Dr. N.G.P.

Institute of Technology - Coimbatore-48

(An Autonomous Institution)

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

22OBM103- BIOMETRICS AND ITS APPLICATION
(OPEN ELECTIVE)

Year/Sem:II/IV Batch:2022-2026

Course Handling Faculty Course Coordinator

Mr.R.Naveeth Kumar,AP(SS)/BME Mr.R.Naveeth Kumar,AP(SS)/BME

22OBM103- BIOMETRICS AND ITS APPLICATION

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 OVERVIEW OF SYLLABUS
UNIT I
BIOMETRICS SYSTEM

✔History of Biometrics
✔Types of Biometric Traits
✔General Architecture of Biometric Systems
✔Basic working of Biometric matching
✔Biometric system error and performance measure.

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History of Biometrics
What is Biometrics?
The word biometrics is derived from the Greek words, bios and metric,
that mean life and measurement, respectively and therefore biometrics
is used to recognize human beings by measuring various features of a
person and comparing them.

Biometrics deals with recognition of individuals on the basis of their

physical or behavioral characteristics.

The area of biometrics is all about measuring certain human

characteristics that are saved to be compared later for proper
identification.
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History of Biometrics
The first real biometric system was created in 1870 by French
anthropologist Alphonse Bertillon that turned biometrics into a
distinguished field of study.

The reports suggest that the first classification method for

fingerprints was developed in 1892 by Sir Francis Galton.

The features or minutiae are still being used in fingerprint matching.

Minutiae are supposed to be unique in each person and are
extracted from ridges and valleys which are inherent features in
every body's fingerprint.

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History of Biometrics
In 1896, Inspector General of Police of Bengal verified the criminals
using similar system developed by Galton, Biometrics deals with the
application of statistical parameters to the biometric traits of
individuals for recognition purpose.

Modern computers and information technology are used to augment

the accuracy and performance of biometrics.

A biometric authentication system uses the physiological

(fingerprints, face, hand geometry, iris) and/or behavioral traits
(voice, signature, keystroke dynamics) of an individual to identify a
person or to verify a claimed identity.

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Types of Biometric Traits

Categories of Biometrics
Physiological – also known as static biometrics: Biometrics
based on data derived from the measurement of a part of a
person’s anatomy.
For example, fingerprints and iris patterns, as well as facial
features, hand geometry and retinal blood vessels
Behavioral – biometrics based on data derived from
measurement of an action performed by a person, and
distinctively incorporating time as a metric, that is, the
measured action.
For example, voice (speaker verification)

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Types of Biometric Traits

Speaker Recognition
Speaker recognition is used by recognizing the speech or voice
of a person.
The speech of a person comes under behavioral biometric traits
although many physical properties such as size and shape of
throat or mouth structure are also involved.
Various tools are used for processing, recording or training the
voice samples.
Neural networks and hidden Markov models (HMMs) are very
popularly used for this purpose.

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Types of Biometric Traits

Signature Verification
Signature of an individual has unique dynamics.
For example, speed, style, orientation or angle, the amount of
pressure, etc., are different for different individuals.
Signature verification is used in many applications such as
banking, passport agencies, immigration purposes or similar
business transactions.
E-business utilizes this method of authentication as a primary
method.

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Types of Biometric Traits

Keystroke Recognition
Keystroke dynamics involves the style with which the typing has
been done. Since the style is different for different persons, it is
used as one of the biometric parameters for identification of the
person.
The amount of pressure applied, speed of pressing the
characters, the pause between the characters, etc., are used as
characteristics of keystroke.example, speed, style, orientation
or angle, the amount of pressure, etc., are different for different
individuals.

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Types of Biometric Traits

Keystroke Recognition
Personal identification numbers (PIN) or pass words that are
used for online banking applications may be hacked by
unauthenticated users or imposters and therefore almost all the
net banking systems have come up with inbuilt security
solutions.
It is recommended not to use the physical keyboard but to use
virtual keyboard made available at the time of entering
username and password because the password may be
identified by the imposters based on keystroke dynamics.
The amount of pressure applied, speed of pressing the
characters, the pause between the characters, etc., are used as
characteristics of keystroke.example, speed, style, orientation
or angle,22OBM103-
the amountBIOMETRICS AND
of pressure, ITSare
etc., APPLICATION
different for different
individuals. 10
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Types of Biometric Traits

Keystroke Recognition
The latency time (time between the release of a key and the pressing
of another key) between the keystrokes and hold time (duration of
pressure on a key) are used as parameters in keystroke recognition.

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Types of Biometric Traits

Fingerprint Recognition:
Fingerprint biometrics involve the analysis of unique patterns and
ridges on an individual's fingertips. Fingerprint recognition is widely
used in law enforcement and access control systems.
Iris Recognition:
Iris recognition involves capturing and analyzing the unique patterns in
the colored part of the eye (iris). Iris patterns are considered stable
and unique, making this biometric modality highly accurate.
Facial Recognition:
Facial recognition analyzes facial features, such as the distance
between eyes, nose, and mouth, to identify individuals. It is commonly
used in surveillance, access control, and mobile devices.
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Types of Biometric Traits

Retina Scanning:
Retina scanning focuses on the unique patterns of blood vessels in
the back of the eye. While highly accurate, it is less commonly used
due to the intrusive nature of the scanning process.
Hand Geometry:
Hand geometry biometrics measure the physical characteristics of the
hand, including the length and width of fingers. Hand geometry
systems are often used for access control.
Voice Recognition:
Voice recognition analyzes the unique characteristics of an individual's
voice, including pitch, tone, and cadence. It is used for authentication
in phone systems and voice-activated devices.
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General Architecture of Biometric Systems

Biometrics deals with matching or recognition process involving some

biometric traits, usually associated with the use of unique characteristics to
identify an individual.
Nowadays biometrics has become an automated method of recognizing a
person's identity based his physical or behavioral characteristics using
computer-based analysis.
Biometrics plays a role of providing an extensive and highly secured
identification and personal verification solutions.
The recognition is of two types verification and identification. In verification,
it is ensured that an image or any auxiliary input is present in the
databases of previously stored inputs whereas in identification, the genuine
individual is recognized.
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General Architecture of Biometric Systems

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General Architecture of Biometric Systems

1. Sensor: The sensor is the first block of the biometric system which
collects all the important data for biometrics. It is the interface between the
system and the real world. Typically, it is an image acquisition system, but
it depends on the features or characteristics required that it has to be
replaced or not.
2. Pre-processing: It is the second block that executes all the
pre-processing. Its function is to enhance the input and to eliminate
artifacts from the sensor, background noise, etc. It performs some kind of
normalization.
3. Feature extractor: This is the third and the most important step in the
biometric system. Extraction of features is to be done to identify them at a
later stage. The goal of a feature extractor is to characterize an object to
be recognized22OBM103-
by measurements.
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General Architecture of Biometric Systems

4. Template generator: The template generator generates the templates

that are used for authentication with the help of the extracted features. A
template is a vector of numbers or an image with distinct tracts.
Characteristics obtained from the source groups come together to form a
template. Templates are being stored in the database for comparison and
serve as input for the match.
5. Matcher: The matching phase is performed by the use of a match. In
this part, the procured template is given to a matcher that compares it with
the stored templates using various algorithms such as Hamming distance,
etc. After matching the inputs, the results will be generated.
6. Application device: It is a device that uses the results of a biometric
system. The Iris recognition system and facial recognition system are
some common examplesBIOMETRICS
22OBM103- of application devices.
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General Architecture of Biometric Systems

Verification and Identification

The most commonly used biometric recognition techniques use
handwriting, face, iris, retina, fingerprints, hand geometry, vein and voice
biometric traits.

The recognition is based on verification and identification. It can verify the

identity of a person by comparing the already stored characteristics to the
characteristics provided at the time of recognition.

This is called verification which is also referred to as a one-to-one match. A

biometric data captured is compared against the data available in the
database and it is found that the biometric data being tested is present in
the database.
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General Architecture of Biometric Systems

It means that there is matching of one-to-many Therefore, two types of

matching are there, one-to-one and one-many discussed below:
1. Verification:

One-to-one (1:1) matching of a biometric trait for a person. The given trait
is compared with all the traits present in the database.

2. Identification:

One-to-many (1:N) matching of a biometric trait against a biometric

database attempt to identify an unknown individual.

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General Architecture of Biometric Systems

Verification/Identification
The verification template is compared with one or more
enrollment templates.

The result of a comparison between biometric templates

is rendered as a score or confidence level, which is
compared to threshold used for a specific technology,
system, user, or transaction.

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General Architecture of Biometric Systems

Verification/Identification
If score exceeds the threshold, the comparison is a match,
and that result is transmitted.

If the score does not meet the threshold, the comparison is

not a match, and that result is transmitted.

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Basic working of Biometric matching

Biometric matching
Biometric matching involves comparing the captured biometric data
of an individual (such as fingerprints, iris patterns, or facial features)
with stored reference templates to verify or identify the person.

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Basic working of Biometric matching

Biometric matching
Biometric matching involves comparing the captured biometric data
of an individual (such as fingerprints, iris patterns, or facial features)
with stored reference templates to verify or identify the person.

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Basic working of Biometric matching

1. Enrollment: A user, who wants to get him/her self registered, is

enrolled by capturing his/her biometric traits. The biometric
modality captured may be face, fingerprint, iris or any other trait.
These traits are stored in the database and subjected to feature
extraction after some sort of preprocessing.

2. Feature extraction: The traits or inputs captured are subjected to

feature extraction. Features are very important for any image
because comparison of these features forms the basis of
recognition.

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Basic working of Biometric matching

3. Creation of templates:
• The features are not stored in their original form.
• Rather they are stored in the form of compact and equivalent
representations known as templates.
• These templates are created using a suitable representation
scheme by using an algorithm or a decision tree.
4. Biometric matching: During biometric recognition, the input being
tested is compared against all the templates already stored in the
database.

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Basic working of Biometric matching

(a) Enrollment templates:
• These templates are generated at the time of enrollment.
• The features extracted are converted into equivalent
representation.
• These templates are stored in the enrollment database for future
use.

(b) Matching templates:

• These templates are generated again at the time of testing the
user to be identified.
• They are then compared with the templates available in the
enrollment templates.
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Basic working of Biometric matching

Template Transformations:-

1. The function F must not change the length of the template

otherwise the content of the input trait may change.
2. F must not change the value of the any specific bits used for
encoding.
3. F must not change the number of data bit pairs for matching or
mismatching.

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Biometric system error and performance
measure
How to Evaluate Performance of a Specific Technology?
Acceptance Rate
False acceptance rate
False rejection rate
Failure-to-enroll rate
No single metric indicates how well a biometric system or device
performs:
Analysis of all three metrics is necessary to assess the performance
of a specific technology.

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Biometric system error and performance
measure
False Acceptance Rate:

If John Smith enters Jane Doe’s username or ID, presents biometric

data, and successfully matching as Jane Doe.
This is classified as false acceptance.
The probability of this happening is referred to as false acceptance
rate (FAR)[ stated as: percentage, fraction]
This is because two people have similar enough biometric
characteristics – a fingerprint, a voice, or a face – that the system
finds a high degree of correlation between the users’ template.

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Biometric system error and performance
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False Acceptance Rate:
FAR can be reduced by adjusting the thresholds but the false
rejection rate will increase.

A system with a false acceptance rate of 0 percent, but false

rejection rate of 50 percent, is secure but unusable.

False acceptance rate is the most critical accuracy metric event

The most important false match metric in real-world deployments is

the system false match rate.

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Biometric system error and performance
measure
False Rejection Rate:-

If John Smith enters his username or ID, presents his biometric data to a
biometric system, and fails to match.
This is classified as false rejection.
The probability of this happening is the false rejection rate (FRR).
This can be attributed to changes in user’s biometric data, changes in
how a user presents biometric data, and changes in the environment in
which data is presented.
High FRR will result in lost productivity, frustrated users, and an increased
burden on help desk or support personnel.

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Biometric system error and performance
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Reasons of FRR

Changes in user’s biometric data

Voice-scan system is influenced by sore throats
Facial-scan system is affected by changes in characters
Fingerprint change over time, scars, aging and general wear.

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Biometric system error and performance
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Acceptance and Rejections
If someone else is trying to verify as you, the system would try
to match the two templates.

If the two templates were to match – this is classified as false

acceptance.

If your authentication template fails to match your enrolled

template, then this is referred to as a false rejection.

If you are new and fail to enroll to a biometric system, this is

called – failure to enroll (FTE).

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Biometric system error and performance
measure
Accuracy Rates
Single False Acceptance Rate vs. System False Acceptance
Rate

If the FAR is 1/10,000 but you have 10,000 templates on file

odds of a match are very high.

Ability to Verify (ATV) rate:

% of user population that can be verified
ATV = (1-FTE)(1-FRR)

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Biometric system error and performance
measure
FAR(False Acceptance Rate)
False Acceptance Rate (FAR) is a performance measure in
biometric systems that quantifies the probability of incorrectly
accepting an imposter or unauthorized individual.

It represents the rate at which the system mistakenly identifies an

individual who should be rejected.

A lower FAR indicates better security as it means fewer

unauthorized users are falsely accepted.

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Biometric system error and performance
measure
FRR(false Rejection Rate)
False Rejection Rate (FRR) is a performance measure in
biometric systems that quantifies the probability of incorrectly
rejecting a genuine user.

It represents the rate at which the system mistakenly identifies

an individual who should be accepted.

A lower FRR indicates better user convenience, as it means

fewer legitimate users are falsely rejected.

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