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Pulse Modulation SHORT QUESTIONS

pulse modulation short notes

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Pawan Saini
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42 views4 pages

Pulse Modulation SHORT QUESTIONS

pulse modulation short notes

Uploaded by

Pawan Saini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pulse Modulation

1. Q: What is pulse modulation?


A: Pulse modulation is a technique where the message signal is transmitted by modulating a
series of pulses.

2. Q: Name the types of pulse modulation.


A: The main types are Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM), and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM).

Sampling Process
3. Q: What is the sampling theorem?
A: The sampling theorem states that a continuous signal can be completely represented by
its samples if the sampling rate is at least twice the highest frequency present in the signal
(Nyquist rate).

4. Q: What is aliasing?
A: Aliasing is the distortion that occurs when a signal is under sampled, causing different
signals to become indistinguishable.

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)


5. Q: What is PAM?
A: PAM is a form of modulation where the amplitude of each pulse is proportional to the
instantaneous value of the message signal.

6. Q: What are the drawbacks of PAM?


A: PAM is susceptible to noise and requires more bandwidth.

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)


7. Q: What is PCM?
A: PCM is a digital scheme for transmitting analog data in which the magnitude of the
signal is sampled regularly and quantized to a series of symbols in a digital (binary) code.

8. Q: What are the main steps in PCM?


A: The main steps are sampling, quantization, and encoding.

Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)


9. Q: What is DPCM?
A: DPCM is a technique where the difference between the actual sample value and its
predicted value is quantized.

10. Q: How does DPCM reduce data rate?


A: DPCM reduces data rate by encoding the difference between successive samples rather
than the samples themselves.

Delta Modulation
11. Q: What is Delta Modulation (DM)?
A: Delta Modulation is a simplified form of DPCM that uses a single bit to indicate whether
the signal is increasing or decreasing.
12. Q: What is the main advantage of Delta Modulation?
A: The main advantage is its simplicity and ease of implementation.

Noise Considerations in PCM


13. Q: What is quantization noise?
A: Quantization noise is the error introduced by the process of quantization in PCM.
14. Q: How can quantization noise be reduced?
A: Quantization noise can be reduced by increasing the number of quantization levels.

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)


15. Q: What is TDM?
A: TDM is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel
by dividing time into slots and allocating each slot to a different signal.

16. Q: What is the difference between TDM and FDM?


A: TDM allocates time slots to signals, while Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
allocates different frequency bands.

Digital Multiplexers
17. Q: What is a digital multiplexer?
A: A digital multiplexer is a device that combines multiple digital input signals into a single
output signal.

18. Q: What is the main use of digital multiplexers?


A: They are used to increase the efficiency of data transmission by sharing a single channel
among multiple signals.

More Specific Questions


19. Q: What is the role of a sampler in PCM?
A: The sampler converts the continuous-time signal into a discrete-time signal by taking
samples at regular intervals.

20. Q: Define quantization in PCM.


A: Quantization is the process of mapping a large set of input values to a smaller set.

21. Q: What is encoding in PCM?


A: Encoding is the process of converting quantized values into a digital binary form.

22. Q: What is the Nyquist rate for a signal with a maximum frequency of 3 kHz?
A: 6 kHz.

23. Q: Why is PAM not commonly used in communication systems?


A: Due to its susceptibility to noise and higher bandwidth requirements.

24. Q: What is the main drawback of Delta Modulation?


A: Slope overload distortion when the input signal changes rapidly.

25. Q: How does TDM improve the utilization of communication channels?


A: By allowing multiple signals to share the same channel, each using different time slots.
26. Q: What is the purpose of a digital multiplexer in telecommunications?
A: To combine multiple data streams into one for efficient transmission.

27. Q: How does DPCM achieve compression?


A: By encoding the differences between successive samples, which are often smaller than
the original sample values.

28. Q: What is the main difference between PCM and DPCM?


A: PCM encodes absolute sample values, while DPCM encodes the difference between
samples.

29. Q: In PCM, what determines the number of quantization levels?


A: The bit depth of the encoding process.

30. Q: What is the effect of increasing the bit depth in PCM?


A: Increased bit depth reduces quantization noise and improves signal quality.

31. Q: What is slope overload in Delta Modulation?


A: It occurs when the signal changes faster than the modulator can keep up with, causing
distortion.

32. Q: What is granular noise in Delta Modulation?


A: It is the noise resulting from the inability of the modulator to follow small signal
changes.

33. Q: How is bandwidth efficiency achieved in PCM?


A: By using efficient encoding and compression techniques to reduce the data rate.

34. Q: What is the role of a Demultiplexer?


A: To separate a combined signal back into its individual components.

35. Q: Why is synchronization important in TDM systems?


A: To ensure that each signal occupies its correct time slot without overlap.

36. Q: How does noise affect PCM systems?


A: Noise can cause errors in the transmitted binary code, leading to signal degradation.

37. Q: What is the main advantage of PCM over analog modulation?


A: Higher immunity to noise and interference.

38. Q: What is time division multiplexing used for in digital communication?


A: For transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel.

39. Q: What does a higher sampling rate in PCM result in?


A: Better representation of the original signal but requires more bandwidth.

40. Q: What is a digital signal processor (DSP)?


A: A specialized microprocessor designed to perform complex digital signal processing
operations.
41. Q: How does pulse width modulation differ from pulse amplitude modulation?
A: PWM varies the width of pulses according to the signal, while PAM varies the
amplitude.

42. Q: What is inter-symbol interference (ISI) in TDM?


A: Overlapping of symbols in time, causing signal distortion.

43. Q: What is the purpose of an anti-aliasing filter in the sampling process?


A: To remove high-frequency components from the signal before sampling.

44. Q: How does oversampling affect PCM?


A: It reduces aliasing and improves signal quality but requires more processing power and
storage.

45. Q: What is the role of a quantizer in PCM?


A: To convert the sampled analog values into discrete digital values.

46. Q: What does a higher bit rate in PCM indicate?


A: More bits per sample, leading to better resolution and signal quality.

47. Q: What is the significance of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in PCM?


A: It indicates the quality of the signal relative to background noise.

48. Q: What is the advantage of using digital multiplexers?


A: Increased data transmission efficiency and flexibility in handling multiple signals.

49. Q: How does digital modulation compare to analog modulation in terms of noise immunity?
A: Digital modulation generally has higher noise immunity than analog modulation.

50. Q: What is the main challenge in implementing TDM systems?


A: Synchronizing the timing of the multiplexed signals accurately to prevent data loss.

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