LINES AND ANGLES

LINES AND ANGLES




A. ANGLES AND THEIR TYPES
(a) Lines
A line has length but no width and no thickness.
(b) Angles
An angle is the union of two non-collinear rays with a common initial point. The common initial point
is called the ‘vertex’ of the angle and two rays are called the ‘arms’ of the angles.
A

O
B
REMARK :
Every angle has a measure and unit of measurement is degree.
One right angle = 90º
1º = 60’ (minutes)
1’ = 60” (Seconds)
Angle addition axiom : If X is a point in the interior of BAC, then m BAC = m BAX + m XAC.
C

A X

B
(c) Types of Angles :
(i) Right angle : An angle whose measure is 90º is called a right angle.
B

0
90
O A

(ii) Acute angle : An angle whose measure is less than 90º is called an acute angle.
B

O A
00 < BOA < 900
(iii) Obtuse angle : An angle whose measure is more than 90º but less than 180º is called an
obtuse angle.
B

O A
90º < AOB < 180º.

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LINES AND ANGLES

(iv) Straight angle : An angle whose measure is 180º is called a straight angle.
l
A O B A O B
(v) Reflex angle : An angle whose measure is more than 180º is called a reflex angle.
A
O

B
180º < AOB < 360º.
(vi) Complementary angles : Two angles, the sum of whose measures is 90º are called
complementary angles.
B
C

O A
  AOC & BOC are complementary as their sum is 90º.
(vii) Supplementary angles : Two angles, the sum of whose measures is 180º, are called the
supplementary angles.
C

B A
O
AOC & BOC are supplementary as their sum is 180 . º

(viii) Angle Bisectors : A ray OX is said to be the bisector of AOB, if X is a point in the interior of
AOB, and AOX = BOX.
B
X

O A

(ix) Adjacent angles : Two angles are called adjacent angles, if

(I) they have the same vertex,
(II) they have a common arm,
(III) non common arms are on either side of the common arm.
B
X

O A

AOX and BOX are adjacent angles, OX is common arm, OA and OB are non common arms and
lies on either side of OX.
(x) Linear pair of angles : Two adjacent angles are said to form a linear pair of angles, if their
non common arms are two opposite rays.

B O lA
 AOC + BOC = 180º.

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LINES AND ANGLES

(xi) Vertically opposite angles : Two angles are called a pair of vertically opposite angles, if their
arms form two pairs of opposite rays.

B D

O
C A
 AOC & BOD form a pair of vertically opposite angles. Also AOD & BOC form a pair of
vertically opposite angles.
If two lines intersect, then the vertically opposite angles are equal i.e. AOC = BOD and
BOC = AOD.

Example.1
Two supplementary angles are in ratio 4 : 5, find the angles.
Sol. Let angles are 4x & 5x.
Angles are supplementary.
So, 4x + 5x = 180º
9x = 180º
180º
x=  20º .
9
Angles are, 80º & 100º .
Example.2
If an angle differs from its complement by 10º, find the angle.
Sol. Let angle is xº then its complement is 90 – x0.
Now given,
xº – (90 – xº) = 10º
xº – 90º + xº = 10º
2xº = 10º + 90º = 100º
100º
xº = = 50º.
2
Required angle is 50º.
Example.3
In figure, OP and OQ bisects BOC and AOC respectively. Prove that POQ = 90º.
Q
C
P

A O B
Sol.  OP bisects BOC
1
 POC = BOC ...(i)
2
Also, OQ bisects AOC
1
  COQ = AOC ...(ii)
2
 OC stands on AB
 AOC + BOC = 180º [Linear pair]
1 1 1
 AOC  BOC   180º
2 2 2
 COQ  POC  90º [Using (i) & (ii)]
  POQ  90º [By angle sum property] Hence Proved.

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LINES AND ANGLES

Example.4
In figure, lines AB, CD and EF intersect at O. Find the measures of AOC, DOE and BOF.
C
F

0 0
A 40 O 35 B

E D
Sol. Given  AOE = 40º &  BOD = 35º
Clearly AOC =  BOD [Vertically opposite angles]
AOC = 35º
 BOF = AOE [Vertically opposite angles]
 BOF = 400
Now, AOB = 180º [Straight angles]
 AOC + COF + BOF = 180º [Angles sum property]
 35ºCOF + 40º = 180º
 COF = 180º – 75º = 105º
Now, DOE = COF [Vertically opposite angles]
 DOE = 105º.

1. Find the supplement of 100° 48.

2. Find the angle such that an angle is equal to its supplement.

3. Find the angle such that an angle is equal to its complement.

4. In the given figure below, find the value of y.
C
D
5yº 2yº
B O A
5yº
E F

5. In figure PQR is a straight line and PQS : SQR = 7 : 5 . Find SQR

Answers

1. 79° 12. 2. 90° 3. 45° 4. 15° 5. 75°


B. ANGLES MADE BY TRANSVERSAL
(a) Parallel Lines
Parallel Lines : Two lines  and m in the same plane are said to be parallel lines if they do not
intersect when produced indefinitely in either direction and we write  || m which is read as  is
parallel to m.

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Clearly, when  || m, we have m || .



(b) Parallel Rays

Two rays are parallel if the corresponding lines determined by them are parallel. In other words, two
rays in the same plane are parallel. If they do not intersect each other even if extended indefinitely
beyond their initial points.
In fig. ray OA || ray PQ.
O A

P Q

(c) Parallel segments :

Two segments are parallel if the corresponding lines determined by them are parallel.
In other words, two segments which are in the same plane and do not intersect each other even if
extended indefinitely in both directions are said to be parallel.
A B

C D

(d) Angles made by a transversal with two lines

A line which intersects two or more given lines at distinct points is called a transversal to the given
lines.
n
2
1
P
3
4
6 5 m
Q
7 8

(i) Exterior angles : The angles whose arms do not include the line segment PQ are called exterior
angles. In fig. angles 1, 2, 7 and 8 are exterior angles.

(ii) Interior angles : The angles whose arms include line segment PQ are called interior angles. In
fig. angles 3, 4, 5 and 6 are interior angles.

(iii) Corresponding angles : A pair of angles in which one arm of both the angles is on the same
side of the transversal and their other arms are directed in the same sense is called a pair of
corresponding angles. In fig.1, 5 ; 2, 6 ; 3, 7 and 4, 8 are four pairs of corresponding
angles.
(iv) Alternate interior angles: A pair of angles in which one arm of each of the angles is on
opposite side of the transversal and whose other arm include the segment PQ is called a pair of
alternate interior angles. In fig 35 ; 4 and 6 are alternate interior angles.

(v) Alternate exterior angles : A pair of angles in which one arm of each of the angles is on
opposite sides of the transversal and whose other arms are directed in opposite direction and do not
include segment PQ is called a pair of alternate exterior angles. In fig. 2, 8 ; 1 and 7 are
alternate exterior angles.
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LINES AND ANGLES

NOTE :
Lines in a plane are parallel, if they do not intersect when produced indefinitely in either direction.
The distance between two intersecting lines is zero.
The distance between two parallel lines is the same everywhere and is equal to the perpendicular
distance between them.

(e) Angles made by transversal to two parallel lines

If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal, then
(i) Pairs of alternate (interior or exterior) angles are equal.
(ii) Pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
(iii) Interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.
If two non-parallel lines are intersected by transversal then none of (i), (ii) and (iii) hold true.
If two lines are intersected by a transversal, then they are parallel if anyone of the following is true:
(i) Pair of corresponding angles are equal.
(ii) Pair of alternate interior angles are equal.
(iii) Pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.

Example.5
In figure if, and  1 = 85º find 2.
n p

m
1 3

2
l

Sol.  and m is transversal.

 1 = 3 = 85º [Corresponding angles]
Also & p is transversal.
 2 + 3 = 180º [Co - interior angles]
 2 + 85º = 180º
 2 = 180º – 85º
 2 = 95º.

Example.6
In the given Figure, AB || CD and AC || BD. If EIC = 40º, FDG = 55º, HIB = xº, then the value of x is
H
A
x B
I

F
E C D
K G

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LINES AND ANGLES

Sol.
A H
x B
J I
40°

F
E C D 55°
K G
(i) AIH = EIC (Vertically opp s)
  AIH = 40°
(ii) BDC = FDG (Vertically opp s)
 BDC = 55°
 ICE = BDC (Corresponding s)
 ICE = 55°
 AIJ = ICE (Corresponding s)
 AIJ = 55°
 x = 180° – (AIJ + HIA) {Linear pair}
 x = 180° – (55° + 40°)
 x = 180° – 95° = 85°
Example.7
In the given figure AB || CD. Find FXE.
F
A 50º
B
X
110º 30º
C D
E
Sol. BFE = CEF = 110° [Alternate interior angles]
So, XFE = BFE – BFX
= (110° – 50°) = 60°
CEF + FEX + XED = 180º  110° + FEX + 30° = 180° 
  FEX = 40°
Now, XFE + FEX + FXE = 180°  60° + 40° + FXE = 180°
 FXE = 80°.

1. In the following diagram, list out

(i) Pairs of corresponding angles.

(ii) Pairs of alternate angles (Do not produce the segments).

2. In the figure, 4 = 4x, 3 = 2.5x + 24°, find the value of x, given that AD || CB.

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LINES AND ANGLES

3. In the given figure find x, if m || n.

4. In the figure, AB || CD || EF, find x and y.

Answers
1. (i) No pair of corresponding angles (ii)  1 &  6,  2 &  5 2. 16°
3. 37.5° 4. x = 105°, y = 75°


C. TRIANGLES
A plane figure bounded by three lines in a plane is called a triangle. Every triangle have three sides
and three angles. If ABC is any triangle then AB, BC & CA are three sides and A,B and C are
three angles.
C

A B

(a) Types of triangles :

(i) On the basis of sides we have three types of triangle.
• Scalene triangle – A triangle in which no two sides are equal is called a scalene triangle.
• Isosceles triangle – A triangle having two sides equal is called an isosceles triangle.
• Equilateral triangle – A triangle in which all sides are equal is called an equilateral
triangle.
 (ii) On the basis of angles we have three types :
• Right triangle – A triangle in which any one angle is right angle is called right triangle.
• Acute triangle – A triangle in which all angles are acute is called an acute triangle.
• Obtuse triangle – A triangle in which any one angle is obtuse is called an obtuse
triangle.
SOME IMPORTANT THEOREMS :
Theorem : The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180º.
To Prove : A + B + C = 180º or 1 + 2 + 3 = 180º.

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Construction : Through A, draw a line  parallel to BC.

Proof : Since  || BC. Therefore,
A
4 5
1

2 3
B C
2 = 4 [Alternate interior angles]
3 = 5 [Alternate interior angles]
 2 + 3 = 4 + 5
1 + 2 + 3 = 1 +4 + 5 [Adding 1 both sides] 1 + 2 + 3 = 180º
[Sum of angles at a point on a line is 180º]
A + B + C = 180º.
Theorem : if the bisectors of angles ABC and ACB of a triangle ABC meet at a point O,
1
then BOC = 90º + A.
2
Given : A ABC such that the bisectors of ABC and ACB meet at a point O.
1
To Prove : BOC = 90º + A.
2
A

1 2
B C
Proof : In BOC, we have
1 + 2 + BOC = 180º
1 + 2 = 180º – BOC .... (i)
In ABC, we have
A + B + C = 180º
A + 2 1 + 2 2 = 180º
A
+ 1 + 2 = 90º
2
1
1 + 2 = 90º – A ...(ii)
2
From (i) and (ii)
1
180º – BOC = 90º – A
2
1
 BOC = 90º + A. Hence Proved
2
Exterior Angle of a Triangle :
If the side of the triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of two interior
opposite angles.
Given : A triangle ABC. D is a point on BC produced, forming exterior angle 4.
To Prove : 4 = 1 + 2 i.e. ACD = CAB + CBA.
Proof : In triangle ABC, we have
1 + 2 + 3 = 180º ...(i)
A
1

3 4 D
2
B C
Also, 3 + 4 = 180º [ 3 and 4 form a linear pair] ..(ii)

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From (i) and (ii), we have

1 + 2 + 3 = 3 + 4
 1 + 2 = 4
Hence, ACD = CAB + CBA.
Corollary : An exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of the interior opposite angles.
A
1

3 4 D
2
B C
Proof : Let ABC be a triangle whose side BC is produced to form exterior angle A.
Then,  1 + 2 = 4   4 > 1 and 4 > 2
i.e.,  ACD > CAB and ACD > CBA
Theorem : The sides AB and AC of a ABC are produced to P and Q respectively. If the bisectors
1
of PBC and QCB intersect at O, then BOC = 90º – A.
2
Given : A ABC in which sides AB and AC are produced to P and Q respectively.
The bisectors of PBC and QCB intersect at O.
A

B C
1 2

P O Q
1
To Prove : BOC = 90º – A.
2
Proof : Since ABC and CBP form a linear pair.
 ABC + CBP = 180º
 B + 21 = 180º
[BO is the bisector of CBP  CBP = 21]
 21 = 180º – B
1
 1 = 90º – B ...(i)
2
Again, ACB and QCB form a linear pair.
 ACB + QCB = 180º
 C + 22 = 180º
[ OC is the bisector of QCB  QCB = 22]
 22 = 180º – C
1
 2 = 90º – C ...(ii)
2
In BOC, we have
1 + 2 + BOC = 180º
1 1
 90º – B + 90º – C + BOC = 180º [Using (i) and (ii)]
2 2
1
 180º – (B + C) + BOC = 180º
2
1
 BOC = (B + C)
2
1
 BOC = (180º – A) [  A + B + C = 180º B + C = 180º – A]
2
1
 BOC = 90º – A.
2

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Example.8
In figure, if QT  PR, TQR = 40º and SPR = 30º, find x and y.
Sol.
P
30
º

40º y x
Q R
S
In TQR
TQR + QTR + TRQ = 180º
 40º + 90º + TRQ = 180º  TRQ = 180º – 130º = 50º
 x = 50º
In PSR, using exterior angle property, we have
PSQ = PRS + RPS
 y = x + 30º  y = 50º + 30º = 80º.

Example.9
The side BC of a ABC is produced, such that D is on ray BC. The bisector of A meets BC in L as
shown in figure. Prove that ABC + ACD = 2ALC.
Sol. In ABC, we have
A

1 2

B L C D
ext. ACD = B + A
 ext. ACD = B + 21 ...(i) [ AL is the bisector of A  A = 21]
 ACD = B + 21
In ABL, we have
ext. ALC = B + BAL
 ext.ALC = B +1
 2ALC = 2B + 21 ...(ii) [Multiplying both sides by 2]
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
2ALC – ACD = B
 ACD + B = 2ALC  ACD + ABC = 2 ALC.
Example.10
In figure, TQ and TR are the bisectors of Q and R respectively. If QPR = 80º and PRT = 30º,
determine TQR and QTR.
Sol. Since the bisectors of Q and R meet at T.
P
80º

T
30
º

Q R
1
 QTR = 90º + QPR
2
1
 QTR = 90º + (80º)
2
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LINES AND ANGLES

 QTR = 90º + 40º = 130º

In QTR, we have
TQR + QTR + TRQ = 180º
 TQR + 130º + 30º = 180º [ TRQ = PRT = 30º ]
 TQR = 20º
Thus, TQR = 20º and QTR = 130º.

1. The sum of the acute angles of an obtuse triangle is 70° and their difference is 10°. Find the bigger
acute angle.

2. If one angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the other two, then determine the type of triangle

3. In ABC, 2A = 3B, 5B = 2C then determine the angles of the triangle

4. If one angle of a triangle is equal to half the sum of the other two equal angles, then determine type
of the triangle.

5. In the figure if AB = AC, CH = CB and HK || BC then find HCK.

Answers
1. 40° 2. right angle triangle 3. A=54°, B=36°,C=90°
4. Equilateral triangle 5. 30°

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