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cÂg Aa¨vq
†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv
Kw¤cDUv‡ii Af¨šZixY MVbt

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Control Unit
Input Output
Arithmetic Logic Unit Device
Device

Memory Unit

Fig: Computer Internal Structure

gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Gi wfZi GK ev GKvwaK wmwcD _v‡K| GB wmwcD Gi KvR n†jv wewfbœ ai‡Yi wnmve-wbKvk Kiv| Zvig‡a¨
i‡q‡Q †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw`| GB Acv‡ikb¸‡jv m¤cbœ Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤cDUv†ii †g‡gvwi cÖ‡qvRb| Kw¤cDUv†ii
†g‡gvwi†K mvaviYZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
• ¯’vqx †g‡gvwi (Non-Volatile): Kw¤cDUvi eÜ Kivi c‡iI †hme †g‡gvwi†Z Z_¨ msiw¶Z _v‡K, Zv‡K ¯’vqx
†g‡gvwi e‡j| D`vniYt ROM, Pendrive, Hard-disk, DVD
• A¯’vqx †g‡gvwi (Volatile): Kw¤cDUvi eÜ A_ev †cÖvMÖvg eÜ Ki‡j †hme †g‡gvwi†Z Z_¨ msiw¶Z _v‡K bv, Zv‡K
A¯’vqx †g‡gvwi e‡j e.g. RAM

Kw¤cDUvi †g†gvwii wewfbœ ch©vqt

Kg
†ewk

Register
aviY¶gZv
L1-Cache MwZ
(capacity)
(speed)
L2-Cache

Ram

†ewk Virtual Memory Kg

Sagor Das, Lecturer (Department of ICT), Sena Public School & College, Savar Cantonment, Dhaka.
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cÖ‡mm‡ii wfZi _v‡K ‡iwR÷vi Ges L1-Cache †g‡gvwi| cÖ‡mm‡ii me‡P‡q Kv‡Q _v‡K ‡iwR÷vi, Avi Zvi c‡iB _v‡K
L1-Cache(Level1 Cache/Primary Cache) †g‡gvwi| gvB‡µvcÖ†mmi wPc Gi evB‡i _v‡K L2-Cache (Level 2
Cache) †g‡gvwi| ‡iwR÷v‡ii †P‡q K¨vk ‡g‡gvwii AvKvi eo, gv‡b ‡ewk Z_¨ aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e MwZ GKUy Kg| i¨vg
gv`vi‡ev‡W© mshy³ _v‡K| i¨v‡gi c‡i Av‡m fvP©yqvj ‡g‡gvwi| i¨v‡g hLb RvqMv nq bv, ZLb nvW©wW‡¯‹i GKUv Ask‡K
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ‡g‡gvwi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z ‡`q| ‡mwU Aek¨B i¨v‡gi Zyjbvq A‡bK axi MwZi|

†cÖvMÖvg t h‡š¿i gva¨‡g ‡Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvgv‡ii ‡`Iqv avivevwnK wb‡`©kbvi
mgwó‡K †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq|

†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvt ‡h fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU hš¿‡K wb‡`©kbv w`‡q ‡Kvb mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv hvq Zv‡K †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e
ejv hvq, h‡š¿i gva¨‡g ‡Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ kã, eY©, AsK, wPý c«f…wZi mgš^‡q MwVZ ixwZbxwZ‡K †cÖvMÖvwgs
fvlv ejv nq|

†cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi c«Kvi‡f`t

1945 ‡_‡K শুরু K‡i G ch©šZ hZ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i‡K ‰ewkó¨ Abyhvqx wb‡gv³ cvuPwU c«R‡b¥ fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
1| c«_g c«Rb¥- First Generation (1945-1950)
Machine Language (hvwš¿K fvlv)
2| wØZxq c«Rb¥-Second Generation (1950-1960)
Assembly Language (A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv)
3| Z…Zxq c«Rb¥-Third Generation (1960-1970)
High Level Language (D”P¯Z‡ii fvlv)
4| PZy_© c«Rb¥-Fourth Generation (1970-1980)
Very High Level Language (AwZ D”P¯Z‡ii fvlv)
5| cÂg c«Rb¥-Fifth Generation(1980-present)
Natural Language (¯^vfvweK fvlv)

†cÖvMÖvg iPbvi ‰ewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvmg~n‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq:
1| wbgœ¯Z‡ii fvlv (Low Level Language)
2| D”P¯Z‡ii fvlv (High Level Language)

Sagor Das, Lecturer (Department of ICT), Sena Public School & College, Savar Cantonment, Dhaka.
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c«_g c«R‡b¥i fvlv(1st Generation Language-1GL):

‡gwkb ev hvwš¿K fvlv (Machine Language):

‡h fvlvq ïaygvÎ 0 Ges 1 e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg ‡jLv nq Zv‡K ‡gwkb ev hvwš¿K fvlv e‡j| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ fvlv ev ‡gŠwjK
fvlv n‡”Q ‡gwkb fvlv| nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úwK©Z Ges hš¿ wbf©i e‡j GB fvlv‡K wbgœ¯Z‡ii fvlv ejv nq| ‡gwkb
fvlvq ‡jLv †cÖvMÖvg ‡K Ae‡R± ev e¯Zz †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq|

‡gwkb fvlvi myweav:

1| ‡gwkb fvlvi me‡P‡q eo myweav n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi ‡hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq|
2| ‡gwkb fvlvq ‡jLv †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Abyev‡`i c«‡qvRb nq bv| ZvB ‡Kv‡bv c«Kvi Abyev`K ‡c«vM«v‡gi c«‡qvRb nq
bv| d‡j দ্রুত wbe©vn nq|
3| ‡gwkb fvlvq ‡jLv †cÖvMÖvg ivb Ki‡Z Aí ‡g‡gvwi c«‡qvRb nq|

‡gwkb fvlvi Amyweav:

1| ïay 0 I 1 e¨envi Kiv nq e‡j ‡gwkb fvlv ‡kLv KóKi Ges GB fvlv e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg ‡jLvI Kómva¨|
2| fyj n‡j Zv mbv³ Kiv Ges fyj-ÎywU `~i Kiv A_©vr wWevwMs Kómva¨|
3| GB fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi ‡¶‡Î †cÖvMÖvg vi‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šZixY msMVb fv‡jvfv‡e Rvb‡Z nq|
4| GB fvlvi me‡P‡q eo Amyweav n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ ‡jLv †cÖvMÖvg Ab¨ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv
hvq bv| A_©vr hš¿ wbf©i fvlv|

wØZxq c«R‡b¥i fvlv (2nd Generation Language-2GL):

A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv (Assembly Language):

‡h fvlvq wewfbœ ms‡KZ ev ‡b‡gvwbK ‡KvW e¨envi K‡i †cÖvMÖvg ‡jLv nq Zv‡K A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv e‡j| A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg
‡jLvi Rb¨ 0 I 1 e¨envi bv K‡i wewfbœ ms‡KZ e¨envi Kiv nq| GB fvlvq ‡jLv †cÖvMÖvg Abyev‡`i c«‡qvRb nq Ges
Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg wn‡m‡e A¨v‡m¤^jvi e¨eüZ nq|

Sagor Das, Lecturer (Department of ICT), Sena Public School & College, Savar Cantonment, Dhaka.
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A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq c«wZwU wb‡`©‡ki PviwU Ask _v‡K| h_v-

• ‡j‡ej (Label)
• Ac-‡KvW (Opcode)
• Acv‡iÛ (Operand)
• K‡g›U (Comment)

‡j‡ejt ‡j‡f‡j wb‡`©‡ki mvs‡KwZK wVKvbv _v‡K | ‡j‡ej e¨env‡ii d‡j †cÖvMÖvg GKwU wbw`©ó ‡÷U‡g›U ‡_‡K Aci GKwU
wbw`©ó ‡÷U‡g‡›U Rv¤ú Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Ac-‡KvWt Ac-‡KvW‡K Acv‡ikb ‡KvWI ejv nq| Ac-‡Kv‡W wb‡`©k ‡b‡gvwbK †KvW _v‡K| ‡hvM Kivi Rb¨ ADD Ges
fvM Kivi Rb¨ DIV wb‡`©k K‡i |

‡b‡gvwbK †KvW e¨envi

LDA c«avb ‡g‡gvwii ‡WUv A¨vwKDgy‡jU‡i ‡jvW Kiv|

CLR A¨vwKDgy‡jUi Lvwj Kiv|

ADD A¨vwKDgy‡jU‡ii mv‡_ Acv‡i‡Ûi gvb ‡hvM K‡i ‡hvMdj A¨vwKDgy‡jU‡i ivLv|

SUB A¨vwKDgy‡jUi ‡_‡K Acv‡i‡Ûi gvb we‡qvM K‡i we‡qvMdj A¨vwKDgy‡jU‡i ivLv|

MUL A¨vwKDgy‡jU‡ii mv‡_ Acv‡i‡Ûi gvb ¸b K‡i ¸Ydj A¨vwKDgy‡jU‡i ivLv|

DIV A¨vwKDgy‡jU‡ii gvb‡K Acv‡i‡Ûi gvb Øviv fvM K‡i fvMdj A¨vwKDgy‡jU‡i ivLv|

JMP kZ©nxbfv‡e ‡c«vM«v‡gi wbw`©÷ ‡j‡f‡j Rv¤ú Ki‡Z|

STP †cÖvMÖvg ‡K _vgv‡bv|

[ A¨vwKDgy‡jUi n‡jv wmwcBD Gi ‡iwR÷vi (Af¨šZixY ‡g‡gvwi) Ask, ‡hLv‡b MvwYwZK I ‡hŠw³K Kv‡Ri djvdj
mvgwqKfv‡e msiw¶Z nq]

Acv‡iÛt Ac‡KvW hvi Dci KvR K‡i Zv‡K Acv‡iÛ e‡j| GwU mvaviYZ ‡g‡gvwii A¨v‡W«m ev mivmwi ‡WUv n‡Z cv‡i|
K‡g›Ut GwU ‡c«vM«v‡gi ‡Kvb Ask bq| ‡evSvi myweav‡_© c«wZwU wb‡`©‡ki cv‡k K‡g›U wjLv nq

A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi myweav:

1| A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv mn‡R eySv hvq Ges GB fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv hvwš¿K fvlvi Zyjbvq A‡bK mnR|
2| †cÖvMÖvg mn‡R cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
3 | ‡c«vM«v‡gi ÎywU (Error) ‡ei K‡i Zv mgvavb Kiv A_©vr wWevwMs Kiv ‡gwkb fvlvi ‡P‡q mnR|

Sagor Das, Lecturer (Department of ICT), Sena Public School & College, Savar Cantonment, Dhaka.
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A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi Amyweav:

1| GB fvlvi me‡P‡q eo Amyweav n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ ‡jLv †cÖvMÖvg Ab¨ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq
bv| A_©vr hš¿ wbf©i fvlv|
2| †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi mgq †cÖvMÖvg vi‡K ‡gwkb m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vK‡Z nq|
3| †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Abyev`K ‡c«vM«v‡gi c«‡qvRb nq|

Z…Zxq c«R‡b¥i fvlv (3rd Generation Language-3GL):

ga¨g ¯Z‡ii fvlv (Mid-Level Language):

‡hmKj ‡c«vM«vwgs fvlvq wbgœ¯Z‡ii fvlvi ‰ewkó¨ Ges D”P¯Z‡ii fvlvi ‰ewkó¨ Dfq we`¨gvb Zv‡`i‡K ga¨g ¯Z‡ii fvlv
ev wgW ‡j‡fj j¨vs¸‡qR ejv nq|ga¨g¯Z‡ii fvlvi D`vniY n‡jv- C, C++, JAVA, Forth, Dbase, WordStar
BZ¨vw`|

D”P¯Z‡ii fvlv (High Level Language):

D”P¯Z‡ii fvlv n‡jv ‡mB mKj fvlv hv gvby‡li ‡evaMg¨ Ges gvby‡li fvlvi KvQvKvwQ| ‡hgb- D”P¯Z‡ii fvlv Bs‡iwR
fvlvi mv‡_ wgj Av‡Q Ges GB ‡c«vM«vwgs fvlv hš¿ wbf©i bq, GB Rb¨ Gme fvlv‡K D”P¯Z‡ii fvlv ejv nq|GwU gvby‡li
Rb¨ eySv Lye mnR wKš‘ Kw¤úDUvi mivmwi eyS‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j Abyev`K ‡c«vM«v‡gi mvnv‡h¨ G‡K ‡gwkb fvlvq iƒcvšZi K‡i
wb‡Z nq| GwU Z…Zxq c«R‡b¥i fvlv|

‡hgb- C, C++, Visual Basic, Java, Python, Fortran, Basic, Pascal, Cobol BZ¨vw`|

D”P¯Z‡ii fvlvi myweav:

1| D”P¯Z‡ii fvlv ‡c«vM«vgvi evÜe| ZvB ‡kLv mnR d‡j GB fvlv e¨envi K‡i ‡c«vM«vg ‡jLv mnR I wjL‡Z mgq Kg
jv‡M|
2| G‡Z fyj nevi m¤¢ebv Kg _v‡K Ges ‡c«vM«v‡gi ÎywU (Error) ‡ei K‡i Zv ms‡kvab Kiv A_©vr wWevwMs mnR|
3| GK g‡W‡ji Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ ‡jLv ‡c«vM«vg Ab¨ g‡W‡ji Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq| A_©vr hš¿ wbf©i bq|

D”P¯Z‡ii fvlvi Amyweav:

1| D”P¯Z‡ii fvlvi Amyweav n‡”Q GB fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mivmwi ‡hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq bv|
2| GB fvlvq ‡jLv ‡c«vM«vg‡K Abyev` K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K eywS‡q w`‡Z nq| A_©vr Abyev`K ‡c«vM«v‡gi c«‡qvRb nq|
3| D”P¯Z‡ii ‡c«vM«vg¸‡jv wbgœ¯Z‡ii ‡c«vM«v‡gi ‡P‡q Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e axi nq|
4|‡c«vM«vg ivb Ki‡Z ‡ewk ‡g‡gvwi c«‡qvRb nq|

Rbwc«q wKQy D”P¯Z‡ii ‡c«vM«vwgs fvlvi cwiwPwZt

wm(C): 1972 mv‡j GB fvlvi c«_g wiwjR nq| ‡Wwbk wiwP (Dennis M. Ritchie) ‡ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z UNIX Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g ‡W‡f‡jvc Kivi Rb¨ ÔwmÕ ‡c«vM«vwgs fvlvwU ‰Zwi K‡ib| G‡K ÷ªvKPvW© †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv ejv nq| wm †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi
K‡i- Acv‡iwUs wm‡óg,WvUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U, B›Uvi‡bU eªvDRvi,K¤cvBjvi,B›Uvi‡cÖUvi †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv hvq|

Sagor Das, Lecturer (Department of ICT), Sena Public School & College, Savar Cantonment, Dhaka.
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wm++(C++): 1980 mv‡j Rb© ÷«vD÷«c (Bjarne Stroustrup) ‡ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z C fvlvi ‰ewk‡ó¨i mv‡_ Ae‡R±
Iwi‡q‡›UW ‡c«vM«vwgs Gi ‰ewkó¨ hy³ K‡i bZyb GK ‡c«vM«vwgs fvlv ‰Zwi K‡ib hv C++ bv‡g cwiwPZ|

wfRyqvj †ewmK (Visual Basic): 1991 mv‡j gvB‡µvmdU Zv‡`i DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡ó‡g †cÖvMÖvwgs Kivi Rb¨ wfRyqvj
†ewmK ˆZwi K‡iwQj|

Rvfv (Java): Rvfv ‡c«vM«vwgs fvlvwU g~jZ 1991 mv‡j mvb gvB‡µv wm‡÷g ‡Kv¤úvwb ‰Zwi K‡ib| Rvfv ‡c«vM«vwgs fvlvi
RbK ‡Rgm Mmwjs (James Gosling). Rvfv Gi GKwU cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n†jv- (WORA: Write Once, Run Anywhere)

A¨vjMj (ALGOL): 1958 mv‡j GB fvlvi c«_g wiwjR nq| Gi c~Y©bvg Algorithmic Language| c~‡e© weÁvb I
M‡elYv‡Z A¨vjMj e¨vcKfv‡e e¨envi n‡Zv|

†dviUªvb(Fortan): 1957 mv‡j AvBweGg(IBM) †Kv¤cvwb weÁvb Ges cÖhyw³i †¶‡Î e¨env‡ii Rb¨ D™¢veb K‡ib|
c`v_©weÁvb, imvq†bi A‡bK eo eo MvwYwZK wnmve Ges wmgy‡jkb Gi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|

cvB_b(Python): 1991 mv‡j wM‡Wv fvb ‡ivmvg (Guido Van Rossum) cvB_b ‡c«vM«vwgs fvlv D™¢veb K‡ib| 2018
mv‡j GwU IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) KZ©…K me©†kªô †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ
†c‡q‡Q| ‡W¯‹Uc GUI (Graphical User Interface) এপ্লিকেশন, I‡qemvBU Ges I‡qe এপ্লিকেশন, ‡WUv GbvjvBwmm,
‡gwkb jvwb©s I K…wÎg eyw×gËvq Rb¨ cvB_b e¨cKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq|

PZy_© c«R‡b¥i fvlv (4th Generation Language-4GL):

PZy_© c«R‡b¥i fvlv n‡jv ‡WUv‡eR msµvšZ fvlv| A_©vr GB c«R‡b¥i fvlvi mvnv‡h¨ ‡WUv‡eR ‰Zwi, Avc‡WU, wW‡jU mn
‡WUv‡eR m¤úwK©Z mKj KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| GB c«R‡b¥i fvlvi D`vniY nj: SQL (Structure Query Language),
Oracle BZ¨vw`|

IivKj (Oracle): IivKj GKwU RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) mdUIq¨vi hv IivKj
K‡c©v‡ikb ‰Zwi K‡i|j‡iÝ Gwjmb Ges Ab¨vb¨ ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i Øviv g~jZ 1977 mv‡j ‡W‡fjc Kiv n‡qwQj| eûj e¨eüZ
wi‡jkbvj ‡WUv‡eR BwÄb|

cÂg c«R‡b¥i fvlv (5th Generation Language-5GL):

5GL Gi c~Y©iƒc Fifth Generation Language| cÂg c«R‡b¥i fvlv‡K ¯^vfvweK fvlvI (Natural Language) ejv
nq| Artificial Intelligence ev K…wÎg eyw×gËv wbf©i hš¿ ‰Zwi‡Z ev M‡elYvq GB c«R‡b¥i fvlv e¨eüZ nq| cÂg c«R‡b¥i
fvlvq ‡jLv ‡c«vM«vg‡K ‡gwkb fvlvq iƒcvšZ‡ii Rb¨ B‡›Uwj‡R›U K¤úvBjvi e¨eüZ nq| GB c«R‡b¥i fvlv e¨envi K‡i gvbyl
hš¿‡K ‡gŠwLK wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡i| GB c«R‡b¥i fvlvi D`vniY nj: Prolog, OPS5, Mercury BZ¨vw`|

Sagor Das, Lecturer (Department of ICT), Sena Public School & College, Savar Cantonment, Dhaka.