ylabus fox I Semaste

UNIT-I

Ovenew i Tnhoductag. to Ageithn Analytcs oh algoith

Desiging o alqothm The cetsuctness of

UNIT-I
LINEAR DATA STAVCTUEÉS &Stacky Queua , Agoa Linked ist,
Paiety Qeue, Deapa, Deubly inked list,
Cheulay inked ist seaskin and setn echiqza
UNIT-L

NoN-LINEAR DATA STRvC URES 2

GRAHS Tnoducken te Gaph Theoy, Gnph

Guagh dsonphism
Lists

3>'Topelegical sost, ) Sthngly

cennackecdcompenanla
TREES & Tssncluehen to daLA_ Lrse denNaaals Cprensder,
Joondax aMc pastenede) Bnat aus Balancadtaes2
Avl ctc Band Btthee Appiuatesns of traes., Miaimaum
Apannáng Trass, Singla. asuntashostest path All pair
Shonteat path.
 Date

UNIT-L

Dofie
INTRODUCTION To ALaDRITHM

a probiem pésheing calculation clata procasing amc

autemated soas erning ckaaka
that can be
An algeithmsnebblciet snethod space
expresed ntn finite amnut of Ame cun oeuten
An algesethm ia the best. nay to Bapakant the
Simple
specificpoalente
Ih we have. on alggithmfer
con Lmplensast in angg progtammig augunga,
menng that thealgastthmncapendnt from
Jamaiuogas
Problem Aprnblkncom be. clabiner aaa anlwsd probks

develop a prgam
aset of Snstucttors

Algoedthni An algpthm
Thput &Afex tasigning an algeitim ythe algaithn
ghen he hecasag ancldaged winputs
Ant i The input ull be pased tof.
tha desire sukput.
Oukput i The outome Dr sasult of the progtan a atersac
to as the ssutput
 What is the hocl fox Alqerthnsi

2)hay halp to utemate. proceysES a make them ue

Rliable , hastcx amc eatex te pexbom.
3) Agethma alao enab les coputes to pehonn taika that

axa ALecd ain vasiaLL pielea Auch ay nthemacLa

Lcompilxs Aclence, engineeking, hinance, ad mansy othaa
optimlzeproteses, aualse dada, ake prodictiong el povlde
Àsutiens do problems.
Charockosh of an Alqoithmi
Clenx bunc Unamblgunus Ihe algoitam shold be.claan
lawd unambigusug.. Each of ts ateps shoud be cleay in al
nspecls and t Jaad do onl

Wel-Depinec Oudgats The sukpla algorithn Tst clansl

dopne what output ill beylelcad ancl t shoule be
wel -dahinac as cuell- I shaude produce at laoatA Bukpct
" hita-nes Jhe olgeithm mut be.hinite sfre Tt sho
tominate ahten a inite ime.
"Teasiblei The algotthm mst be siaple guntc aue
practcl, such that t coun beexeruted wh the ayilakle

Lanqunge Indepenzlod.i The algeathm dasgnad ut b

angung- Sndepeacondt., he. t mut ke just plaln tnabuchtoa
that com be nsplanadudin cng tongunge aul t the
Sukput wil be. the Aama, ca eapckec.
Input: An algenithm has zoo nNA put Each thadt

LOutput An algoithmproducas Qt Jeatena Gutpud.Eucsy

nstncthen that tetaia a tulag opexatyr ma
LOcapt ze
Dehinttenass s Al snabuctens nan algetn muat be
unam bigusus pezise, anel ensy te glaspt.By sataing
cleashy undeatasduhat to ke olenEexy furdanadol
opeatox in inatucioa must be dlaineclwthot an
ombiquity
eniteno%i An algeúthm must tacninate.abtor a fhie
umbeH of steps n al eat cass, Eveg. Tstuckteua hidk
condaáns a fandamandal operato mAat be teminaael asthen
Lfuncisns wthout base Comdtos dle not passes haterasa
 Date

algeithn muat be cdaelopol by

"Effectvenass i An aimple.,anelheaibla
sng veksy basiay singke
jst paper amd pencil.
Propeies of Algothmgs
1. I ohoulc dscmáLhte. agt afite tre.
BI4 dhoule pracluc at locat ene oLpt
S Itshould take seree meaTnpeit
4 It should be atoxminsttc masns gLhtng the ama Otpt
Lfo the samanpt Case..
5.tveny tep in the algethm mut be ehbecve e eMey

2. An algesth sadep-aise.sapkasnkaton oh.a4gluon

2Ln algethm the problerg s loreken olon nkdnoly oiecss

Disacantags ot AlgaGths

veg dificul.
8.8ranchong amc sopin &tadearana aga olifetcalt to
show in Aqeitamna CYnp
 Pege No.
Date

Lmporlance sf anAlqathnts
hexa a. kuofactorus in ulach tha algethm sfusdamochele
"heorehal SigaificatL
btonk tdoun into Amallo moulas To Censlauct the. paoblem,
yaL muat first undesatand al of ik thDNecal aspecka..

Proccal'
As youStg»aftconca
al khoul, theohuyCannst. be cenplakcd aethaut
prackcal applcahene Asa saslt,the sgnifictunceef
algenithm con bo censtdleracl both thestically amprazical

hasANALYSIS OP ALGORITHM
Txplain analsis o tlaethm ath epb

estimate. thén coapltyin the aoptolta sense, ley

to eshnale the. cemplaáty funchon fr asbitecy anbitraly
Theten Dwas cAlhec
Denald knuh
Algortthi.awalysss am hmpertan pat ehcempucdatoal
Lemplatt thcor, hich prodeg theoitcal estinahonfo
Cemputaieual problem, Most alggdthma ooé daigned do
is fhe dotmánatioy eh the amsuwt of tine auc space.
 Pgs lNo
Data

Usunlly, the ehhiclenc q

tie
aAanctan salatin
memesy, kueum dpaca Camplexity
The maarl fon nalysls.

We D). begin do
Almslax hypo prablams'Gon be 40lwed by the halaph
this algosith.
Algeithna
for exanpla we kao that aset of numbes can be.dot

Hete, tme Cenplaaty o thele algeitams

Ahe same time, we nzocl te nidok.
lzulate the mannspacL
oouirecl bu eoch algentha.

prooem- soling Capeb lity of the

the dfme amd ne siquired the. algoitrg an touna
serge while dmplamocatien) basge of mame
towevessdhe malia cos
Genenlly ue
pouen, the fsliolg
West- COse-e maxiubn
mumbex of teps token
 Date

"Best- Cay-The minimum nnben sf ofeps taken an Q

Avexage-chae- An avexage. numbey oh tcps taken t ag

ánstanca ef syea
Amedized- A enusmca. eh spetioAs appie sta tha

ALGORI1HM DES1GN

impoxtax1t aupcta o algeithm clalgn tncluce Laktug!

The
o Aelae apralalen Jn an ebhident.
waysng minlmuam thne ancopuca
sotve n problem , clteexsk apaxanchas coun be halaasc
To with salpotct te tne.
86ke Sone of them con be abbiclen
mag lbe. mamak
cevaumpon, hacon ethar appaacha mùnethat
ne has te keep in beth ma
ebhiceat HoweseHg

we hane to TMvat n mge vneme Cuo tf

essey me

necc to have moTe tt

slpsforcasgng

.Fhoblen dajaiten.
Developmand of amodol
Specsfiaten ohan alqerthn.
4Desigasmg an aigsrithn
Cheona
 an Algeíthn
Analysis eh
Prdqtam tating
Decumantatton.
Calculatex.
Exampe'- îDesgn a
i.Probem definath et.
yCalculat-t
the mocel.
Deselepment afIhputmmbess from ote9
ce
opeuathors thatae
Ioput
kegboenzl ) Input opexatex clacut (Raslt) CoRhe/2
Input (M) Memer
.CDecinslpoint)
clacn)
BSpecifcaHen eh.an Agenithm.
t)
means add-ten -meanskbnctiB
'meang diisieny neclNAexpenontial,
Ac) necuns
fcalcalrdo) lclacur

4.Detgning of om Aigeithm
Layst ef Caleulator
GNumb shole be on no áicle
A the o0ortte ahulel be om
Shde
Dsplo should be en wppet A
Agn shaule bé en saglt sida
 Page No.
Date

5.Checkivg, the cetsctnes of an Agoithm

etar checking take twe openamee frem epkofand olick en
adelihon twro nLImlaa
Tt the finad on et ds
cpaaken.
then tis CEact
9 Do thesame procesd for all the opexctievg
6. Analysis eh am algoithmi because if thee cse au
y Analysks s ant. Importnt sdep
lees gaed algerdthm the s analsyge B bohvec
9Analysi a algenithn ia the proces of alaglng te

or the aMeus

appropriake.

Implamlxtatten of an tlaocithmm
the algeith lay doingLod cheskng clthe apexatae oxe

6. Progpnam tating
4Tn tis ogaaun teating e the kiAELER Lat atspof
an CalculatÝr algorithm his 4 the fnal
tat we do kefore the algerdthen 4 Cemplato Ln ths e

ang paopsla Imgknaudedl

9.Decumntatian
I is type of modula bor the Calcubato In this all
2 h l g e ttosrevag
h

THAS
CREKINEsS of ALG0RI
THE
uhens t the eakat
CoAcnessofan algrthn thenkead fask cosek
The algothm penfoss
to wohich the gar.all passiblednputa
Loniskny amc eftantly algerithro evec fft paoducas tho
In other worda, an
eapetted outpud for ainegiueninpuit
thcLonsackres.
hoa
hexe eNenal.metods fn veifyng.
of an algoithmy Inclauclingi
Teobes stuatg dhealgeithn
L.Tahautve tetngi This frvahas ducas theLotact
that f pro
all possible Jnpdb tcnu
Bme

2Matherattcal preofs Mathematioal greoks ooun bekad t

sheo that an algethnn úa Lersack. s invelveA rovng
Hhat thealgerthm alaaysproduLas the cevack sLp e
inputs
oul possible
8.InductMve enaonbng í Indutve ahabval wg molaa totrg

the susalk to al possTbla. nputs

of am algeithns

Cersect buk
be ehjadot but
 Pege No
Date

ncerect
Ihexsforet s fmpoxtardt o Cenatdlar koott coOUctnes avcl
taerpltg
Th cdosigalng of Alqesihon, Canmplaity analyss efon alguidhn
ia an eseudhal aspeck. Maing alqesithm cemplasity

hecemplaxity of an algithm dancäbea the etjicleat of

the algeithrn tn gomg 'a the amBunt of the. mamexg
nes
ALQnTec to precess the clata and the precesslng
Complaaty of an algerithm a awalyzac Ju ho peapechug

1 Time Camplexiky

algethm ân toms eh the sye of thefapt

con mac the munb of mamerg aCaseS perfotmady the
nbex e cempaiseNs between intagyexs the imumben ef
antt aletecl te the Cumsut eh Ka 4ma the aloexifhen
wl take

Spoca Complaitg
THs afunckton claACHàbing stte. amost ofamoy CM

Hhe meneuy manchec to ótote the fnpet 1kelf Aaln s be

se natunel Cbut Axec-levgg) uids to mensaa fhis
 Page No.
Dats

75pate Lemplaxity ia dBmatimA ignarad btala ethy

space aed in mnmal amc/p1 Dovous houexetdometh
beremas Qu Smportanet an issLa C4 fime.
Asgnptotie Notatiena'e
Execuhon fime ofan algetbm clapencls an tha fafaeh
set, presesey speecl, dhsk i/o specl, ct tence we atmok

- Iima funchen sf onalgeáthmis sapxssesded by TCola

whena n athe input j

aymptotc notateus aa LLBer to Calculate the anso

algethn

2 8ig omegq
Big theta
06Late oh
- Lsttle
 LINEAR DALA STRVCTURES

OAZA GTRULTURES
Dalthaten
yA data ouaux ds aspecíaligecfomat fu.oxgasiglng
chdvlyp and stedng cec
proceshng, Ethe
GData mas be ofa pacthdagansotbn ef
Logleal o matheagaical modal
dlat ia callec a data stuctune
Data stuuctusce a aa

mantpuate amd átoa ceck oued a d s o l to

accas,

DAtA STRUCTURES OPeRATgDNSI

hnQualata otuetucsaxe procsAsec

4The.datq appeaslng
oh centain apeatiessTheholoulag ho
by meang ths tot
Opekatovs plaamajon3ole in
5rawsvesalThs opexcion aLLsec fols lthe
ia a clata otaakunghe fravCLkCL can be conduct
clemaxst oelx
buch aa aacencling0cleecencbg
in a opciftc ordex toncurtiugltonclucted usg caffet
hesonthng can be oneege
olgothns suchCy loubble aorty qutck sosty
pe orde, past- omday or n- orcax dapcnebug
speaáfic type o data otuehuxe
15eanckáugiTks opetaton secl teftc a patteula
be
cam
data elana n deta otuate The seasoh
opecifte cofletdduch as value, key
Cowcuctac baaed enopecifte
 Page No.
Date

OT kange depandbag en the apcihe peafda

ststu..
Iaedtng Thi bpzxattoa ia se te cuele new d

stuakuse depanchg dlac

NUDeleincg Th°s Gpouaeiesn e te
dota olmads om Q deta
steuuckuse atavgakthg
The elansat
caleted con beBCnted otthe
ot the data ctuakue dapuncg beginnsgmzdcleo eNd

vSortng
elemen
This operahen erl to asLAnge sthe
in aspecifi axcax aush.au cus caca
orcde The oerhng Cau be cemcao r clascentls
alas-ithmá 6uch a oubole sertconeluckeca
vi
dapanchng en the quckapxtrONqe
peciftcpeof doha otsuckux ao
Mexgiwg Combinng
Aurteciles jnte q. ihcaaLcls in stlzs dáffeaak
Compleaitf flgethm
The cornpleity oh aun
algeth
tn) whch ves the umnn hne CM)A the uncioy
cye
o the. npuct 'deta
 Puge No
Date

reauscty the stoxage ápaca suauired by analgeith

ampya mtip o ihe dada alye Cn).Aseadisely
unlegs othauastse.atoted o Ímpbec fhe deknComplaxfy
shal srahe to the Runntgtne of the clgoithm
One usually Suveathgatu

orst Case &

The mat valus nff(nl fox ang poasible input
Avexags Cast ?
The espected valua of fln)

solng apascculnx prabla

Dhe mgie ptase of thls text s te clevelap.chtaest
algouitur bur the

e the ehickencg of analgeitarsThe Lnnlusge

tne

Each houxalgothnwil invalve. a pouhaulat dodta

suskus Accoccdhgs we may not aluays clepend on
with which vadgus data opexochen xe
Sometnas the chotce of date stuatuo nvolues ate
apate. taadeoff:
 Date

4Bu nertashug the amount of spaca pus to

daa one mau beable tu sute the ime wod
procesing the dtq ox we Vexsq
ves

K.Spaue -tme tadenfe o algathn

hea te a.chalce bchc algith màc ach
Attens of a data prccesiug probln thataloa
AButten by wcuassg thepaca toatenathe. oleda

LINERR ARARYS Dala eueusce

homegaeAs data elemsca Ce data elenst of thé sok

a. The elernarig of the asay
etcgexindex setCensstiug nCenaeCutve bumbetd
bThe
b. elemrie at the aa aadtead
Auccesshet mnyocatess tapecusla n
4Theplemanid in.a insax
ayadyplalyof the
barnApuch.4 egeyoating pintu bes,
clhaxockod0othex dotaottnese The elesnate the
rtgx ihat specifis he'positon.of the elemat ntho
 Page No.
Dato

4The size of aneast ansay afxed at tre ttme of iks

Cxcaton , and t annot be changed dudng aun-tmeTo
odd ox remove elamatse
be ctod witha diffcunt sue and te elemaxit from
the sld axxa st be Capied te the meu aNRay
yLineens QC S asca wdaly sused io protammng becas
thay potde fast amd ahhlat Qcces to elamentahe.
fine cemplaxiky of accstng aa eleneat in am avas o),
wch menm that the me elomon
takas to arcLsE an

ty ttousewes4 the alousnsda cf sng ineax-Qsayis that t

Can be Ineftcleat farlsodting o duleting elenasoa yeapeci aly
fhe aay asgealhen an elenent s Dugertor os
daletedfem an axR .al-the elamatt aftut the lnsextion
s dolettoa point must be moyed ohich can steke a dot of
-hne fax lange aags

na Ceztiquts
bleck of
nemshoa eauh elamat occuples aftec amoasdt
D dpale Tt prodday fast and ekhloent acces te clanact
but it can ba ineext fos insethg ar dalatisg almaidy

ASRAN 64 89228 DATA

2
 Pegs

KEPRESENTATLON DE lZNEAR ARRAY IN MeMoRy.

Let LA be a ineng asoaA 1o the memayo The.canp
Recnll that the memey of sthe cenpty smplya
belous
seauance Df adclrass leatton adhouon
LooD
1001

1o04

Conpilur m
As preDUslymotedthe elann e LA A otead n
suceslve.vnemey calls-
onot meed to kep sthauk ofAeesdinaly the copuil clot
the acdbass of exeLy alaoact o
LA but masca to kaep tenck ony of the
frst elemast of LA, adduss of tha
danoteal
Bue (L)
ael callad the base adcuss f
Pase CLA)the AUsi the cdcass
Computiycalculetta the adcsasg of am
LOC (LA CKI)= Base CLnJ +
wCk-ower boLmc
hor ws the humben f
the aA LA pec mametul cel hot
bse that the trme to caÁulate
LOG CLA Ck1) 7s esedaally the game hoony vtle. of k
 Date

Focthexmere, g2ven any subsonipt k,ky one can Loccate and

accas the content of La CKI witboukscanksg Qusy erthar
elamantof LA
Lxplain the TaayesAtvg Linean aaLLAth caasp
IRASVERSING LNeAR ARRAY
Thavesalung Q means CCLLsst cachelemoct

dleetauctice that tenag a colletton efelamane the

Aame dats atype n contguo block of memey
yLet A be acolectonof data clemeta starad nsthe memcat
of the compuili Suppase Le swlasct to pntat the coten
Appese Wewquct to Count the
mbey of eleaa of Awth gven propucy Ths can be
cLLonplchad trdvenstg g that ls, by
frocesd Cfrenuntl callied ishug) cachelanant A

Ly The Tollowlngalgoth tranaveAe Qneax asay Lo, The

slmplatiy
anea
sfthe algeithm Comea fhon the fat that c4
dduato Othen Lineet tctuxa 4uohas lnkec
sCan qbobe easilyaanaaveHAe On the ethan hancl
the trayesal of hon bneastuctuAsa Auchas tsesA
qapseenadenhblymere Campucake
ALGDKITHM3 (Tragexslng a oneax achaM) Here LA hs a nea.
aa with deuex beund L8 amed pper beuned UB.
u CE&5This
PRo
algoithm thraveues LA applyina an opexttenpe to
eaih alemont ofLA.
 Page No.
Date

1Ixitiabze cauitun ct ke LB.

PROCESSte LA k]
Incaease county setkktlh

klealio.tate an altenncthve fotm af thealgathm eh

Laepcnt sfos Lop natadf the Bapcat sliledo
ALaoRITHM i(Thavenk)ng a Lntay Ata) This al¡erathno
Lpper baund UB

PROCESS te LAC
[end of daop].

TNseRISNG Aaio DeLE11NG

L Let A be a
celloctibn f dta elemmate n the mener
accbng anothex elemat te the Colecton A ne'delthg

Inseg
can be awelewiDN at the "end
hon the
eniy dene piouidad the
hnemoy Space alocatid
alncal
ocitea elonot. nthrage othe
Enêugh te cttoocate the
hand
 Page No.
Date

te lsext on elemant in rthe mìddla Df the ackay.Then

Em the Qvexaze, half oh the clemeus ma be nmhued
dounad to nen) locntons to aceommacale rthe ncus alensan
Land keep the. ondos oh the. othes elemait
an elemet at the "Cud" eh an auay
Samilasly daletng
presa he ditpçthes, bud delating an clamesome uoheta
n the middle e the as e d sqire that each
subteqyut elemond be moved decotion upuwaet in
onday te pillup' tie a
y The follausing algenithn nsedtaa cate elemat Irem ixte
the ktn posifion îna incat axas
The st fsus steps Cxanto apase în LA ay modng clounga
ene locatton each alanat rem the kth posttoneale
Remphasize that thee elemas asa moved bn ReNAE Gsdor

Arst set T= Nan then wsing Iaa.Ceustce decenye Jealh

hone the Loop exeeukcd at) soachs k. The heat step
Stepbinsescts ITEM iata the arsay in the spase t
Caeatcd Befere the exist frem sthà algoxithn the wanber
me elent

and k a posthvea ndcga such thact kn Ths algorthm

nsens am elasut 1TÁM nto -the kth os fto y n lLA.
1 finitH¡ze countexSet Ii=N
 rth element dousnurel Set LA Lat1 Jk 14
3Moe
2lInse elemont] set LA[K]EITEM
6 LReset NI SetN Ntl.

The foloutng alpoithm doletes thekth elemect frv

14 to 4 Martaklo
ITEM.

Agositami (DeleBng frem aLireny Aay) DELETE CL4,hA

k,1EM) Hexe àa inea aKayuth Nelemont e
k iqpashve Jntcget such that ksÇN Tis algatbr
dlelets the keth alemoad fao LA.
1Set TeM:LA LK].
2. Kepet fer Ek te N1:
CEnd of Locp
3. [Reset the humbes Nof elenas in LAl set
4Exit N;=Nel
Defrne stack ameExglain e
STACKS. Lnbedspreetahon
btak
cfof

ay be.hnseled daletcd Ey atna enels calade

Aop ofthe btack This meons hn partBolat sthat
Ohat n kich thay wexa. hseitad to the
tock.
4spLoal Honinolagis
 Date

associtud with
th stackes

(a)Push" the toxm used te insesct am element tuto

aotack
(b) Pop" i the tom LNer te dolete an elemot from a
Atack

sNotci- Thot these texmg auo bed enywth atacks, het

Lwtth othex data tustas
LINKED RepRESENNALON 6TAKS

yt The.
LyTs inkec capresetaton of a stackgcemmesly tened
LAinked stack it atack that mplematad rg a aegla
Sinkecl ist The INEO Ateltks ofthe nocdas had theelema
of the stack and the LINK Aelds hold poltex to the.
neigh boring elamant n the otaak. ThesTARTponar of tha
bord Jrst behaves o4 the Top poictar Masdable oftte
Lstack amc the neell poiileo the last node ln the kt
Agnala the betum of otack
Toe Csthe

XXX ZZZ
Link
Jnfo Botoo.a
Slocke

LyApush operatton nto hCk ts

a node tuto sthe font or otaxt ef the Lst asda pop
opaton As Luncahaken kasy deletug the nada potefe
 Eplain th sulable Alacilha for nscalian Delatiet
StaRT pontcxgL&gt tlltat thepas
the Lnkeacofack TAK Slo tn
Late pop opexadton bn the

PustWw'ntp Steck
Steck befosa Pushopernthen
9Tof
XXX YYY

Tof
XXX

PoPttm. SThk
SThte. beove pop opexaton
ToP
XX

1RCK tlcxpopapttaten

YYY
3

lhe
asaapreseutnttten of Gtack calls toc the mat
DQ vatadle MAK STKwwch ahen te
c elerbt that can be held b thethe, mawww) be
o theCheckng f DveRELDK in stacles so,It cab
opeHaton(TDPMA%&TK) d UNOERFLor theCauaof push
the case