Networks

A
AAAAAAAAAA
n e t w o r Is an interconnection Chapter Focus
are able to
c o m p u t e r

A
ow
l arr
oo more computers that Advantages and Types of Computer
information. The computers linked Networks
can share resources such as NetworkTopologies
netwo Protocols-HTTP.TCP/I. FTP POP, IMAP
exchange iles, and also
rinters and
SMTP and PPP
mmunicate electronically) The computers Network Devices
nnected
to may bepersonal
the network Internet Terms
or large main frames. Computer Cloud Computing
c o m p u t e r s

Shared Drives
n e t w o r k s
form thecore of communication. It Web 2.0 Tools
has extended the power of a computer beyond
the four
walls of a room. The| Intermet is an
fworldwide network of computers that is growing at a rapid rate.
example

The communication over the computer network has three components.

Sender:The sender sends a request for communication which may be like, to access
a

file or access the printer.

services the
Receiver: The receiver receives the request by the sender and then
request.
Medium used to establish the communication: The sender
and receiver are
The medium
connected via a medium that is required for the transmission of data.
can

radia links.
be copper wires, optical fibres, communication satellites, or

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUIERNETWORKS
vital of any organisation. They have various
NOwadays, computer networks are a part
advantages. Some of them are
Resource sharing-All thecomputers in a network can share resources such
of resourees results in
as
printers, fax machines, modems and scanners. Sharing
location of
availability of the resource to different users regardless of physical
the
the resource or the user. It also enhances oplimal use o1 the resources. leads to easy
maintenance and saves cosL
 File sharing and remote database acces-A computer networkallowsthe shar
offiles and access to databases. You can casilyaccess the files presenm on some otha haring
computer on the network. This saves thetimewhich may be wasted if a file is conisd
fromone computer system to another. A lso, networking allows many people to work opied
opthe data stored in the database simultaneously.
Ease of communication-Networks allow people to communicate through email,
Data in the form of text, audio. vIdeo and pictures can be sent via email. This
allona
the users communicate online in a faster and cost eftective manner. Chatting, vide
to
conferencing. blogging and so on are facilities which also make communication
apd faster. casier
Back-up and support-Computers on a network can be used to take hack-up of
eritical data. In situations where there is a requirement
of always-on computer, another
computer on the network can take over in case of failure of one computer.
TYPES OF cOMPUTER NETWÓRKS
The computers in a network
may be located in a room, building, city, country or
anywhere in
the world. Depending on the
geographical
area covered a by network, the following are the
arious types of computer networks:

Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a computer

network that spans a local area such as a laboratory
school and an office building.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A MAN is a Info Hub
computer network that usually covers a larger area than a A Wireless LAN (WLAN)
LAN: For example, a network that connects two offices is a computer network in

in a city, a neighbourhood area, etc. which high frequency radio

signals are used instead of
Wide Area Network (WAN): AWAN is acomputer wires to transmit data from
network that spans wide geographical area. A WAN
a one computer to another

may be spread across cities, countries or continents. A has become popular due to the
WAN is formed by connecting various LANs and MANs. ease of its installation and due
to the
increasing populority of
The Internet is the largest WAN) laptop computers
Personal Area Network: A PAN is a computer network
organised around a person. It is used for communication
between devices such as phones, personal digital assistants, printers and laptop. that
are in close proximity. You can use these networks to transferfiles. photos, and so 0n.
between various devices
Campus Area Network (CAN): A CAN is a computer network that spans two or more
LANS. For example, a network that connects a college campus and oflice buildings.
CAN is a type of MAN.on a smaller area.

120
 LAN

LAN
WAN LAN

LAN

(a) LAN
(b) WAN

OUTER

OFFICE-B

PERBONAL ARBA
eYwoR

oFFTCE-A

(c) PAN (d) MAN

Fig. 8.1 Types of computer networks

NETWORK TQPQLOGIES
to one
unalogy
Tope
refers to the layout pattern in which the various computers are connected
another
ano
to form a network. 1 hc computers on a network are also referred to a s nodes. The way
a tmoves ones the network depends on the topology. There are five main types oftopologies-
data

Bus, Ring, SLar.

Trec andMesh

Bus Topology
the bus
the computers are connected to a single central cable called
In bus topology.(all
travels through the length of a bus in
(Fig. 8.2). The transmission of data from any computer
all
both the directions and can be received by Nodes
the
other computers on the network. If
address of a computer is that of the intended
otherwise, the
recipient, it accepts the data;
too
data is rejected) Bus topology is quite easy
function
set up. However, the network cannot
if there are breaks in the bus. Sometimes Terminator
Bus
Inators are required to prevent loss of
increases
data atboth ends.) It is costly and Fig. 8.2 Bus topology
the network cost.

121
 Ring Topology
In ring topology. cach computer is connected
to two other computers so as to
torm a closed
ring-lnkestructure (Fig. S.). In this topoiogy.
data is transmitted in one directiononly The
disadvantage of ring network is that the
breakdown of any one computer on a ring Nodes
can disable the entire systenm.
Fig. 8.3 Ring topology
Star Topology
star
topology.hll the computers are connected
a
central computer, ora central node to
to

data sent between any two (Fig. 84).

Central node compute passes The
the central node. The
central node controlsthroug
all
activities of the nodes. More
computers can be easilv
added to the netwÓrk. The breakdown
af
computerS. except the central node. does the
the functioning of the network.
does not affect
Fig. 8.4 Star topology the central node disables the owever. falure of
the entire network. communication across
Tree Topology Sta+B
In tree
topology. groups of star-configured
workstations are connected to a linear bus backbone Bus
cable (Fig. 8.5). Thus, this topology combines
characteristics of bus and star topologies. Tree
topologies allow for the expansion of an existing
network and enable users to configure a network to
meet their needs. It is particularly suitable when
the network is
widely spread and yastly divided.
into several branches. Similar to the
bus topology,
the tree topology crashes if there
is a break in the
central bus. Fig. 8.5 Tree topologY

Mesh Topology
in mesh
topology, every computer is connected to
ig. 8.6
(a)) is very expensive to every other computer. Full mesh topology
implement, Normally, partial mesh topology(Fig. S.o tD])s
implemented in which a computer is connected to few other
Computers connected in mesh computers in the netwo k.
topology are very fast and have dedicated conneetioi.
122
 (a) Full mesh topology (b) Partial
mesh topology

Fig. 8.6

a0arative Study of Network Topologies

Table 8.1 Advantages and disadvantages of the different network topologies
Advantages Disadvantages
nodes.
Easy to implement and extend. Limited cable length and
number of
Easy to install. breakdowns.create
problem.for
Well suited for small networks. OThe cable
the entire network.
Bus in the
Cheaper than other topologies as only a higher
Topology Maintenance costs may.be
singlecable is used. longrun.
Easy identification of cable faults. Performance degradesas. additional
Reduced weight due to fewer wires. ComputerS are added.
the
Very orderly network. ereate problems for
One bad node can
Performs better than abus topology under Aentire network.
Ring heavy network load, Moving, adding and changing of
devices
Topology Does not require network server to manage can affect the network.
the connectivity between the computers.
the
(High dependence of the network failure of
on
Better performance.
Each node is inherently isolated by the link functioning ofthe central hub
as

that connects it to the hub. the same makes the system inoperable. network
Stár Easy to connect additional devices or Performance and increase of the
Topology increases thesize.ofthenetwork. depends on the capabilities of the hub.
Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. OWiring up of the system can be very

ONo disruptions to the network when expensive.

connecting or removing devices.
the
All the computers have access to the larger(Length of the network depends type on

and their immediate networks. ofcableused.

Tree ()A point point
to connection is possible inEntirely dependent on the cable (trunk)
Topology thistopology. which is the main backbone of the network.
Best topoiogy for branched networks. Diticult to contigure and can get
complicated after a certain point.

I t is robust because ofits multiplelinks Expensive as it requires more cable than

(Fault identificationand troubleshootingis other networks.
Mesh casier as compared to other networks. Difficult to install.
Topology There is redundancý in this network.
Its pertormance is not affected with heavy
loadof data transmission.

123
 shi

PROTOCOLS
h e prolocols are a sct ol rules usecd by coputers on a computer network to comm
with each other. Thc compules that follow the sanne rules or protocols are able to evle
systems)Some examples of protocols lhange
informaliOn even if they haye diflerent operating
are
HTTP (lyper Text Iranster Protocol)-It is a PIOtocol uscd betweena web. ser-
and a web browser lor transferring ITML pages. server
(iCPP (Transmission Control P'rotocol/nternet Protocol,TCP is a protocol
which is used along with the IP to.send data over the Internet./The
ransmitted across the Internct in the form of little information is
bundles called
specilications that determines the best route for the packets acrosspackets( IP is a
the Internet so
of set .

information reaches its destination addressTCP is that

down into packets belore they are sent and tor responsible for breaking the data
at the destination.) assembling the packets when they arive
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)-It is a protocol used to transfer and
the Internet. manipulate files on
)POP(Post Office Protocol-It is an
Internet protocol used to retrieve e-mails by
clients from remote servers. POP3 is uscd by client for e-mail installed onto the user's
computer. The user uses a
program such as Microsoft Outlook
Express. or Outlook
IMAP (Internet Message. Access Protocol)-It is an Internet
for web-based protocol used by client
e-mail to access mail on server. The e-mail
window. The e-mail is not stored on the user's appears in a web browser's
provide free e-mail accounts.
computer. Hotmail, yahoo and gmail
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol-lt is a
TCP/IP protocol used in sending and
receiving e-mails. It is a delivery protocol and is usually used with one of the other two
protocols, POP3 or IMAP.

NETWORK DEVICES
Various devices are used for setting up a computer network. Let us discuss a few devices that
play a crucial role in a computer network.

NIC (Network lnterface Card)

A NIC (Fig. 8.7) is a hardware device that is attached to a
computer to enable it to communicate over the network. The
NIC has a ROM chip
that contains a unique number which is
the hardware address or Media Access Control (MAC) address.
This hardware address
the network.
uniquely identifies a computer on
Fig. 8.7 Network Interface Card

124
 MOde

A Modem (short for Antel

8.8)
nunicate
xchange
ls are:
vice (Fig.
analog torm farm
ion, the
di..re
so
that
thal
they
receiving
t

can
odulator-demodulator)
converts digital
V e

travel signals of
is an
clcertronic a
ital modem converts phonecomputer
over
ioure 8.9 form A ino
their a
erver
into
so that
the the line. At the
t h e m

shows the analog

destination comput signals back
working mechanism puter understands ZA BRAND

DIGITAL SIGNAL of a
ANALOG SIGNALmodem. Fig. 8.8 Modem
set of COMPUTER
DIGITAL SIGNAL
that MODEM
ata Sender TELEPHONE MODEM n COMPUTER
arrive LINE
Fig. 8.9
used for Transmission of signals Receiver
Modems are
through modem
es on
comp. nd
and connecting computers
a telephone
Figure 8.10 shows the
to
and a telephone line. line. Internet. Modems
theconnection
connected to a
are
co
of a modem with a computer
er's CPU of computer

ent Modem
-s
Info Hub
.
Modems can be external or internal. External
modems generally contain indicators which help
nd in
understanding
the functioning of the modem.
Also an external modem can be moved from one
wo
computer to another.
On technical basis, hubs can be categorised into
passive hubs, intelligent hubs, and switching
Telephone hubs.
Fig. 8.10 Connection of a modem
at Port for connecting modem
Ports for connecting or additional hub (typically
Hu labelled Link or Out)
Computers
used to
A hub is a device (Fig. 8.11) that is
a network. Hubs
are
Conneet computers in
segments of a LAN. A hub
Commonly used to connect too5
ports. Small hubs network 4
contains multiple and even 24 ports.
hubs contain 8, 12, 16,
Computers. Larger
the network, the
sends data on
In a hub, when one computer other computers
to all the havingfour
A hub having four ports
the packets Fig. 8.11
8.I
u b simply forwards determining
responsible for is
COnnected to it. Each computer the others.
for it and ignoring
are
destined
which packets
 Switeh
A switch is also a device (Fig S.12) used for connecting computers
n a nctwork. However. a switch is a more intelligent device than a
hub. Unlike a hub. a switeh sends the incoming data to the desired
destination only. It reçords the addresses of all the computers
connected to it. Thus, when a packet is received, the switch reads the Fig. 8.12 Switch
information about the destination address to determine it the destination.device
is conno.
to it or not. If the destination device is connected, the switch forwards the nected
packet onlv to.
destination device. In this way, the other computers on the network do not have
to read.
the
deal with data that is not meant for them. and

Router
A router is used to connect heterogeneous networks. A router .connects
networks that
different technologies and ditferent media. The router uSe
moves the packets based on their Ip
address. The router checks the address of the
packet it receives, uses
determine the shortest or fastest way in the network and forwards the routing information to
packet accordinglv, A
packet may travel via multiple routers before reaching the destination.

Cable
modem
Router atemet

Fig. 8.13 Router

Gateway
Gateway is a term used for devices that connect two dissimilar networks. It converts protocols
among communications networks. It can accept a packet formatted for one protocol andconyert
it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. Generally, gateway is
implemented by software installed within a router.

Gateway
Convert from one protocol to other.
SNA 1o TCP/IP ete.

Fig, 8.14 Gateway

126
ERNET TERMS
ntranet

tranet Is
i n t r a n e t
is aa private netwOrk-of anorganisetion. It can be accessed by users authorised b
An
Nanisation.
y h eo r g a n i s

purpose of the Intranet is to share information among authorised useETSa

The
LAN or over
The network is based on Intranet may be within a
protocols.
via
WANvia Internet. Igloo and Huddle are some Intranet services.

is used to specify fundamentalnetwork

on the World addresses
Wide Web. A URL is the images and
ntification
identi
for any resource available on
the web (for example, hypertext pages,
nd fi les). A URL has the following format: protocol://hostname/path. It is unique in narure
fi les). A U
nd

ISPs are the companies who provide services in

ens of the lnternet connection to connect to
terims
Info Hub
web
heweb. ISPs also have the option of providing URL is optional os many
http:// in a
it to be
mentioned.
vices like
s e r v i c e s
bsite hosting and development, browsers do not require
Name System. lt
email hosting" and domain name'registration. DNS stands for Domain the Internet
is used by the browser to find
ISPs can either be regional (confined toa
site.
Protocol that hosts a
oeographical area) or national (entire country). state-owned Internet
BSNLand MTNL are

Service Providers. Some private SPs include

IPAddress Airtel Aircel, Hathway, ldea MTS, Reliance,
form of Internet Protocol (IP) Sify and Vodafone
IP address is short
address. It uniquely identifies a computer or in use. IPv4
IPv4 and IPv6 are the two IP addressing standards
device on TCP/IP network.
a in the
It is written as four numbers separated by periods
address is four bytes (32 bits)long. address are
1.161.10.235 is IPv4 address. IPvó
255.255.255.255.For example,
range 0.0.0.0 to
16bytes (128 bits) long.
DNS (Domain NameServer) Intermet.
words for the numeric IP address of a computer on the
Domain name is a string of google.com and yahoo.con.
used for convenience of the user, for example,
Domain name is the IP addresses and their domain
a database that stores
DNS server is a computer having IP address.
domain name, DNS translates it into its corresponding
uses the
names. When a user DNS translates google.com to the
IP address
Internet. For example,
to access the computer on
of the computer that houses Google.

WebServer or the software (the

either the hardware (the computer)
A web server can be referred to as
accessed through the Internet
to deliver content can.be
that
Computer application) that helps to deliver webpages on request
to the clients, to host
server is
The primary function of a web A web browser (or client) requests for a
websites, store data or run centralised applications.
 shi

specific resource using ITTP and the server responds cither with the,content ent or
or
Inmessage if unable to do so. It may also reccive and store online forms ahd uploaded. ap error
may also store mails mail server), share liles.(file.server) or share printers (print files, I
here.ervers).
Major web servers are Netscape's iPlanet. Bea's Web Logic and IBM's Webspherd
others include Apache HTTP_Server, Microsoft's Internet Information Services Some
un Java
System Web Server and Jigsaw Web Server.

Web Browser
A web browser is a computer program used for
accessing websites.or information on an
the www.This helps us to view webpages on the Internet that contain
or on
lt also helps us to jump from one website to the other using links. The web
web
hypertext documeork
(Uniform Resource Locator), that you type into the browser's address bar tells
or the address, UR
the hro
where to obtain a page or pages from. It can also
display a webpage if the address is tyned.
the browser's address bar,The following are some web popular Yped in
browsers.
Mternet Explorer: This browser is bundled with
Microsoft Windows OS and
most popular one. hence ic
e

Netscape: It is one of the original web browsers which was introduced in 1994.
Eirefox: Firefox is a new web browser derived from
Mozilla. It was released in 2004 and ho
grown to be the second most popular browser on the Internet. has
Sáfari: Safari is
web browser developed by
a
Apple Inc. and is included in Mac OS X. It was
first released in
January 2003. Safari has a very good support for latest
XHTML, CSS2, and so on. technologies like
Opera: Opera is preferred by newcomers to the Internet. Opera is faster than most other weh
browsers.
nx: Lynx is a
full-featured web browser for users on Unix operating system.
ehrome: Chrome is a web browser developed by Google which is faster, safer and easier to
use than the other browsers listed here.

Webpage
A webpage is a document, typically written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and
EXtensible HTML (XHTML). Webpages are accessed and transported using the Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP), or HTTP Secure
(HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the
user of the
webpage content. Many such webpages make a website. Webpages may be static
or
dynamic. A webpage may have a hyperlink to another website.
Website
A website is
collection of various inter-related pages written in HTMIL
a

Language). Each page available on the website is called a (Hypertext Markup

webpage and first page of any
128
 ntel

server.
one web
called ho
is called hosted on at least
site is
Jhsite nomepage.of that site. A website should be
e advantages of a website are: You
during the day.
24-hour global presence; The Internet c be anytime
can
accessed
operations
are

C n e t business
can browse a webSite at your own convenient time. Online
open 24 hours. have access to
the world
Increasegeustomerbase:
tyo
Around two billion
billion people
across
peopleac through a
website can
not

the Internet. Advertisements, promotions and online business

have a
bigger customer base.
communication today.
Tremendoscost.saving: The Internet is the cheanest mode of
Awebsite 1s
a low cost but an effective way to market your Dusi ess.

Web P o r t a t
them
A web portal that presents information from.different sources and makes
is a web-site
able in a unified way. A user can search for any type ofinformation from a single location,
availab,

that
e-mail
is, servVice,
the home news,
pageadvertice
of the web portal. A web portal generally consists of a search engine,
C-mail
service, news, advertisements, an extensive list of links to other sites etc. www.msn
com and www.googic.co.in (igoogle) are popular web portals.
C

Google Portal Log in

Home
Theme
Us stoct Market On Por tat Agd p55 A d d Gadet Chan ge

a
weathe GOoge Lnks

ahe
Picn Chho
S4P 500
MA SDAG T00
19,933.81
2261.79 2
7
i.
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26C wde: A20 bph YOu Caiondar Gmas YouTuba
NASOAQ Cunposte
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5462.69 S77
CBOE nterest Rate t0 Yeor T No

Alphabet inC
789.91 Maps Bo99er Ners
A
Transigte
38.64
Cinco Systems, Inc. 0.00)
30.63

Drve Piay Books shepping

wIkipedin
FBxet
Pmotos
W
teliday
TwTter Gadget
HOME MOVIES

Fig. 8.15 Web Portal

Link
The
collection of documents on WWW (World
via links. The linked documents Wide Web) are
may be located on one or more interconnected with each other
than one
computer, worldwide.
Hypertext
Hypertext is text that has links to
the web. other text. Hypertext format is used
Hypertext-Markup-
format document. A Language (HTML) is the to create
documents on
HTML document can
graphics, movies etc., and link contents
language
include text,
used to create a
on the same pictures, video, images,hypertext
documents using a sound,
or different

hyperlink.
 Hypelink
A hyperlink or simply a link is a sclectable clement in a hypertextdocumentthatserves
acess.point a aherpAKes. Typically. you click the hynerlink to access the linked reson
Onee a page has loaded, move your mouse pointer over different areas ofthe page. TheCe
cursohe
will change tom an arrow to a hand with a pointing inger when it is over a hyperteyt o
Familiar hyperlinks include buttons, icons. image maps and clickabletext links. link
Bandwidthb
Bandw idth is the amount of data that can be transferred through a communication med.
a fined amount of
ime) Bandwicdth is measured in eycieS per second (eps) or Hertz (Hlium
specd of lnternetaccéss increases with the increasein_bandwidth. Broadband are the c "he
with more bandvidth. (Mode andntegrated Services Digital Netwotk (ISDN) arservices
broadband conneetions. Some

CLOUD COMPUFING
A cloud is anctwork of servers that can be accessed
Vi lnternet Cloud computing offers computing
services to the user

nfrastrueture services like computing Cloud

machines. storage and network
Computing
(Platform services for software development,
like software to develop web application
Application services like games, music
The cloud can be accessed from any device such as Fig. 8.16 Could computing
desktop. mobile phone, handheld phones or laptop,
having an Internet connection. The connected device behaves like an online desktop on which
computation can be performed online. The companies that offer cloud computing services
chargethe users based on their usage)just like you get water bill for the units ofwater consumed
andelectricity bill for the units of power consumed.
Some of the popular providers of cloud computing are Amazon Web Services (AWS).
Microsoft Azure. IBM SoftLayer and Google Compute Engine.
Let us take an example. Suppose you want to use Microsofi Access software for creating
databases. Instead ofpurchasing the licensed sofware and installing it on yourcomputer, you
can access the sofiware on the cloud via the Internet, use the sofiware and pay as-per-use.

You are already accessing software which are on the cloud, like gmail, Facebook, Picassa and
Linkedin.

130
 Azure Services Bungee Connect Salesforce.com
Platform 3tera
3tera Microsoft
Sun Force.comm
Google Yahoo! Developer Network
Apple
Acrobat.com BM
Google Oracle Vmware

Intel
Sun Grid Compute UtilityMosso Amazon
EMC
web services

Hp Netsuite OpenD
Joyent Accelerators
Dell

Fig. 8.17 Companies offering cloud

haracteristi
Cha of Cloud computing Se
There are five main
Computing
eharacteristics of cloud computing, as folloWS.
On-demand sek-seEviceIt allows you to
need it) like request for service onm ac
storagc, compute, and application,
service). without any interaction
human (sei
Broad
netwopk access-The cloud services can be
device lik, accessed over a network V a
mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and desktop.
Kesource pogkig-lt creates a large pool of resources to
can be provide service. Many Uses
provided service from the pool
Kapia elasyrcity-lt can scale up or scale down the resources as per
If your requirement.
appears to be unlimited. You may request for 10MB storage or 10GB storage.-he
cloud is elastic and can
provide you the requested seFVices
Measured sertice-It follows a 'pay per
use' model. It charges you only tor
the
services that you consume (when use it). you
Advantages of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing provides supercomputer-level
computing power to the masses. very It has a
significant impact on business, computer system, user, software development and resources.
Some of the key benefits of cloud computing are as follows-

Reduced IT cgsts-You do not purchase expensive computer systems but use the
services available on the cloud and pay accordingly. It is like online desktop. This
reduces cost ofpurchasingcomputer systems, upgrading hardware and software
electricity and expert staff.
13
 shi

Easy sealabitlyYour requirements for IT may increase ordecrease in future. You

You
can use the resources- scale up when necd is more or. scale down lor lower needs
Business cítinuity-Data can be accessed from anywherc anytime and from an
ny
device. AIso, backup of data can be kepl
Fasy coJhboration-Working in collaboration on a project becomes casy as datai
available online and ean be casily shared among members
Flexibiliof work -Since all work is done online. people can work from home an.
and
to their virtual office.
conneet

Autgptic updatesYour system will get regularly updated with latest

technolo
It could be software or
processing power. Latest versions of the software and hardwy. nd hardware
areavailable.
Storing and sharing data using cloud computing (using share drives and
2.0 tools) various
web
Cloud storagè is the
storage of data in the cloud. The data is managed, maintained
safely cloud-and made available to the users via Internet. The users use cloud andd akept
in the .
store data and
programs instead-of-storing on their computer's hard disk. to
storage to
providers such as Dropbox, OneDrive and Google Drive offer free storage Cloud-stor.
rage
space.
Cloud storage services are useful for:
Sharing files with friends and peers. You can work in collaboration
in the shared drive.
on a
single file kent
ept
Keeping documents in sync betweenallof your devices-phone, laptop, etc.
Accessing files from anywhere
via Intermet..

Most e-mail providers do not allow

Info Hub
uploading of a file of size more than
25GB. You can upload your file on Where can you can get free cloud
storage and how much?
MEGA 50GB, Dropbox 2GB, Box 10
GB, FlipDrive.
-
-

Google drive and share the link with

10 GB, Google Drive 15 GB, OneDrive 5 GB, HiDrive
-

others. They can then download the -5 GB, OziBox - 10GB, hubiC - 25GB
file.

USING SHARED DRIVES

Google Drive provides you with 15 GB of free Google online storage. You can upload your
photos, video and documents and share with others.

Google drive allows you to create files for

Documents using Google docs
Spreadsheets using Google Sheets, and
Presentations using Google slides.
132
 Fig.8.22 Share with others Fig. 8.23 File shared

WEB 2.0 TOOLS

Web 2.0 tools-like blogand wiki areon the cloud. Blog allows you to consume and also
contribute.content You can use blog software to create your blogandshare mith.others. Others
can comment on
your blog and also likeyour blog.

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