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Assignment II

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Assignment II

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ammaryq
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Assignment II ENGI 7104

Due Date July 18th

Solidification and Casting

1) (a) For the solidification of pure gold, calculate the critical radius and the activation free
energy if nucleation is homogeneous. Values for the latent heat of fusion and surface free
energy are -1.16×109 J/m3 and 0.132 J/m2, respectively. Assume a supercooling value of
230°C.
(b) Now calculate the number of atoms found in a nucleus of critical size. Assume a lattice
parameter of 0.413 nm for solid gold at its melting temperature.

2) Calculate the fraction of solidification that occurs dendritically when iron nucleates at 10 oC
undercooling, (b) at 100oC undercooling, and (c) homogeneously. The specific heat of iron is
5.78 J/cm3.oC.

3) A 2-in. cube solidifies in 4.6 min. Calculate (a) the mold constant in Chvorinov’s rule and (b)
the solidification time for a 0.5 in. × 0.5 in. × 6 in. bar cast under the same conditions.
Assume that n = 2.

4) Find the constants B and n in Chvorinov’s rule by plotting the following data on a log-log
plot:

5) Calculate the volume, diameter, and height of the cylindrical riser required to prevent
shrinkage in a 4 in. × 10 in. × 20 in. casting if the H/D of the riser is 1.5.

Heat Treatment

6) Determine the constants c and n in Avrami relationship that describe the rate of
crystallization of polypropylene at 140°C. (See Figure below)
Assignment II ENGI 7104

7) Figure below shows a hypothetical phase diagram. First name all the phases that are formed
in the empty areas. Moreover, determine whether each of the following alloys might be good
candidates for age hardening and explain your answer. For those alloys that might be good
candidates, describe the heat treatment required, including recommended temperatures.
(a) A–10% B (b) A–20% B (c) A–55% B (d) A–87% B (e) A–95% B

8) A steel contains 18% cementite and 82% ferrite at room temperature. Estimate the carbon
content of the steel. Is the steel hypoeutectoid or hypereutectoid?

9) Suppose that a steel of eutectoid composition is cooled to 675°C (1250°F) from 760°C
(1400°F) in less than 0.5 s and held at this temperature. (a) How long will it take for the
austenite-to-pearlite reaction to go to 50% completion? To 100% completion? (b) Estimate
the hardness of the alloy that has completely transformed to pearlite.
Assignment II ENGI 7104

10) Using the isothermal transformation diagram for an iron–carbon alloy of eutectoid
composition (From Q8), specify the nature of the final microstructure (in terms of
microconstituents present and approximate percentages of each) of a small specimen that has
been subjected to the following time–temperature treatments. In each case assume that the
specimen begins at 760°C (1400°F) and that it has been held at this temperature long enough
to have achieved a complete and homogeneous austenitic structure.
a) Rapidly cool to 300°C (570°F), hold for 20 s, then quench to room temperature in
water. Reheat to 425°C (800°F) for 103 s and slowly cool to room temperature.
b) Cool rapidly to 665°C (1230°F), hold for 103 s, then quench to room temperature.
Assignment II ENGI 7104

c) Rapidly cool to 575°C (1065°F), hold for 20 s, rapidly cool to 350°C (660°F),
hold for 100 s, then quench to room temperature.
d) Rapidly cool to 350°C (660°F), hold for 150 s, then quench to room temperature.

11) Rank the following iron–carbon alloys and associated microstructures from the hardest to the
softest and justify this ranking:
Hint: For spheroidite, the matrix is ferrite, and the cementite phase is in the shape of
sphere-shaped particles.
a) 0.25 wt% C with coarse pearlite
b) 0.80 wt% C with spheroidite
c) 0.25 wt% C with spheroidite
d) 0.80 wt% C with fine pearlite.

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