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Voltage Stability Enhancement by Optimal Placement of UPFC

Article in Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology · September 2009

DOI: 10.5370/JEET.2009.4.3.310

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310 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 310~314, 2009

Voltage Stability Enhancement by Optimal Placement of UPFC

M.Kowsalya*, K.K.Ray*, Udai Shipurkar ** and Saranathan**

Abstract – This paper presents the improvement of the voltage profiles of power system networks by
the inclusion of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The mathematical model of the UPFC is in-
corporated in the load flow algorithm and the L-index is calculated for the different values of the con-
trol parameter r andγ. The positioning of the UPFC device is changed to minimize the sum of the
squares of the L-indices at all load buses. The test cases considered for the improvement of voltage
profile with the WSCC 9-bus and IEEE 30 bus system. With the best position of UPFC along with the
control parameters the improvement in voltage profile of the power system networks are obtained. The
results obtained are quite encouraging compared with other techniques used to identify the best loca-
tion of UPFC.

Keywords: Control parameters, FACTS, L-index, UPFC, Voltage stability

1. Introduction bus. In this paper the author identifies the new

index ∑ L2 to improve the overall stability margin of the
With the increased loading of existing power transmis- system by locating the best position of UPFC for the ob-
sion systems due to increased demand, the problem of tained control parameters(r,γ).
voltage stability along with voltage collapse has become a Section 2 gives a defined calculation of stability index;
major concern in power system operation, control and Section 3 gives power model with UPFC along with the
planning. With the rapid developments in power electronic analytical equations. Validation of the proposed index is
devices, FACTS devices have become more attractive for carried out with the WSCC 9-bus system and IEEE 30-bus
long distance power transmission. Recently, FACTS de- system.. The results discussed in section 5.
vices have gained more popularity in power system opera-
tions for their contributions in modifying the control pa-
rameters to achieve a satisfactory power handling capabil-
ity [4]-[7]. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is 2. Calculation of Stability Index
one such device considered for regulating the real and reac-
tive power flow independently with adaptive control strat- In order to prevent the occurrence of voltage collapse, it
egy. Thereby, it offers necessary functional flexibility for is essential to accurately predict the operating condition of
the combined application of phase angle and voltage mag- a power system. Kessel et al. developed a voltage stability
nitude control through series and shunt compensation. The index based on the solution of the power flow equation [1].
major advantages of embedding UPFC in power system is The L-index is a quantitative measure for the estimation of
not only improves the power handling capability with out the distance of actual state of the system stability limit. The
changing the transmission network or installing new gen- L- index describes the stability of the complete system. A
erations plant but also reduces the generations cost through load flow result is obtained for a given system operating
utilizations of excess power available. condition which is otherwise available from the output of
With the application of UPFC, which controls active an on line estimator. The load flow algorithm incorporates
and reactive component of power, the effect on system load characteristics and generator control characteristics.
voltage stability margin improves and the voltage collapse For an n-bus power system, buses can be separated into
criteria changes. In order to have an effective utilization of two groups: Bring all load buses to the head and denote
UPFC, proper location of UPFC is a major concern. them as αLand put the PV buses the tail and term them as
This paper aims to locate an ideal placement of UPFC αG i.e., αL ={1,2,……,nL} and αG ={ nL+1, nL+2,……n-1,
to achieve maximum utilization of the device. To obtain the n} , where nL is the number of load buses. The following
optimal values of the control vectors (r,γ) for the UPFC, L- hybrid system equation is then obtained:
index [1] initially used to place the UPFC in the weakest ⎡V L ⎤ ⎡ Z LL F ⎤⎡IL ⎤
LG

⎢ G ⎥ = ⎢ GL GG ⎥ ⎢ G ⎥
(1)
* Associate Professor & Senior Professor, School of Electrical Sci-
⎣ I ⎦ ⎣K Y ⎦ ⎣V ⎦
ences, Power Electronics and Drives Division, VIT University, India.
+91 9791114931([email protected], [email protected] )
Where ZLL, FLG, KGL, and YGG are sub-block of matrix
** Under graduate Scholar, School of Electrical Sciences, VIT Univer-
H; VG, IG, VL, IL are voltage and current vector of PV buses
sity, Vellore, India.
and load buses respectively. Voltage stability index Lj for
Received 2 September 2008; Accepted 10 August 2009
any load bus can be defined as given in equation (2)
 M.Kowsalya, K.K.Ray, Udai Shipurkar and Saranathan 311

g
Vi
Lj = 1 − ∑F ji
Vj
(2)
i =1

Where the L-index varies between 0 (no-load) and 1

(voltage collapse) which says the stability margin of the
system.
Fig. 3. Power injection model of UPFC in the transmission
line
3. UPFC Model
A modified model is developed by replacing the voltage
3.1 UPFC Model Vse by a current source Ise (Ise =-jbseVse) [8] parallel with the
transmission line where bse =1/Xse. For simplifying the
The Unified power flow controller is the most compre- analysis,
hensive device amongst the FACTS devices [2]-[3] so far So far the analysis is carried out with UPFC consider-
developed. It is well known that this unified controller i.e., ing the power injected equals to power supplied by the
the combination of static synchronous compensator converter in the UPFC. In this paper the analysis has taken
(STATCOM) and a static series compensator (SSSC) which into consideration the switching losses of about 2% of the
are normally incorporated in the system to provide concur- power transferred i.e.,
rent real and reactive power compensation is achieved by PSHUNT = −1.02 PSERIES
injecting a series voltage which in turn reflected in control-
ling the line impedance and angle or alternatively real and In this analysis a modified model fig (3) is developed
reactive power flow in the line. A block diagram represen- with the above considerations assuming the reactive power
tation of the series shunt compensation is shown in fig (1) QSHUNT is zero. The new mathematical model of UPFC is
From the model an analytical equation may be derived developed considering the series connected voltage source
to obtain the modified bus voltage. model with the addition of power injection equivalent to
PSHUNT+j0 to bus i.
From the developed model modified jacobian is ob-
tained and the load flow is carried out.

4. Methodology

From the load flow solutions of the developed model

stated above L-index is obtained to identify the weakest
bus which is subsequently loaded to a maximum loading
Fig. 1. Equivalent model of UPFC between two buses limit. The analysis is carried out by replacing the Unified
Power Flow Controller at the identified bus to obtain the L-
index. Similarly, The Load flow solution for L-index is
Considering the reference voltage for the ith bus as
carried out for all the lines. From the results obtained for
Vi∠0 modified system voltage may be represented by
L-index best locations of the UPFC is found by minimizing
Vi = Vse + Vi
'
(3) the sum of the squares of the L-index for the system as a
The voltage sources Vse and Vsh are controllable in both whole. The proposed technique for the optimal location of
their magnitudes and phase angles through r and γ the con- UPFC is tested in two cases viz. WSCC 9-bus system and
trol parameters of UPFC whish operates within the follow- IEEE -30 bus system. The results so obtained are discussed
ing specified limits. in section 6.
0 ≤ r ≤ rmax and 0 ≤ γ ≤ 2π
5. Implementation

The developed UPFC model for real and reactive power

injections into the system, the load flow studies was carried
out with control parameters r varied in steps of 0.1 p.u. and
γ is varied between 0 to 2π for every incremental value of r.
A graph as shown in fig, is plotted for various values of r
Fig. 2. The Modeling of the series voltage source into an
and γ. This analysis is carried out for all possible locations
equivalent current source.
to obtain the best control parameters and the best locations.
312 Voltage Stability Enhancement by Optimal Placement of UPFC

6. Results and Discussions

6.1 WSCC 9-bus system

The test results for the WSCC 9-bus system having 3

generators is shown in fig. 5.The L-index curve for various
loading condition is plotted to identify the weakest bus
Fig. 6. Stability limit as a function of r and γ indicating the
and its loading limit as shown in fig. 6.
stability levels
From the graph it is observed that bus 6 is found to be
the weakest bus with a loading limit of 3.879 p.u. With the
maximum loading conditions are obtained for bus 6 the Table 1. ΣL2 for optimum control parameters at each loca-
UPFC is incorporated and the load flow analysis is per- tion for the WSCC 9 bus system
formed by varying r, γ (0 ≤ r ≤1and 0 ≤ γ ≤ 2π) and the
optimum values are recorded on the basis of maximum
stability limit.
A 3-D Plot is drawn with r and γ to obtain the stability
limit. From the plot, the value of control parameter r is 0.4
and gamma is 2.1 radians the system is more towards sta-
ble operating limit of 0.4(fig 6) when the UPFC positioned
between the buses 8 and 9.
The analysis is carried out with UPFC location at dif-
ferent positions to obtain the optimal value of r and γ for
the calculation for overall stability index i.e., ΣL2. The
results are tabulated in table 1.

From the table it is evident that the lowest value of ΣL2

gives the optimum location of the UPFC i.e., between
buses 9 and 6. Bus number 6 through L-index identified as
the weakest bus hence the conclusion that the UPFC
placement between buses 9 and 6 is the suitable location to
obtain the maximum stability limit.
The analysis was carried out for the IEEE -30 bus sys-
tem [13]. The results of the analysis were shown in fig 8, 9
&10.

Fig. 4. WSCC 9-bus system

Fig. 7. L-index vs. load bus for the WSCC 9-bus system
Fig. 5. L-index vs. load bus for each load bus after inclusion of UPFC in the Optimized position
 M.Kowsalya, K.K.Ray, Udai Shipurkar and Saranathan 313

6.2 IEEE 30 bus system

Fig. 9. Stability limit as a function of r and γ indicating the

stability levels IEEE 30 bus system

From the analysis and results obtained it is clear that

the optimum location of UPFC placement to obtain the
maximum stability between buses 25-26. Bus number 26
was identified as the weakest bus through L-index with the
loading limit of 0.148.p.u.
Fig. 8. IEEE 30 bus system Fig. 9 shows the 3-D plot between stability index, r and
γ for the IEEE 30 bus system for the maximum stability
Table 1. ΣL2 for optimum control parameters at each loca- limit 0.148 p.u. Again the r and γ corresponding to the peak
tion for the WSCC 9 bus system is the optimum values for the given placement.

7. Conclusions

From the analysis performed on the test cases, it is evi-

dent that UPFC is indeed a device that can improve the
stability of a power system and hence allow increase load-
ing.
For the 9-bus WSCC system the optimum placement
was found to be between buses 9 and 6. The control pa-
rameters were r=0.1p.u. and γ=0.1rad. The instability of the
system, represented by ΣL2, decreased from 1.2657 without
UPFC device to 0.14325 when placed in the position be-
tween buses 9-6. The reactive power injected in the UPFC
is found to be 0.57964 p.u.
For the IEEE -30 bus system the optimum placement
was found to be between buses 4 and 2. The control pa-
rameters were r=0.6p.u. and γ=4.2rad. The instability of the
system, represented by ΣL2, decreased from 6.2371 without
UPFC device to 0.12392 when placed in the position with-
out UPFC device to 0.14325 when placed in the position
between buses 4 and 2. The reactive power injected in the
UPFC is found to be 2.3575 p.u.
It was observed that during the analysis that the place-
ment of the UPFC compensating device at the weakest bus
is not necessarily most beneficial to the stability of the sys-
tem.

Fig. 10. Reduction in ΣL2 after insertion of UPFC in the

system
314 Voltage Stability Enhancement by Optimal Placement of UPFC

A pictorial representation is the bar graph of fig 10 M.Kowsalya She received B.E degr
which shows the reduction in the value of ΣL2 depicting an ee in electrical and electronics engi
increase in the overall stability neering and M.E degree in from A
nnamalai University, 1995 and 1997.
Her research interests are power s
Acknowledgements ystem stability, power electronics ap
plications in power systems.
This work was supported by the Vellore Institute of
Technology University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India, 632014.

K.K.Ray He obtained his B.E. degr

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ieee30cdf.txt

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