not aware of the different cultural norms that their students may
be operating under.
By taking the following steps, educators can help to create a more inclusive and
welcoming environment for all students, regardless of their culture or background:
• Create a safe and welcoming environment for all students, regardless of their culture or
background. This can be done by setting clear expectations for behavior, by being
respectful of all cultures, and by providing support for students who are struggling to
adjust to a new culture.
• Incorporate multicultural literature into the curriculum. This can help students to learn
about different cultures and perspectives.
• Offer courses on world cultures or global studies. This can provide students with a
deeper understanding of the world around them.
• Encourage students to participate in cross-cultural exchanges. This can help them to
develop intercultural communication skills.
• Be aware of the different cultural norms that your students may be operating under. This
can help you to avoid making assumptions about what is considered appropriate
behavior.

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 • Be respectful of all cultures. This means being open to learning about different cultures
and perspectives, and it also means avoiding making negative generalizations about any
particular culture.
• Provide support for students who are struggling to adjust to a new culture. This can be
done by providing counseling services, by connecting students with resources in the
community, and by creating a supportive network of teachers and peers.

Steps to Address Cultural Issues in Education

• Create a safe and welcoming environment for all students, regardless of their culture or
background. This can be done by setting clear expectations for behavior, by being
respectful of all cultures, and by providing support for students who are struggling to
adjust to a new culture.
• Incorporate multicultural literature into the curriculum. This can help students to learn
about different cultures and perspectives.
• Offer courses on world cultures or global studies. This can provide students with a
deeper understanding of the world around them.
• Encourage students to participate in cross-cultural exchanges. This can help them to
develop intercultural communication skills.
• Be aware of the different cultural norms that your students may be operating under. This
can help you to avoid making assumptions about what is considered appropriate
behavior.
• Be respectful of all cultures. This means being open to learning about different cultures
and perspectives, and it also means avoiding making negative generalizations about any
particular culture.
• Provide support for students who are struggling to adjust to a new culture. This can be
done by providing counseling services, by connecting students with resources in the
community, and by creating a supportive network of teachers and peers.

SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION

Education as social institution, plays a vital role in our society. The function of education
is multidimensional within the school system and outside it. It performs the function of
socialising the individual for a variety of social roles and development of personality.

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• Development of Personality: It provides opportunities for personal growth, self-
expression, and the exploration of talents and interests. Through educational
experiences, individuals can develop their cognitive, emotional, and social skills.
• Social Control: Education contributes to social control by promoting discipline,
obedience to rules, and adherence to societal norms.
• Social Integration: Education acts as a platform for social integration by bringing
together individuals from diverse backgrounds and fostering mutual understanding,
respect, and cooperation.
• Determination of Status: Education can influence an individual's social status and
position in society.
• Provides Route for Social Mobility:
• Social Development
• Socialisation: Education serves as a means of socializing individuals into the norms,
values, and customs of their society.

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