Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 5 views

    2 Chondrichthyes Notes

    Uploaded by

    Zusanne Scholtz

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    2 Chondrichthyes Notes

    Uploaded by

    Zusanne Scholtz
    5 views30 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views30 pages

    2 Chondrichthyes Notes

    Uploaded by

    Zusanne Scholtz

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    Class Chondrichthyes:

    Lecture Objectives:
    1. Understand the importance and process of the
    evolution of jaws
    2. Know the characteristics of the Class Chondrichthyes
    3. What is a heterocercal tail?
    4. Describe the structure and function of placoid scales
    5. Describe different methods of embryo nourishment
    and development
    Where are we?
    Dipnoi

    23-3
    Jawed Vertebrates – Gnathostomata
    (gnatho = jaw, stoma = mouth)
    • jaws: one of most important events in vertebrate evolution
    • 2 advantages:
    1° allows biting off of chunks of larger organisms, allows increase in size
    2° allows manipulation of objects
    Evolution of jaws:
    • modifications of first two gill arches
    • musculature there for pumping
    • developed ability to squeeze the gill
    arches together
    • 2nd arch attaches to skull for stability
    • embryology of modern sharks –
    “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”?
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5
    6ascCgHzMc
    • 8:44-9:32
    KEY CO NCEPT

    Jaws appeared in extinct jawed


    fishes and evolved from the gill
    arches
    Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous fishes
    - sharks, rays and chimeras
    • Subclass Elasmobranchii – true sharks, rays

    • Subclass Holocephali – chimaeras


    Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous fishes
    - sharks, rays and chimeras
    • Subclass Elasmobranchii – true sharks, rays

    • Subclass Holocephali – chimaeras


    Elasmobranchi - Sharks
    and rays
    • 1000 species; ~ 300 species in Australian
    waters
    • marine & freshwater (a few), all depths
    • Size: 20cm – 12m length (sharks); 25cm –
    6.5m width (rays)
    • arose approx. 400 mya
    • cartilaginous skeleton
    • notochord replaced by vertebrae
    • evolved from organisms with bony
    skeleton – NEOTENY? loss of bone to
    increase buoyancy?
    Chordate characteristics
    All the chordate characters (which are….?)

    Tripartite brain

    External gill slits

    New Characteristics (compared to Agnathans)


    Jaws

    Stomach

    Paired fins
    New characteristics (compared to
    jawless fish)

    • Stomach

    • spiral valve: increases internal gut surface area

    • spiracle, gills & gill slits

    • most sharks have to swim to ventilate gills

    • rays use spiracles to pump water over gills

    • 2-chambered heart
    Elasmobranchii - Sharks
    • 6 orders, approx. 400 species, most
    marine, 1 family freshwater

    • generally fusiform shape ® swim in open


    water

    • gill slits: 5 to 7 each side

    • one or two dorsal fins

    • large caudal fin: heterocercal – backbone


    turns up into dorsal lobe
    Elasmobranchi - Rays
    • Order Rajiformes, approx. 500 species
    • Dorsoventrally flattened – live on sea bed
    • Pectoral fins enlarged “wings” –
    locomotion by wave-like motions of
    pectoral fins
    • Respiration: water drawn in through
    spiracle (not mouth), then forced out over
    gills
    • Gill slits – 5-6 on ventral surface

    • Ray swimming:
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nbuu1
    Fa-c1k
    Shark swimming

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLHTtDbtDFA
    Notch eliminates drag

    Locomotion:
    • Excellent rapid swimmers
    • paired immobile fins are shaped to provide lift
    • tail provides thrust & also lift as moved through water
    • head and fins flattened to provide lift during forward motion
    • most cruise at 2-5 km per hour; bursts of 30 km per hour (a mystery!) v.
    fast sharks have modified tail fins
    • Notch in the modified tail reduces drag
    • Rough scales reduce drag
    Reduce drag (not for buoyancy)

    A shark’s fins are like an


    airplane wing providing
    lift by their shape
    KEY CO NCEPT

    Sharks are neutral to negatively


    buoyant

    Shark buoyancy is aided by:


    cartilaginous skeleton, oily liver,
    lift provided by shape of pectoral
    fins

    Shark buoyancy and lift


    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEU6PqhKhC4&t=31s
    Skin (and teeth)

    • Thin outer epidermis


    • Thick dermis ® very flexible
    • Placoid scales:
    - Pulp cavity
    - Surrounded by dentine
    - Enamel outer layer
    - Hardness of steel
    - Secreted by cells in dermis
    - Pierce through epidermis Manta ray scales
    Sharks and rays – feeding

    • Predaceous
    - sharks on fish and mammals
    - rays on benthos
    • Teeth
    - Replaced continuously through life

    • Sharks: triangular or blade-like ® cutting, gripping


    • Rays: small blunt teeth in a plate ® grinding
    • A few filter feeders (manta ray, basking shark)
    • Whale shark largest
    living fish
    • feeds on plankton
    • specially modified
    mouthparts
    Sensory systems:
    • hearing, not well developed

    • Sight best at low light

    • Sense of smell excellent

    • lateral line system over head and along side of


    body
    - senses pressure changes in water –
    movement of prey

    • ampullae of Lorenzini
    - front of head – electroreception
    - senses electrical field given off by prey
    KEY CO NCEPT

    Cartilagenous fish have lateral


    lines (pressure changes) &
    ampullae of Lorenzini (electical
    pulses)

    How do sharks and rays use electricity to find hidden


    prey?
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDPFR6n8tAQ&t=15s
    Reproduction
    • separate sexes
    • internal fertilisation
    • generally produce few, large offspring
    • higher survival rate
    • males bear claspers – modified pectoral
    fins, to transfer sperm

    Shark reproduction
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWI60arRyG4
    Reproduction
    • Oviparous (egg bearing)
    - protected by egg cases
    - embryos have yolk sac for nourishment
    - e.g., Port Jackson shark
    Reproduction
    • Viviparous (live bearing) – about 57% of species

    • embryos nourished in a variety of ways:


    - yolk sac attached to embryo, “hatch” from egg in
    uterus
    - supplement nutrients by secretions into uterus
    – placenta – obtain nutrients direct from mother –
    e.g., whaler sharks and hammerheads
    – female produces extra, unfertilised eggs for young
    to feed on – e.g., mackerel sharks
    – embryos cannibalise other embryos – e.g., grey
    nurse shark
    KEY CO NCEPT

    Sharks have internal fertilization

    Sharks can be viviparous,


    oviparous or can retain eggs in
    the body until they hatch
    Rare and
    endangered
    Too long!
    sharks

    Basking shark

    l shark
    + (River whaler)
    G. Allen

    Sawfish

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwa_5tebsnk
    Experimental • shark finds plaice - smell or
    proof that the
    Amullae of charge?
    Lorenzini find
    electrical • shark finds plaice in agar - smell
    pulses
    further on

    • shark locates smell of chopped


    plaice

    • shark cannot locate shielded


    plaice with no smell

    • shark finds finds several


    electrodes

    •shark bypasses piece of plaice &


    attacks electrode

    You might also like