Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing 8 (2022) Answers

Cambridge Lower Secondary Computing 8 (2022)

Answers
Answers are given where applicable. Guidance on all activities is available in the Cambridge
Lower Secondary Computing Teacher's Guide 8 with Boost Subscription, ISBN
9781398369801.
https://www.hoddereducation.com/subjects/ict/products/11‐14/cambridge‐lower‐secondary‐
computing‐8‐teacher‐s‐gu

8.1 Building networks: Network structure and security

Practise (Student’s Book page 13)
1 a LAN
b WAN
c PAN
2 b i Networking devices can increase the security risk because there are many more access
points to the same network. Each device is potentially at risk of intruders, so the more
devices there are on a network, the greater the risk. There are also more users on a larger
network, which means that there is a higher chance of user error.
ii Security risks can be prevented by using software such as antivirus, which can find and
remove viruses from a network, or users of a network could be trained on ways to keep
their devices safe. Note: at this stage, answers may be quite generic; students will
investigate how to keep devices safe during the unit.
3 For example:
– Files could be shared with the wrong people on the network; good use of accounts
and passwords can prevent this and ensure that the network is well organised to
prevent accidental sharing of information.
– A hacker may try to gain access to the network; ensuring that everybody using the
network has strong passwords can protect against this.
– If a virus accesses a device, it could spread across the network; antiviruses can help
to protect against this.
– The number of devices that people have access to increases the ‘surface area’ of any
attacks to gain access to the network; this means that more people need to be
confident in securing their devices as the hackers could have more ways to access
the network.
4 For example:

Practise (Student’s Book page 20)

For example, students should cover these points as a minimum in their comic strips:
1 A device displaying a piece of data.
2 A device (sender) transferring data to another device (receiver).
3 The receiving device sending the data back to the sending device.

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4 The receiving device checking whether the data is the same.

5 If the data is the same, the receiving device is able to use the data.
6 If the data is different, it shows that an error has occurred.
Students may depict the statements above in whatever way they choose, but responses
should loosely follow the flowchart in the Student’s Book.

Practise (Student’s Book page 23)

1–3 Note that students may have chosen entirely different examples and there is sometimes
a crossover between spyware and ransomware (the famous WannaCry spy/ransomware, for
example). If students have found a ‘crossover’ threat, then they should find an alternative
too.

Practise (Student’s Book page 29)

1–2 Example questions and answers:
– What are the most common ways of transmitting viruses between devices?
o Malicious email attachments.
o Files disguised as something else.
o Accidentally downloading them from the internet.
– What does an antivirus program do when it finds a virus?
o It quarantines the file so that it cannot be accessed.
o It lets the user know that a virus has been found.
– What do firewalls do?
o They examine the data entering and leaving the network to check they do not
break the rules.
– What is a trojan?
o It is software that pretends to be something that it is not.
o Trojans track keystrokes and mouse movements – even sometimes webcams.
– – What is adware?
o It is a type of spyware that increases the number of adverts that a user has
on their computer system; this often means that adverts are displayed to
users inside software that they are using, and can sometimes entice users to
click on links to insecure or malicious websites or downloads.

Go further (Student’s Book page 29)

2 As long as students justify their answers, any of the products is an acceptable suggestion
for the youth group, e.g.:
I would recommend that the youth group use Norton 360, as this is the cheapest software
that includes the most features. It includes an antivirus, anti‐malware and a firewall. It
would protect the youth group against the threats of ransomware, spyware, adware, viruses
and trojans. If users from the youth group were to use this protection, the network would
be less likely to be damaged by threats.

8.2 It’s all in the planning: Pseudocode and algorithms

Warm up (Student’s Book page 33)
1 a You do not know whether online messages/emails stay private because they are sent
from one device to another and could be intercepted or read by another person.

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b You assume that messages are private because you send them to your intended recipient.
Anyone could read a letter before it is delivered; there are ways to open a letter and read it,
such as using steam to unseal the envelope. If you knew that a private letter had been read
by someone else, you could feel unsettled.
2 For example: posted letters, email, instant messaging, social media. A letter is kept secure
in a sealed envelope; emails and instant messaging are sent to the recipients’ account and
not to anyone else.

Practise (Student’s Book page 37)

1 For example:
a Variables need to be suitably named and linked to the scenario, e.g.
‘salary’/‘salaryIncrease’.
b salary * 1.10
c User enters the salary.
Salary is multiplied by 1.10.
Output the new salary.
2 For example:

3 For example: Pseudocode can be quicker to write out compared with drawing a flowchart.
It is therefore easier to edit and improve pseudocode, as you can move the text, edit it and
cross it out instead of possibly having to start drawing a flowchart again from scratch.

Practise (Student’s Book page 40)

Part 1
4 Similarities and differences concern the characteristics of pseudocode, e.g. the use of
uppercase letters, indentation, START, STOP, IF, THEN, ELSE.
Part 2
1–2 The pseudocode is asking the user ‘What is the capital of England?’ and setting the
answer as London. If the answer is equal to the answer entered by the user, then the output
is correct. If it is not equal to the answer, then the output is incorrect.
4 Preference will be individual, e.g.:
– Pseudocode takes less time to write out; flowcharts take longer due to drawing
shapes.

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– It is easier to see the flow of a program algorithm as a flowchart as the steps are
clearer.
– Pseudocode is similar to how a program may be written, e.g. in a programming
language such as Python, so the writing stage can be easier.
– The shapes in a flowchart aid understanding of the selection and help to ensure that
both the True and False outputs have been considered.

Practise (Student’s Book page 42)

Part 1
1 The last data item to be checked will be the data item being searched for:
a apple, banana, pear
b apple, banana, pear, grape, melon
c apple, banana, pear, grape, melon, lemon, orange, mango, papaya
d apple, banana, pear, grape, melon, lemon, orange
2 An advantage is that you could find the item you are looking for quickly if it is one of the
first few data items in the list.
A disadvantage is if the data item being searched for is in the last few data items in the list;
then the search would take longer to locate the searched‐for item.
Part 2
1 Ensure that students are examining all items in turn, from left to right, up to and including
the searched‐for data item.
2 A linear search can be used on any list of items, e.g. images, text, letters or numbers, as
the list does not need to be in any order. As long as a comparison can take place, a linear
search can be carried out.

Practise (Student’s Book page 46)

Part 1
1–2 For example solutions to each pseudocode challenge, refer to the program files below:
– PseudocodeChallenges1(Teacher).py
– Conditional statement: if the light level is equal to 50.
– Test values could include 40, 50, 60; one higher, one lower and then the value used
in the conditional statement (50).
– PseudocodeChallenges2(Teacher).py
– Conditional statement: if the light level is not equal to 120.
– Test values could include 50, 120, 160; one higher, one lower and then the value
used in the conditional statement (120).
– PseudocodeChallenges3(Teacher).py
– Conditional statement: if the light level is less than 100.
– Test values could include 50, 100, 150; one higher, one lower and then the value
used in the conditional statement (100).
– PseudocodeChallenges4(Teacher).py
– Conditional statement: if the light level is greater than 60.
– Test values could include 40, 60, 100; one higher, one lower and then the value used
in the conditional statement (60).
– PseudocodeChallenges5(Teacher).py
– Conditional statement: if the light level is equal to 200.

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– Test values could include 50, 200, 220; one higher, one lower and then the value
used in the conditional statement (200).
Part 2
1–2 The errors to be fixed are that the conditional statement needs to be less than 90 (< 90)
and the image displayed should be changed to SAD.
3 For example:
– comparison operator (<, >, ==, !=, <=, >=)
– value to be compared in conditional statement (50)
– image to be output (heart)
– spelling (e.g. ‘dispay’ should be ‘display’)
– indentation (the output moved in under the conditional statement)
– colon at the end of the conditional statement ( : )
– – uppercase letters for image output (HEART)
– – correct code for light sensor in MicroPython:

and to display an image:

4 Students should complete the ‘Expected outcome’ column before testing the program on
the micro:bit.

5 By testing on the micro:bit, students are able to complete the final column, stating
whether the program passed or failed.

Practise (Student’s Book page 49)

1 If the A or B button is pressed on the micro:bit, then the output will be run, displaying the
text ‘Access Granted’. The output will also run if both the A and B buttons are pressed
together.
2 The Boolean operator needs to be changed from OR to AND.
3–4 The A and B buttons need to be pressed at exactly the same time to activate the output
with the Boolean operator. This may cause some tests to fail. It may then require a visual
check of the program code.
5 The data type generated is Boolean as the output is only ever TRUE or FALSE.
6–7 Example test plan:

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8 Students may consider the different inputs they could use and think about using the A or B
button to send their messages more quickly.

Practise (Student’s Book page 52)

1 If the user presses the A button on one of the micro:bits, then it will send a radio signal to
the other micro:bit in the same radio group. The micro:bit will display the numbers 8, 5, 12,
12, 15. Each number represents the position of a letter in the alphabet: the word is ‘HELLO’.
2–4 For example:

5 42 is set in the example, however each pair will have their own radio group set.
6 For example: ‘microbit’ = 13, 9, 3, 18, 15, 2, 9, 20.
7 For example:

8 The ‘Scenario’ asks students to create a program to send a message securely from one
micro:bit to another; use of the radio function will enable this.

Practise (Student’s Book page 56)

Part 1
1–4 The hidden word is bye.
Part 2
1–3 Each person’s program will differ depending on their name.

Go further (Student’s Book page 57)

1–3 Students’ checklists should include the following checks.
– Spelling is correct.

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– Brackets appear in the correct places.

– Brackets are opened and closed.
– A colon is placed at the end of a conditional statement.
– If appears at the start of a conditional statement.
– Quotation marks are placed around any strings.
4 For example:

5 As the testing is completed, students may find and fix one error at a time. This means that
students are developing the program code and then continuing to test it. It allows the
program to improve and be tested continuously.

Challenge yourself (Student’s Book page 58–59)

1–3 Testing can be done by looking for errors in the way the program code is written or by
using a test plan to test different inputs and what you expect to happen.
4 The conditional statement can have only one of two outputs: TRUE or FALSE. This is a
Boolean output.
5 Example checklist:
– Spelling is correct.
– Brackets appear in the correct places.
– Brackets are opened and closed.
– A colon is placed at the end of a conditional statement.
– If appears at the start of a conditional statement.
– Quotation marks are placed around any strings.
– Uppercase letters are used for any images that are output.
– Each section of code is written as expected, e.g. using full stops and underscores in
the correct places in the conditional statement for the shake input:

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– The radio network is set between 0 and 255.

– The ‘radio’ library has been imported.
– The program starts with:

– The lines to run if the conditional statement is TRUE or FALSE are indented.
6 For example: Testing is important throughout the development process, and it starts when
the algorithm is created. It is easier to find and fix an error in a smaller amount of code or a
section of an algorithm instead of at the end, when there is more to examine to find the
error.

Final project (Student’s Book page 59)

1 For example: Inputs will be the A button or the micro:bit being shaken.
2 Example solution:
– In the flowchart example, using the A button OR the micro:bit being shaken will use
a Boolean operator.
– The use of ASCII will be seen in the string to output each individual binary number.
– There will be a sound in between numbers to tell the user where there is a break
between letters and another one at the end to tell them when the message is
complete.
3 Example:

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4 Example: HELP = 01001000 01000101 01001100 01010000

5 Students should save their flowcharts as different versions to show the stages of
development.
6–7 For example: You can test your program throughout the different stages of the program
development. The testing needs to be structured as a test plan to document what tests have
been carried out, what has been found and any improvement or amendments required.
Example test plan:

8–9 Students will need to explain how they tested at different stages of the program
development, when creating both the algorithm and the program code. This can be done
using the test plan and a checklist of possible errors.

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10 For example: A linear search looks at each data item in turn, from start to finish or until it
has found the item it is looking for. A computer could use it when trying to locate in the
ASCII table the letter or symbol that a binary number represents.

8.3 Let’s talk technology: What’s going on inside

Practise (Student’s Book page 66)
1 Students’ pages should contain the following information.
– Operating system: the software that provides users with a method of interacting
with a digital device.
– Utility software: the software that helps users to manage their digital device.
– Students may include images associated with Windows, Android, iOS or any other
alternative; some students may show a command‐line based interface, which is also
acceptable, and images may be icons representing the interface or an example of the
interface.
– Purpose of an operating system: provides an interface; manages memory, the device
and security.
– Examples of utility programs:
o Antivirus: lets the user know whether there are any harmful programs on
their computer and helps them to remove them.
o Firewall: prevents unauthorised access to the user’s computer.
o Data compression: reduces the size of files to help save storage space on the
computer.
o Disk defragmentation: reorganises files on the computer’s storage area to
make them quicker to access.
o Screensavers: animated images or backgrounds that appear on screen when
the computer is not being used for a period of time.
o Backup: used to make a copy of a selected file.
2 a Operating systems vary and may include:
– iOS (iPhone)
– Android (Samsung Galaxy)
– Windows 11 (PCs).
b Students who opt to investigate their mobile devices could return an extensive range of
examples, from sounds and notifications to control centres and flight mode. For example:
on a device such as an iPhone, utility applications may include: Notifications, Sounds &
Haptics, Screen Time, Display & Brightness, Passwords; on an Android device they could
include tools such as Set Do Not Disturb Schedule or Turn on Wi‐Fi.
Practise (Student’s Book page 68)
1 a School = 01010011 01100011 01101000 01101111 01101111 01101100
b Computer = 01000011 01101111 01101101 01110000 01110101 01110100 01100101
01110010
2 For example: Tara = 01010100 01100001 01110010 01100001

Computational thinking – pattern recognition (Student’s Book page 68)

1 a Hello friend.
b My age is 13.

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2 Responses here will vary but should be a number of characters long, such as the ‘Hello
friend’ example from part 1a.
3 a Allow appropriate time in class for students to attempt to convert their partner’s
message back into words using the ASCII conversion chart.
b – All uppercase letters start with 0100; all lowercase start with 0110.
– There is only a 1 binary digit change in the code as you move from one alphabetic
character to the next.
– Lower‐ and uppercase representations all begin with 01; special characters all begin
with 001.
– All numerical characters start with 0011 and the remaining four digits contain the
binary representation for that digit, e.g. 2 in ASCII is 00110010.

Practise (Student’s Book page 71)

1

3 Encourage students to use subscripts, to show number bases in all representations.

a 9410
b 6310
c 101110 (one thousand and eleven)
d 1310
e 13110
f 11110 (one hundred and eleven)

Practise (Student’s Book page 73)

1 For example:

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2 For example:
– First, write down the place values for a binary number.
– Examine the highest place value and check whether this value can be subtracted
from the original decimal number without creating a negative number.
– If it can, place a 1 underneath the place value and keep a note of the result of your
calculation.
– If it cannot, place a 0 underneath the place value.
– Go to the next place value, and repeat the process to see whether that value can be
subtracted from the result, without creating a negative number in the answer.
– If it can, place a 1 underneath the place value and keep a note of the result of your
calculation.
– If it cannot, place a 0 underneath the place value.
– Continue repeating this process until you have examined all the place value.
3a

100000012
b

001011012 (encourage students to use 8 bits)

c

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011000102 (encourage students to use 8 bits)

4 For example:
a

Practise (Student’s Book page 77)

1

Practise (Student’s Book page 79)

1 Students’ answers will vary considerably, but encourage all students to investigate a
minimum of two devices, e.g.:

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2 For example (using the table in question 1):

a Mobile phone, tablet, laptop, PC.
b The fastest would be the PC. It has the highest amount of RAM, which means that it can
store more programs and data currently in use, so the processor spends less time accessing
the code and data needed and loading it from the device’s hard disc drive into RAM.

Practise (Student’s Book page 84)

For example:
A pick‐and‐place robot used in large warehouses to move items from one location to
another to fulfil customers’ orders: The robot uses vision technology to identify, grab and
move objects from one location to another while avoiding obstacles. It has a pre‐
programmed path that it is expected to follow but, using data collected from cameras, it
identifies obstacles and is able to work out how to manoeuvre around them.
Advantages/disadvantages should reference some of the following points:

Practise (Student’s Book page 85)

1–2 Responses will vary and may include examples similar to the one provided, e.g. the use
of AI and AR to support trekking expeditions or to suggest potential routes home during
inclement weather or peak travel times. Students’ suggestions may include the use of AR
glasses; others may be able to identify applications where AR is used to project images onto
the user’s real‐life environment using mobile‐phone technology, e.g. in games such as
Pokémon GO.
AR in education could include: allowing users to visit unusual or dangerous locations, e.g.
volcanoes/the top of Mount Everest/space; allowing users to experience different times in
history.
AR in entertainment could include: laser‐tag and other games; apps that allow users to try
new hairstyles or outfits; sports; holographic TVs.

Go further (Student’s Book pages 86–87)

1–2 For example:
pitter patter, pitter patter, listen to the rain
pitter patter, pitter patter on the windowpane
could be compressed to:

3–4 For example:

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Challenge yourself (Student’s Book pages 87–88)

For example:

Final project (Student’s Book pages 89–91)

Part 1
1 Students’ presentations should contain the following information.
a Systems software refers to computer programs that are designed to manage or control the
computer’s hardware while the user completes tasks using other programs known as
applications software. Systems software can be divided into two main categories:
– Operating systems: The software that manages all the computer hardware and
software; they can also provide an interface between the user and the computer
(examples include Windows, iOS, Android).
– Utility programs: The programs the user must select to complete a specific task
(examples include antivirus, firewall, data compression, disk defragmentation,
screensavers, backup).
b ROM (read‐only memory): Memory used to hold instructions that are important to the
digital device but not to the user.
RAM (random access memory): Memory that is used to store the programs and data
currently in use, e.g. when you load a word‐processing application and open a file.
ROM often holds an important program called the boot‐up program. This is the program
that locates the computer’s operating system in secondary storage and loads it into RAM so
that the processor can provide the user with a way of using the digital device.
For the telecommunication company's goggles, RAM would store any data being processed
about the call being made, e.g. the number being called and the images and sound
associated with the call.
Main features:

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c AI is about using complex computer programs and data to make decisions. It does not
always include imagery. The user can interact with the AI tool in many ways, e.g. with text,
images, video, sound.
With AR, the user interacts with a digital image that is projected onto their own real‐world
environment. The AR application may use AI to help with its interaction with the user.
d For example: Machine learning is when an AI system can use data to make decisions
without the help of a human.
i Digital assistants in homes/smart streaming services where suggestions are made about
shows the user might like.
ii Social‐media applications, e.g. Pokémon GO; also in shopping and travel apps to help the
user to make decisions.
2 a Responses should include reference to the following points.
Each digital device generates a special combination of 1s and 0s to represent each character
available to the user on the device’s keyboard. When a keyboard character is pressed, the
correct combination of 1s and 0s are generated so that the processor knows which letters/
symbols have been produced. 1s and 0s are generated using electrical pulses. This is
necessary as the processor does not understand the letters of the computer keyboard; only
1s and 0s.
b Student responses here will vary depending on student logins to school computing
systems. Encourage students to show only their username (not their password). Ask
students to write out their username in its usual format and then show underneath how
each character could be represented in ASCII format, e.g.:

c 128 in binary is 100000002; in ASCII it is 00110001 00110010 00111000.

Part 2
1

Part 4
1 a Step 1: Divide 19810 successively by 2 until the result of the division is 0.
198 / 2 = 99, remainder is 0
99 / 2 = 49, remainder is 1
49 / 2 = 24, remainder is 1

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24 / 2 = 12, remainder is 0
12 / 2 = 6, remainder is 0
6 / 2 = 3, remainder is 0
3 / 2 = 1, remainder is 1
1 / 2 = 0, remainder is 1
Step 2: Read from the bottom (MSB) to the top (LSB) as 11000110.
So, 11000110 is the binary equivalent of decimal number 198.
b Step 1: Divide 6810 successively by 2 until the result of the division is 0.
68 / 2 = 34, remainder is 0
34 / 2 = 17, remainder is 0
17 / 2 = 8, remainder is 1
8 / 2 = 4, remainder is 0
4 / 2 = 2, remainder is 0
2 / 2 = 1, remainder is 0
1 / 2 = 0, remainder is 1
Step 2: Read from the bottom (MSB) to the top (LSB) as 1000100.
So, 1000100 is the binary equivalent of decimal number 68.
2a

Using the place‐value method:

Write out the headings (always use 8 bits).
Write the 1s and 0s underneath the headings (always start from the right‐hand side (LSB) in
case
the number was not written using 8 bits.
Add up the value of the place‐value headings with a 1 underneath them to calculate the
denary
value of the number being represented.
Part 5
1–2 Student responses will vary, but could include the following examples.
Industry
– Some companies use AR and mobile‐phone apps or special glasses to overlay digital
information onto a staff member’s real‐life view; this can increase their productivity
as their live targets are updated regularly.
– Some also use AR to generate designs for new products to allow designers to
interact with and test the new product before it is produced.

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– Robots are used in many production lines, e.g. car manufacturing (but students can
list many more in their presentations).
Advantages of AR
– Provides users with more experience with products (e.g. they can try them in their
own homes).
– Brings the store/business to the customer.
– Makes the company stand out from others in a more creative way.
Disadvantages of AR
– May need to publish regular updates for new products.
– Can be expensive to develop.
– Not all customers will be able to use the technology.
Education
– Robots used to support students in developing mathematical thinking skills.
– Telepresence robots to support remote education.
– AR and VR enhance learning experiences by helping students to visualise learning;
some use VR comic books/animations as a learning tool and game‐based learning to
capture students’ interest.
Advantages of AR
– Allows students to learn in an interactive environment.
– Provides a media‐rich learning experience (fun element).
– Allows students to interact with experiences that are not normally available.
Disadvantages of AR
– Budgets can be limited in schools.
– Applications may not provide the learning experiences the school needs.
– There may not be enough equipment for all students.
Entertainment
– ● Humanoid robots are often used to carry out tricks either with remote controls or
pre‐programmed tasks; some toys based on robotic technology are used for
entertainment.
– AR is widely used in social‐media apps and filters, and many games now use AR
technology.
– AR is used in many TV shows or in public relations/advertising on TV where a unique
symbol or character is identified on the user’s mobile‐phone camera, and this can be
used to activate a task or another application.
Advantages of AR
– Provides users with an interactive experience.
– Increases the fun element of gaming.
– Can provide users with a more realistic experience in their own reality (living
room/garden/school, etc.).
Disadvantages of AR
– Software can require a lot of additional storage.
– May need a lot of RAM to run the application.
– May need additional hardware, and this can be expensive.

8.4 Testing conditions: Developing games

Learn (Student’s Book pages 98–99)

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Practise (Student’s Book page 100)

1 For example:

2–3 For example: The player’s character is not visible in the image in the ‘Practise’ box, so
students may not identify this. Some students may include enemies as a hazard as they will
need to be avoided by the player. There is not a set order in which the elements of the
game should be created. There are, however, some tasks that should come before others,
e.g. creating the background first helps with placement and movement of the other
elements.

Practise (Student’s Book page 102)

1–2 If the user enters a height of 140, then the program will show ‘Welcome aboard! Enjoy
the ride.’ This is because the result of the condition check is FALSE in the if statement;
therefore it performs the else selection.
4 The output should be ‘Welcome aboard! Enjoy the ride.’
5 The output should be ‘Sorry, you are too short for this ride.’

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Practise (Student’s Book pages 103–104)

1–2 Any value between 5 and 20, e.g. 15.
4 If running correctly, the program should display the following.
– Temperature less than 5: ‘Wear your gloves and scarf.’
– Temperature greater than 20: ‘Take your sunhat.’
– Temperature of 10: ‘You might need your coat.’

Learn (Student’s Book pages 113–114)

– A: Score = 45
Question set 1 receives 30 points as both answers are correct.
Question set 2 receives 15 points for one correct answer.
– B: Score = 10
Question set 1 receives –5 points as both answers are incorrect.
Question set 2 receives 15 points for one correct answer.
– C: Score = 5
Question set 1 receives –5 points as both answers are incorrect.
Question set 2 receives 15 points for one correct answer.
Question set 3 receives –5 points as both answers are incorrect.
– D: Score = 60
Question set 1 receives 30 points as both answers are correct.
Question set 2 receives 30 points as both answers are correct.
– E: Score = –5
Question set 1 receives –5 points as both answers are incorrect.
– Draw students’ attention to the pseudocode, which gives a framework for them to
follow when developing the code for their own questions.
– Remind students that they will be writing the code for the World Room as a sub‐
program.

Practise (Student’s Book pages 117–119)

7 When students test their program, they need to print the different variables in their
program to check that it works correctly (this is suggested in the task). Creating a test plan
would not be appropriate as numbers are being randomly generated and the user does not
provide the data being entered.
8 They needed to use the ‘random’ library because it generates a random number that helps
to develop the game and gives the user an opportunity to gather more points. Without this
library, students would not be able to generate the random number needed.

Computational thinking – algorithms (Student’s Book page 119)

1 a The program should output ‘x is less than y’.
b The program should output ‘x is same as y’.
c The program should output ‘x is less than y’.
2 a The program should output ‘Good morning’.
b The program should output ‘Good afternoon’.
c The program should output ‘Good morning’.
d There are a range of answers, e.g. x = 4, y = 7, z = 12.

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Challenge yourself (Student’s Book page 121)

1 List of shapes could include:
– triangles for the ears
– squares and rectangles for the legs/paws
– rectangle for the body
– squares for the eyes
– rectangle for the nose
– line for the mouth.
2–3 For example:

Final project (Student’s Book pages 122–125)

1 For example:

2 For example:

11–12 For example:

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13–15 For example:

8.5 Data input: Data collection and validation

Warm up (Student’s Book pages 128–129)
Part 1
1–2 Image 1 is a computer‐generated model that shows what the finished product might be
like. If, however, the user were to start amending data used to create that model, e.g. by
adding colour/changing the number of doors, the model would become a simulation.
Data simulations may produce a visual output, but they are also about the relationships
between data sets and how one affects the other. Changing the data and experimenting
with the model turns it from a model into a simulation.
Image 2 is also a model (until input data is changed to see how that might affect the shape
of the graph, e.g. the data input into the model could be altered in some way, such as the
price of cars being increased, which could lead to a reduction in cars sold!).
The key difference is that data models contain data and sometimes formulae or algorithms
that represent real‐life scenarios as they currently exist.
A model can become a simulation when input data is altered to show how it affects the
outcome from the model.
Part 2
1 An example of a database application is MS Access.

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Features:
– Forms to allow data to be collected for a model.
– Tables to store data relating to the model.
– Queries to allow users to extract useful data from the model.
– Data types to ensure that the model can process the data in the correct way.
2 An example of a spreadsheet application is MS Excel.
Features:
– Cells to record data items that make up the model.
– Labels to help the user understand the model.
– Formulae to link data items in the model.
– Conditional formatting to highlight important data in the model.
Part 3
1 Database:
– Few calculations involved
– Needs to be able to search effectively for books
– Needs to monitor overdue loans
– Needs to store members’ details
2 Database:
– Few calculations involved
– Needs to be able to search effectively for students’ contact details
– Needs to store assessment results
– Needs to add new data each year
3 Spreadsheet:
– Calculations may be needed to work out students’ averages and grades
– Calculations are also needed to work out class averages
4 Spreadsheet:
– Calculations are needed to work out fastest times and average times in races

Computational thinking – decomposition (Student’s Book pages 131–132)

1 Different levels of detail/different amounts of data stored for each student; this would
make it difficult to process.
2 Break down ‘Student name’ into two headings: first name and surname.
Possible additional headings for ‘Student address’ could include: house number, street.
3 ‘Age’ and ‘Stage’ could be difficult to search as not all are recorded using the same data
format, and recording it as text makes it difficult to search, e.g. searching for ‘Age’ >12
would not work.
4 Both should be stored as numerical data.

Practise (Student’s Book pages 133–137)

Part 1
1 ‘Student name’ and ‘Tutor name’ could both be broken down to ‘First name’/‘Initial’ and
‘Surname’.
2 Create a field to record the session type instead of having lesson data and exam data.
Session type could have only one of two answers, e.g. Exam or Lesson. Then add Session
date/Time instead of the two fields Lesson time and Examination time.
3 As students must complete all grades in order, there is no need to record the current
grade and examination grade. If a student is Grade 1 currently, then the next exam they will

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take will be Grade 2. There is no need to record unnecessary data in a data model, as this
could lead to increased processing time in large models.
4 New headings could include SessionID (this would be needed as a primary key),
StudentInitial, StudentSurname, YearGroup, Instrument, CurrentGrade, SessionDate,
SessionTime, Lesson/Exam, TutorSurname, Online/InPerson, FeePaid? Using the rule that
students must take all exam grades in numerical order, the field ExaminationGrade could be
removed; as long as students’ current grade is known, their exam grade can be worked out.
5 The list of field headings should be close to those shown in the data dictionary below.
6 Display 8.5 Presentation slide 3 to allow students to see a model version of the music
school database. Use this to discuss potential changes to the database structure. Examine
the student data dictionary and discuss any differences between students’ answers and the
model answer provided.

Part 2
– A primary key helps distinguish one record from another. For example, in the
database shown in this case, each student will appear more than once as they have
many lessons at many different times. Using a key field, for example SessionID, helps
distinguish one session (lesson or exam session) from another.
– Names were broken down into initials and surnames to ensure that the same data is
recorded for each person in the database. If the field heading was ‘name’, there are
lots of ways people might respond: some may only provide their first name, some
may provide a full first name and surname, some may provide an initial and a
surname. This might make it difficult to search for a person using their name as it
may not be entered in the same format each time.
– The field headings were renamed because it was important to remove blank fields
when the user was entering data into the database. Even when no data is added to a
field, the database still sets aside a number of characters to record that data item.
This means that storage space is being wasted. The field headings were renamed
from ExaminationTime and LessonTime to SessionDate/SessionTime to help reduce
the number of blank fields. This will also make the data validation process easier
later in development (we could include a presence check for each field – no field
should be left blank). We also added a primary key to make it easy to identify one

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lesson from another – we can now use SessionID instead of having to use the
student’s name. Examination grade is no longer required. If we are recording the
student’s current grade, we can easily work out what their exam grade will be. Also,
by breaking student name and tutor name down into student initial and student
surname and tutor initial and tutor surname, we are providing a consistent means of
recording data which again helps with validation and also makes it easier to search
for records that relate to individual students or tutors.
– The structure the music department used previously would have been easy to
understand as the field headings were clear, but as more and more data was
entered, the blank fields in the database may have been confusing. Users may not
have been sure if a field was left blank on purpose or by accident.
– It would have been easy to make an error when storing details for a lesson or an
examination session as users may not have entered a student’s or tutor’s name in
the same format each time a record was entered into the database.
– See above comments for discussion points on how the data structure in the new
MusicSchool.accdb database is an improvement.

Practise (Student’s Book pages 140–145)

An error message should appear in all tasks if students have correctly added the validation
checks outlined in the task.

Computational thinking – algorithms (Student’s Book page 148)

Search algorithms ensure that data in large data models are searched effectively for
important data items. They tell the processor the steps to follow when searching for data
included in the search criteria.
1
1 Make a note of the length of the list.
2 Set a pointer to mark the start of the list.
3 Compare the search value with the item held at the position in the list that matches
the pointer.
4 If the two values match, then the item has been located and the search can end.
5 Otherwise, increase the pointer value by 1 and repeat the previous two steps.
6 Keep repeating these steps until the item is found or the number of the counter =
the length of the list.
2 It is a suitable search method because the database is sorted into numerical order by the
primary key.
3 In a large database, the search may need to check every single data item to be certain
whether the item being searched for is in the list. If the data is at the end of the database,
the search will take a long time if the database is large. This would be true whether or not
the database had already been sorted.

Practise (Student’s Book page 150)

1 For example:
– Simulations: In the entertainment industry, e.g. rollercoasters, or to model weather‐
forecasting in meteorology.
– Data models, e.g. databases: Businesses keeping track of customers and their
orders/libraries monitoring members and loans.

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– Spreadsheets: Monitoring temperature changes/sea levels over time, or keeping

track of income and expenditure for a business.
– AR: Allowing people to try new furniture in their home before they buy it.
– VR: In retail with a virtual catwalk to model goods, or body scanning to recommend
clothes to suit customers’ bodies.
2 Advantages and disadvantages are listed in the ‘Learn’ box.
For example, when referencing the use of spreadsheets to model income/expenditure for a
business:
– Advantages: Formulae can be used to link important data items, e.g. to help the
company work out total sales and total expenditure and then profit; the company
can easily experiment with the model to see how increasing the price of one product
might affect sales of the product and therefore overall profit; the company can ask
‘what‐if’ questions.
– Disadvantage: It is difficult to take into consideration all factors, so the model being
used to simulate future increases or decreases in sales and profits might not be
accurate.
– Examples such as the use of AR as a tool for trying new products or hairstyles:
– Advantages: The customer can try the new product/hairstyle without spending
money, so if they do not like it they are not affected personally; the software can be
used to allow them to experiment with other products/hairstyles that they had not
previously considered.
– Disadvantages: The image generated may not be accurate (e.g. in terms of scale or
colour of hair/product); it may not accurately match the final outcome; the software
can be expensive to create and continually needs to be updated – this can be
expensive.
3
– Weather‐modelling data requirements could include: date, level of rainfall,
temperature at different points in the day, time of sunrise, time of sunset, windchill,
cloud coverage.
– SatNav journey data requirements could include: starting location, destination,
distance between the two points, walking speed, Google Maps data to plot the
journey.

Practise (Student’s Book page 152)

Part 1
1 a – D3: =(C3/$C$2)*100
– I3: =AVERAGE(C3,E3,G3)
– J3: =AVERAGE(D3,F3,H3)
Students do not need to see the formulae at this point; they will be given the opportunity to
examine the spreadsheet later in the lesson.
b Relative cell referencing is where the cell reference in a formula is updated when the
formula is replicated.
Absolute cell referencing is where the cell reference in a formula is not updated when the
formula is replicated (e.g. using $ in the cell references: $A$3).
c The formulae in columns I and J use relative cell referencing; the formulae in cells D3–D9
(also F3–F9 and H3–H9) use absolute cell referencing.
2 His score in Test 2 would increase; his % will increase to 91%.

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3 I8, J8 (F10 and F11 would change only if his score increased to greater than 89 or less than
68, so they should not be included at this point).
4 a Circulate among students as they compare the formulae they wrote down at the
beginning of the exercise with the actual formulae used in the spreadsheet. Take time to
discuss the formulae with those who do not understand the structure of the formulae
(especially the use of relative and absolute cell referencing).
b D3, I3, J3, D10 and D11.
Part 2
1 New % = 95%, new Average score = 76, new Average % = 93.
2 a It would increase their Average score to 80 and their Average % to 97%.
b It would increase the value of cell F10 to 100.
3 The spreadsheet would now contain the following values.

Go further (Student’s Book pages 155–157)

Databases
2 Example test plan:

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Final project (Student’s Book pages 159–161)

Part 1
1 Example data dictionary:

3 For example:

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Part 2
3 The discount to date is $236.25; the maximum number of lessons the school could offer
without exceeding their $300 budget is 44.
Part 3
1 For example:
– A data model is a computer‐based representation of a real‐life scenario as it exists at
the current time. Formulae and algorithms can be used to create relationships
between data items in the model.
– A computer simulation uses a data model to imitate a real‐life scenario. Inputs can
be amended to allow users to investigate how changes in input can alter output from
the simulation. Some simulations use specialised input and output devices to
support user interaction and may incorporate high‐quality graphics to create a
realistic environment for the user.
2 For example:
– Using AR in science to allow students to investigate inside the body or inside a
beehive; VR could allow them to visit and interact with far‐off planets in space.
– Using AR in language learning to allow students to experiment with new words and
phrases by interacting with apps in their classroom or other environment; using AR,
overlays for words and phrases for items in their current environment could be
displayed on screen for students to repeat or click on to hear.

8.6 Iterating through a solution: Software design and development

Practise (Student’s Book page 168)

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1 Each student acting as the developer should be able to describe how they have developed
the design. They should have sketches of each iteration to show how they have developed
the design after each round of feedback from the client.
2 For example: The iterative process differs from the waterfall process by its approach to
the project – the iterative process develops in cycles and can be followed continuously until
the final product meets the project requirements.

Practise (Student’s Book pages 170–171)

Part 1
1–3 The infographic should clearly show that the process is iterative; using an arrow that
circles back to where it starts can help to illustrate an iteration.
Part 2
1 Features of the app could include storing the details of a new contact, searching for
someone, updating a record, a way to collect a new contact, e.g. a form to complete, and
instructions for the user.
2 Each pair will have their own interpretation of how to design the app page. Remind
students to focus on the page requirements of displaying contact details. Areas that could
be considered are the positioning of the contact details on the page, what information will
be displayed and how will it look.
3–4 The benefits of decomposing a larger problem into smaller problems are that you are
able to refine areas of focus by working on each smaller problem before putting them
together to solve the larger problem.

Practise (Student’s Book page 173)

1–4 Students may have different answers to this section depending on the direction they
take for the questions, e.g. students focusing on recycling may have the following questions.
– Easy question: ‘What are the three Rs of waste management: reduce, reuse, recycle
or refuse, reduce, recycle?’ Answer: reduce, reuse, recycle.
– Hard question: ‘How long does it take for a plastic bottle to decompose: 200 or 450
years?’ Answer: 450 years.
5–6 Feedback may include:
– The question does not let me know what format the answer should be in; having a
set of options could help the user to enter the answer in the correct format.
– The question is not clear; reword it so that the user will understand it better.
– I really like the questions but would suggest swapping the order so they lead nicely
into each other.
– This question is too hard or too easy for this set.
7 Advantages may include:
– supporting each other
– identifying and fixing issues
– saving time
– adding improvements.
8 For example: Focusing on smaller parts can allow you to refine one section before moving
on to the next section. It is better to plan and check each question before writing the code
as errors and improvements are easier to spot.

Practise (Student’s Book pages 179–180)

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1 This creates a variable called ‘score’ with a starting value of 0. It asks the user two
questions. Each question has two answers. If the user answers a question correctly, then
they are told that it is correct and 1 point is added to their score; otherwise, they are told
that the answer is incorrect and then the current score is displayed.
2a
– User 1:
– Correct
– 1
– Incorrect
– 1
– User 2:
– Incorrect
– 0
– Incorrect
– 0
– User 3:
– Correct
– 1
– Correct
– 2
b
– User 1: 1
– User 2: 0
– User 3: 2
3
– score: integer
– question1: string
– question2: string

Practise (Student’s Book page 183)

1–4 For example:

5–7 Each student’s list will have similarities, e.g. the user’s answer to the question.
Differences may include the variable names, e.g. ‘question1’ or ‘Q1’. There may be
additional variables that some students add, including a score that increases or decreases
depending on the user’s answers, or additional variables to store the correct answers.
The comparison allows students to compare their findings and then develop their own
tables, which should include the following.

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8 Students have developed the list iteratively as they created the first list individually and
then, through discussion and comparison with others, they gained feedback on areas to
improve or add, which they added into a new list.

Practise (Student’s Book page 185)

1 Students’ program code will differ based on the question they use.
Students may combine the question into the input statement in the Python code.
2 Students may have used one or more Boolean operators to allow the user to enter their
answer in a variety of formats, e.g. ‘Y’ OR ‘y’ OR ‘YES’ OR ‘Yes’. Alternatively, they may have
asked the user to enter a number to indicate their chosen answer, e.g. 1 for 200 years or 2
for 450 years.
3–4 The variables and data types will vary depending on the question asked; the example
above uses:
– question1 – string
– score – integer.
5 The code has been developed by planning and designing an algorithm. This has been
turned into program code one line at a time. Some students may have tried to run their
program after they added each new section of code to make sure that there were no
obvious errors.

Practise (Student’s Book page 186)

1 Students should realise that new information will need to be added to the test plan each
time a new question is added to the program, to make sure that all routes through the
program work correctly.
2–3 The test plan that students create will link to the question they are asking in their quiz,
and so these will all be different. Students need to consider how a user will answer each
question and use this to generate the test data for each section of the program.

Practise (Student’s Book page 188)

1–4 Areas for improvement will vary from student to student, depending on how
successfully they wrote their program code. Some students may have programs that work
correctly already, but they should consider whether there are any improvements that could
be made to the display of the text on the screen.
5 The requirements that have been met will vary from student to student, depending on
what they included in their original list. However, they should all have a program that asks

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one question, allows the player to enter their answer, gives feedback based on the answer
given, and awards points if the answer is correct. The question should be suitable for an eco
quiz.
6 Testing may take place during the development of the program code and will always take
place once the section of code for each iteration has been completed. Reviewing and
evaluating take place at the end of each iteration or cycle.

Practise (Student’s Book page 189)

1–2 The list of requirements would include:
– a clear question about recycling or the environment
– an output stating whether the answer is correct or incorrect
– the score increasing if the second question is answered correctly
– the second question playing after the user has answered the first question
– the score being displayed to the user.
4 Possible test plan example linked to:

5–6 Feedback will be linked to students’ program code. For an example linked to the test
plan shown above in answer 4, the feedback would be that the answer was still added in the
first test and the output was incorrect as there were uppercase letters on both words.
8 Test plan example:

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9 For example:
– a clear question that asks about recycling or the environment
– an output stating whether the answer is correct or incorrect
– the score increasing if the second question is answered correctly
– the second question playing after the user has answered the first question
– the score being displayed to the user.

Go further (Student’s Book pages 189–190)

1 The data type can be either an integer or a string as no comparisons or calculations are
being carried out with the numbers. The difference in the Python code is the use of
quotation marks around the number for a string and without for an integer.
2 Testing will involve running the program and observing whether the output has a delay
between each of the number outputs. Students could use a stopwatch to further test the
time delay. Here is an example test plan.

The program could be developed by adding selection, and then asking the user whether
they are ready before the countdown starts, e.g. if user is ready, then start the countdown.

Challenge yourself (Student’s Book pages 190–191)

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1 Students will need to create the Python code to generate a random number between 1
and 100.
2 For example, variables used:
– ‘storedNumber’ = integer
– ‘numberGuessed’ = integer.
3 For example:
– if numberGuessed == storedNumber:

4 For example:
– elif numberGuessed > storedNumber and numberGuessed < 100:

5 For example:
– elif numberGuessed < storedNumber and numberGuessed > 0:

6 A test plan is harder to generate with a random number, as the expected outcome is not
known because you do not know the randomly generated number. Documenting the output
and the value being stored can show whether the correct output is being displayed, e.g.:

Final project (Student’s Book pages 191–193)

Plan
1–2 For example:
– questions linked to whether or not an item can be recycled
– quiz containing three questions
– user must answer all three questions
– after the three questions are answered, the user is told whether the item can be
recycled the questions need to flow into each other and use a delay to allow the
question and answers to be displayed.
Design
3 Important characteristics of pseudocode include:
– it is short, clear and precise

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– OUTPUT and INPUT specified and in uppercase

– if, then, else and endif used for selection
– indentation used for code to run if the condition is TRUE or FALSE
– quotation marks around text to be output
– START and STOP used.
4 If none of the conditions are met, then the output will be ‘Your item cannot be recycled’.
5–6 Questions will differ between students, depending on how they determine whether an
item can be recycled; one set of questions has been used in the following example.

7 Variables will be individual but need to be suitably named, e.g. ‘q1Answer’.

Test/Review and evaluate

10–13 Students should create a test plan with a suitable data range. The data range will
consider the different inputs that the user can enter, e.g. ‘Y’ or ‘y’ should be tested for each
question as well as other answers, e.g.:

Iteration 2
14–16 For example, here is a test plan to test question 2.

Iteration 3
17–19 For example, here is a test plan to test question 3.

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Iteration 4
20–24 For example, question 1:

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