DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN
ELA401
EXPERIMENT: EE 413
LOGIC DESIGN AND CIRCUITS
GROUP B

STUDENT’S NAME:

STUDENT’S MAT NO

STUDENT’S GROUP

STUDENT’S SERIAL NO

DATE
APPARATUS
● Feedback LOGICKIT LK 255 Panel

● NOT/BUFFER Logic unit (1-No)

● OR/NOR Logic unit (5 -No)

● AND/NAND logic unit (1-No)

OBJECTIVE:
To check to truth tables of the basic logic functions NOT, OR, NOR, AND & NAND

THEORY
A logic gate is a fundamental building block in digital electronics, used to perform logical
operations on binary data. Binary data consists of only two possible values, typically
represented as 0 and 1, which correspond to off and on states, respectively.
A logic gate takes one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output, based on a
specific set of rules defined by a truth table. The truth table outlines all possible combinations of
input values and their corresponding output. Each gate type has its own unique truth table.
The inputs and output of a logic gate can be represented by variables (often labeled as A, B, C,
etc., or sometimes as X, Y, Z), and the output is determined based on the logic operation
defined by the gate.
These gates are the basic building blocks that form the foundation of digital electronic circuits.
By combining multiple gates in various configurations, complex operations can be achieved,
allowing for tasks such as arithmetic calculations, data storage, and decision-making processes.
Furthermore, logic gates are often implemented using electronic components like transistors or
integrated circuits. In modern technology, logic gates are integrated into microchips and play a
crucial role in the functioning of computers, smartphones, and virtually all digital electronic
devices.
Logic gates operate based on principles of Boolean algebra, a mathematical system developed
by George Boole. In Boolean algebra, variables and operations are restricted to true/false, or
1/0 values. Truth tables are used to define the behavior of a logic gate. They enumerate all
possible combinations of inputs along with their corresponding outputs. This provides a clear,
systematic way to understand and predict how a gate will behave.
Understanding the behavior and characteristics of logic gates is essential for designing and
analyzing digital circuits, making them a fundamental concept in the field of digital electronics
and computer engineering.

BASIC LOGIC GATES

There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR and XNOR.

1. AND GATE:
An “AND” gate is a fundamental logic gate that takes two binary inputs, typically labeled
as A and B, and produces a single binary output. The output of an AND gate is '1' only
when both of its inputs are '1'. If one or both inputs are '0', the output will be '0'.

TRUTH TABLE
INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 OFF
0 1 OFF
1 0 OFF
1 1 ON
2. OR GATE: An OR gate is a basic logic gate that takes two binary inputs, typically labeled
as A and B, and produces a single binary output. The output of an OR gate is '1' if at
least one of its inputs is '1'. It only produces a '0' output if both inputs are '0'.

TRUTH TABLE
INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 OFF
0 1 ON
1 0 ON
1 1 ON

3. NOR GATE:
A NOR gate is a basic digital logic gate that operates on binary inputs and produces a
binary output. The term "NOR" stands for "NOT OR," which gives a clue to its behavior:
it's the opposite of an OR gate.

TRUTH TABLE
INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 ON
0 1 OFF
1 0 OFF
1 1 OFF

4. NAND GATE:

The NAND (Negated AND) gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the
manner of the logical operation "and" followed by negation. The output is false if both inputs are
 true. Otherwise, the output is true. Another way to visualize it is that a NAND gate inverts the output
of an AND gate. The NAND gate symbol is an AND gate with the circle of a NOT gate at the output.

TRUTH TABLE
INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 ON
0 1 ON
1 0 ON
1 1 OFF

5. XOR GATE:
The XOR (exclusive-OR) gate acts in the same way as the logical "either/or." The output is true if
either, but not both, of the inputs are true. The output is false if both inputs are "false" or if both
inputs are true. Similarly, the output is 1 if the inputs are different but 0 if the inputs are the
same.
TRUTH TABLE
INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 OFF
0 1 ON
1 0 ON
1 1 OFF

6. XNOR GATE:

The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination of an XOR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is true
if the inputs are the same and false if the inputs are different.
 TRUTH TABLE
INPUT 1 INPUT 2 OUTPUT
0 0 ON
0 1 OFF
1 0 OFF
1 1 ON

7. NOT GATE:

A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from other types of electronic inverter
devices, has only one input. A NOT gate reverses the logic state. If the input is 1, then the output is 0. If
the input is 0, then the output is 1.

TRUTH TABLE
INPUT OUTPUT
O ON
1 OFF

PART 1
EXPT. 43-11: TRUTH TABLE OF BASIC FUNCTION
OBJECTIVE:
To check to truth tables of the basic logic functions NOT, OR, NOR, AND & NAND

PROCEDURE:

NOTE: For this Experiment

(i) Use the switches (located top left corner of LK 255 panel) to set the logic states
(0 or 1) at the input(s) of the logic unit, and
 (ii) use any of the indicator lamps (lettered a, b, c etc at right of panel) to show the
logic states of the output function (Light ON = Logic 1, and light OFF = Logic 0)

1. Connect and switch mains to LK255 panel.

2. Plug-in one of the logic units, in turn, into one of the sockets on the panel.

3. Make appropriate connections(s) from the switch terminal(s) to the input(s) of the
logic unit, and from the output of the logic unit to the lamp terminal.

NOTE: For the OR/NOR and AND/NAND units, use a minimum of two input connections.

TASK -1

Set input switch positions to produce the input logic states of the table below,
appropriate to each logic function, and complete the table. The lamp state should be
indicated as ON or OFF.

A. NOT/BUFFER Function

Input (Switch) State Output (lamp) State

SW-1 NOT BUFFER

0 ON OFF

1 OFF ON

B. OR / NOR Function

Input (Switch) State Output (lamp) State

SW-1 SW-2 OR NOR

0 0 OFF ON

0 1 ON OFF

1 0 ON OFF

1 1 ON OFF
C. AND / NAND Function

Input (Switch) State Output (lamp) State

SW-1 SW-2 AND NAND

0 0 OFF ON

0 1 OFF ON

1 0 OFF ON

1 1 ON OFF

PART 2
EXPT. 43-12: NUMERIC CONVERSION
OBJECTIVE:
To produce a logic circuit that will convert decimal numbers to binary numbers.

PROCEDURE: The binary equivalents of decimal numbers 0-9 are shown in the table below.
The problem is to build a logic circuit, with TEN inputs and FOUR outputs, to do this conversion

Inputs (Dec No.) Outputs (Binary No.)

B3 B2 B1 B0
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1
We can write the logic expressions for the output function B0 as;

B0 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9

This expression means that B0 takes the logic ‘1’ state if the decimal number is 1
or 3 or 5 or 7 or 9. Thus the expression is an OR-function. Similarly we can write
logic expression for B1 B2 and B4

Task -2: Complete the logic expression below:

B0 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9
B1 = 2 + 3 + 6 + 7
B2 = 4 + 5 + 6 + 7
B3 = 8 + 9

Task - 3: Write the logic expressions for the output functions a, b, c, and d in the circuit
arrangement of OR gates in the figure below.

a = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9

b = 2 + 3 + 6 + 7

c = 4 + 5 + 6 + 7

d = 8 + 9
Task - 4:

Connect up the logic circuit arrangement in the table on the LOGIKIT LK255
deck, using five OR/NOR units. Apply binary ‘1’ at each input 0 - 9 in turn, and record
the state of the indicator lamps (a, b, c, d) monitoring the output functions B0, B1, B2, B4
respectively. The state of the lamp should be shown ON or OFF. Tabulate results in the
table below.

Output Lamps (ON or OFF)

Input Variable
d(B4) c(B2) b(B1) a(B0)

0 OFF OFF OFF OFF

1 OFF OFF OFF ON

2 OFF OFF ON ON

3 OFF OFF ON ON

4 OFF ON ON ON

5 OFF ON ON ON

6 OFF ON ON ON

7 OFF ON ON ON

8 ON ON ON ON

9 ON ON ON ON
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this project successfully demonstrated the fundamental principles of
digital logic using various logic gates, including AND, OR, NOT, and BUFFER gates.
Through practical experiments, we observed how these gates can be combined to
perform logical operations, paving the way for more complex digital circuits