Research on PAGASA Disaster Management and Information System Version 2

June 21, 2021

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and

Astronomical Services Administration
PAGASA
Research on PAGASA Disaster Management and Information System
 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

PAGASA, one of the attached agencies of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) under
its Scientific and Technical Services Institutes, is mandated to “provide protection against natural
calamities and utilize scientific knowledge as an effective instrument to insure the safety, well-being
and economic security of all the people, and for the promotion of national progress.” (Section 2,
Statement of Policy, Presidential Decree No. 78; December 1972 as amended by Presidential Decree
No. 1149; August 1977)

Mission

Protecting lives and properties through timely, accurate and reliable weather-related information and
services.

Vision

Center of excellence for weather related information and services

Values
Integrity, Commitment and Patriotism

Function (Executive Order No. 123; January 1987)

 Maintains a nationwide network pertaining to observation and forecasting of weather and

flood and other conditions affecting national safety, welfare and economy;
 Undertake activities relative to observation, collection, assessment and processing of
atmospheric and allied data for the benefit of agriculture, commerce and industry;
 Engage in studies of geophysical and astronomical phenomena essential to the safety and
welfare of the people;
 Undertake researches on the structure, development and motion of typhoons and formulate
measures for their moderation; and
 Maintain effective linkages with scientific organizations here and abroad and promote
exchange of scientific information and cooperation among personnel engaged in atmospheric,
geophysical, astronomical and space studies.

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

International and Local Science &Technical Linkages

International Linkages
 (WMO) World Meteorological Organization

 (UNESCO) United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization

 (FAO) Food and Agriculture Organization

 (IOC) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

 (UNEP) United Nations Environmental Program

 (IPCC) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

 (UNESCAP) United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Regional Association

 (APEC) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

 (APCC) APEC Climate Center

 (ACTS) APEC Research Center for Typhoon and Society

 (APN) Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN-GCR)

 ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee

 Tokyo Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC)

Funding Institutions

 (ACIAR) Australian Centre for International Agricultural Resear

 (UNDP) United Nation Development Program

 (US-AID) US Agency for International Development

 (AUS-AID) Australian Agency for International Development

 (JICA) Japan International Cooperation Agency

 (KOICA) Korean International Cooperation Agency

 (TECO) Taipei Economic and Cultural Office

 (NORAD) Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Collaboration/Inter-Agency Involvement with National Agency

 (NDRRMC) National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

 (DILG) Department of Interior and Local Government

 (OCD) Office of Civil Defence

 (MMDA) Metro Manila Development Authority

 (ASTI) Advance Science and Technology Institute

 (NRCP) National Research Council of the Philippines

 (PCIEERD) Philippine Council for Industry, energy and Emerging Technology Research and
Development

 Philippine Coast Guard

 National Irrigation Administration (NIA)

 National Grid Corporation of the Philippines (NGCP)

 National Power Corporation

 Climate Change Commission

Partnership with Media and Business/Private Sector

AGHAM Partylist SMART Communications

PDRF (Philippine Disaster Recovery Foundation)

PSciJourn (Philippine Science Journalist Association)

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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Organizational Structure

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Section Functions

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Office of the Division Chief

 To formulate, administer and review the implementation of the operational hydrology plans,
programs and policies of the agency.

 To coordinate technically the general operations of the HMD Central Office-based units with
the PAGASA Regional Services Division (PRSD)/ River Flood Forecasting and Warning
Centers, as well as with the concerned offices within and outside the agency involved in the
flood disaster risk management.

 To coordinate with the NPC, NIA, DPWH, NDRRMC and others, regarding the inter-
agencies Flood Forecasting and Warning Systems for Dam Operation (FFWSDO) and with
the MMDA regarding the Metro Manila Effective Flood Control Operation Systems
(EFCOS); and

 To maintain local/ international hydro-related linkages/cooperation

Flood Forecasting and Warning Section (FFWS)

 To monitor the meteorological and hydrological conditions of the country's river

basins/systems being serviced in collaboration with the PRSDs, for the provision of
hydrological/flood information packages;

 To collaborate with: NPC and NIA in the implementation of the hydrological aspect of Flood
Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operation (FFWSDO); MMDA on the Metro
Manila EFCOS; and other national institutions involved in flood disaster mitigation and other
related activities;

 To improve the methods, procedures and tehcniques in hydrological (flood) forecasting and
warning; and

 To conduct public information/education on floods and other related topics in the national
level.

Hydrometeorological Data Application Section (HMDAS)

 To undertake basic hydromet/hydrologic data acquisition and processing for the provision of
hydromet/hydrologic predictions or design storms, hydro forecasting models, flood hazards
maps and other applications;

 To improve the methods, procedures and techniques in hydromet/hydrologic applications and

in the maintenance of the Division's database management system;

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

 To monitor the River Flood Forecasting and Warning Center's non-real-time data acquisition
and primary processing; and

 To coordinate with the PRSD regarding the outputs of the hydrometeorological station
network

Hydrometeorological Telemetry Section (HMTS)

 To monitor the overall operation and maintenance of the Division's/ PRSD River Forecast
Centers telemetry/telecommunication system networks, telemetering gauging instruments /
equipments and other electronic and electro-mechanical facilities, for real-time hydrologica
data acquisition.

 To improve the methods and procedures in the operation and maintenance of the telemetry
and multiplex telecommunication system.

 To collaborate with NPC and NIA in the implementation of the telecommunication aspect of
Flood Forecasting and Warning System for Dam Operations (FFWSDO).

River Flood Forecasting and Warning Centers (RFFWCs)

The primary functions of the Pampanga, Agno, Bicol and Cagayan (PABC) River Flood Forecasting
Warning Centers are:

 To monitor the meteorological and hydrological conditions of the concerned river basin and
the dam operation in coordination with FFWS, for the issuance of various hydrological
information packages;

 To conduct river hydrographic survey and primary data processing, and basin post-flood
investigation in coordination when needed with HMDAS and FFWS, respectively;

 To maintain the hydrological observation facilities and telemetry system of the basin,
including the electro-mechanical and gauging equipment / instruments, in coordination with
HMTS;

 To conduct public information drives on floods and other related topics in the local level;
ands

 To collaborate/cooperate with local institutions involved in flood disaster mitigation and other
related activities.

Climate Information, Monitoring and Prediction Services and related activities

The Climatology and Agrometeorology Division (CAD) is responsible for the collection, quality
control, processing, storage and retrieval of meteorological, agrometeorological, climatological and

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

allied data and information in usable format; the provision of standard statistical products, customized
climatological products and user services specially tailored for policy/decision makers and other users
in the various sectors, such as in agriculture, energy and water resources; and, the preparation and
issuance of long term climate predictions, seasonal climate outlooks and advisories on extreme
climate events such as El Niño and La Niña. It also undertakes specialized climate and climate change
studies and researches in support of national development.

Data Management

This involves the operation and maintenance of the PAGASA's Climate Data Bank and Management
System for the collection, processing, storage and retrieval of climatological and allied data for
research and for general usage. Maintain and update the database of Meteorological, Climatological,
Agromet, Marine, Ozone, Solar radiation and allied data and information. To ensure the integrity and
reliability of data, the quality control, processing, and archiving of meteorological, climatological and
allied data are done in accordance with World Meteorological Organization (WMO) recommended
practices and standards. Certified customized information to interested clientele such as those required
in litigation proceedings and other purposes, are routinely issued. The CAB also generates and issues
meteorological and climatological publications, and other processed information such as standard
statistical products, for the consumption of scientists, researchers, professionals, students and other
interested parties.

Information and Prediction Services

The Climatology and Agrometeorology Division (CAD) vigorously pursues activities to develop and
evaluate techniques for the improvement and/or operationalization of medium and long term climate
information and prediction services for industry, agriculture and other sectors, including a viable
system for packaging and commercialization of information specially tailored to the specific
requirements of clients/users. Drought bulletins, intra-seasonal climate predictions, weather-based
crop calendars, agrimet bulletins and advisories, and customized climate information are periodically
prepared and issued for educational, engineering, commercial, industrial, agricultural and other
purposes needed for sustainable development. The Climatology and Agrometeorology Division
(CAD) also prepares and issues, on a regular basis, climate impact assessments for various sectors
such as in energy, land use, building design, tourism, marine and water resources, pollution, and
health, among others, as inputs to planning and decision making.

Research and Development

Specialized monitoring stations for research, are operated and maintained by the CAB. These include
climate / rain, agro-meteorological, ozone and regional background air pollution monitoring stations.
As part of its research and development activities, researches and studies on the application of

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meteorology and climatology, especially as they relate to agriculture, human health, industry,
commerce, and the environment, are undertaken. Studies are also conducted on agriculture- weather
relationships, validate or modify available statistical/dynamic models, and develop agroclimatic
indices and zoning for the country. The CAB maintains liaison and coordinate with local and
international bodies and organizations in the conduct of collaborative researches and studies in
climatology, seasonal climate prediction/variability, climate change, agrometeorology and allied
fields.It also undertakes the processing, analysis and interpretation of data such as ozone, climate
change, rain acidity and chemistry, and conduct relevant studies, as part of its regular functions.

WHEATHER DIVISION:

Weather Forecasting Section

 Implements plans and programs pertaining to the improvement of the quality of real-time
weather analysis and forecasting

 Undertakes routine tri-dimensional atmospheric analysis on a real-time basis using surface

and upper-air maps with plotted data from synoptic and upper-air stations, aircraft and ship
reports, and meteorological satellite imageries and RADAR data;

 Performs real-time prognostication of the synoptic condition or systems using guidance NWP
products and other techniques and issues public weather forecast, and specialized forecast for
specific clients;

 Conducts continuous surveillance of severe tropical disturbances and issues warnings and
bulletins on tropical cyclones and other severe weather systems that threaten to affect the
country; and

 Disseminate forecast and warning bulletins through radio and tv broadcasts, dial-up voice
server, electronic fax and email system.

Marine Meteorological Service Section

 Implements plans and programs pertaining to the improvement of the quality of weather and
sea condition analysis and wave forecasting;

 Conducts continuous surveillance of weather and sea conditions;

 Performs real-time prognostication of the synoptic condition or systems using guidance NWP
products and other techniques and issues shipping forecasts for domestic and international

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

shipping vessels and during tropical cyclone occurrences and other severe weather systems as
well as marine gale warning and marine bulletin and other marine related information to
appropriate agencies concerned, ship owners and operators, fishermen and coastal radio
stations;

 Disseminate forecast and warning bulletins through radio and tv broadcasts, dial-up voice
server, electronic fax and email system.

Techniques Application and Meteorological Satellite Section

 Develops, creates, tests and maintains operational and application programs to automate
general weather forecasting procedures and specifications; optimize tropical weather and
typhoon prediction models, numerical weather prediction softwares and adapt them for
operational use;

 Develop, maintains and updates the Weather Division Homepage;

 Coordinate in the installation of softwares (applications and operating system upgrades) to

ensure a smooth running of the Weather Division computer system;

 Handles system administration (including diagnosis and repair of software and hardware
problems as they occur) of all computer systems within the Weather Division;

 Undertakes verification and evaluation of numerical weather prediction products being used

 Archives numerical weather prediction products, tropical cyclone information for future
research activities; and

 Provides technical assistance to the users within the computer network.

 Conducts routine operation and maintenance of both the polar orbiting satellite tracking,
receiving and processing systems and the geosynchronous satellite receiving system to
provide continuous real-time weather satellite imagery for weather analysis and forecasting.

 Undertakes activities to generate advanced application products from satellite data for tropical
cyclone forecasting, mesoscale convective system analysis, and other useful applications; and

 Performs archiving of satellite data from both systems for research purposes and other future
uses.

Meteorological Data and Information Exchange Section

 Implements plans and programs pertaining to the development and improvement of the
meteorological telecommunication system for efficient reception, dissemination, and

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local/international exchange of data, forecasts, warning bulletins and other relevant

information;

 Performs 24-hour real-time operation of the meteorological telecommunication facility of

PAGASA and receives/collects meteorological data and disseminates weather forecasts,
weather bulletins and other relevant information/messages; and

 Conducts continuing telecommunication-related activities in relation to the World

Meteorological Organization - World Weather Watch Program and operates the message
switching system for PAGASA

Aeronautical Meteorological Services Section

 Undertakes continuous monitoring and reporting of weather changes in the aerodrome, issues
trend forecast with every regular and special observation reports, and issues warning bulletin
for significant meteorological phenomena hazardous to aircrafts approaching and within the
aerodrome;

 Conducts routine weather analysis and prognostication for the preparation and issuance of
flight documentations for all scheduled international airline flights originating from the
Philippines;

 Issues routine terminal and aerodrome forecasts and other aviation-related information and
disseminates these through the aeronautical fixed telecommunication network; and

 Conducts briefing and debriefing of pilots and flight dispatchers

Research & Development and Training Division:

Office of the Chief

 Supervises and monitors and planning, coordination and conduct of research and
developmental activities in the fields of Hydrometeorology, Agrometeorology, Tropical
Meteorology, Meteorological and Hydrological Instrument, Space Science and Astronomy;

 Supervises and monitors the planning, coordination and conduct of technical training in line
with the Human Resource Development Plan of PAGASA;

 Directs and supervises the activities of the RDTD through the Chiefs of Sections to ensure its
continuous functions;

 Supervises the implementation of Agency policies and programs in RDTD and

 Perform other assignments as directed by higher management.

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Climatology & Agrometeorology Research and Development Section (CARDS)

 Develops and tests new techniques to enhance climatological analysis and prediction
particularly the use of numerical weather analyses and prediction products and satellite
images;

 Undertakes studies on climate change/variability with the view of predicting such changes
and extreme unusual climate events; and

 Undertakes researches pertaining to crop-weather models water balance, radiation, etc.

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Hydrometeorology, Tropical Meteorology & Instruments Development & Research Division

(HTMIRDS)

 Undertakes researches in the atmospheric, hydrologic, agrometeorological and meteorological

instruments design including but not limited to the application of remote sensing technique;
Conduct flood risk assessment studies;

 Conduct flood risk assessment studies;

 Designs and develops prototypes of meteorological instruments with the maximum use of
indigenous materials and technology;

 Undertakes researches on understanding and predictability of the unusual behavior of tropical

cyclones such as sudden change in intensity/structure, and erratic movement in support to the
operation needs of tropical cyclone forecasting;

 Undertakes researches on the numerical analysis of typhoons and other related weather
systems and on the capability of developing medium range forecasting

 Undertakes studies on the development of an expert system of tropical cyclone and weather
forecasting scheme; and

 Undertakes researches on rainfall forecasting utilizing all conventional techniques which

include remote sensing.

Numerical Modelling Section (NMS)

 Undertakes researches on the application of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) in

understanding unusual weather pattern and extreme rainfall events;

 Undertakes initiatives in the advancement of numerical modelling on weather; climate and

hydrologic forecasting;

 Maintains database of all NWP products generated including related information acquired
from known Meteorological Centers;

 Adapts and calibrate atmospheric hydrologic and climate numerical models for operational
and research purposes; and

 Ensure the full utilization of the Super Computer system both in research and operation.

Space Sciences and Astronomy Section (SSAS)

 Undertakes studies and investigations of astronomical objects and phenomena;

 Conducts researches in astronomy, space technology and applications;

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 Operates and maintains space and astronomical observation. Measurement and/or recording
of space objects and phenomena;

 Maintains and disseminates precise Philippine Standard Time (PST);

 Promotes astronomy and space science through the conduct of lectures, seminars, workshops,
planetarium shows and stargazing and telescoping sessions; and

 Maintains linkages with local and international space and astronomy

organizations/institutions in information and data exchange and related activities

Training and Public Information Section (TPIS)

 Formulates and implements plans and programs for the conduct of training activities in the
atmospheric, geophysical and space sciences, including the administration of local and
foreign training grants;

 Operates and maintains the training facilities of the Agency in support of its human resources
development program;

 Operates and maintains library facilities and services for the agency as well as other users;
subscribes books, magazines; newspapers, scientific journals and other technical publications
in support of the training and research activities of the agency.

Engineer and Technical Services Division:

Office of the Division Chief

 Management, coordination and supervision of activities concerning engineering and technical

services for the agency including maintenance of facilities and equipment;

 Direct functions, operations, programs, activities and services of the Division;

 Implements plans and programs for field station infrastructure, facilities and equipment
modernization;

 Provides updated standards and guides on meteorological instruments and methods of

observation in accordance with established international and/or regional techniques and
procedures for meteorological observing services.

Meteorological Equipment and Telecommunications Technology Services Section (METTSS)

 Undertakes installation, repair and maintenance of the agency’s Weather Surveillance Radars,
Upper-Air Sounding equipment, Automatic Weather Station (AWS), Meteorological basic
instruments and equipment;

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 Provides technical services for the maintenance of the agency’s meteorological

telecommunications system (s) and facilities;

 Provides technical assistance to other offices/branches primarily in the installation, repair and
maintenance of various telecommunications system and other electronics and
communications equipment;

 Undertakes design, development and maintenance of agency’s network infrastructure and

other services pertaining to Information Communication Technology (ICT); and

 Formulates updates and implements an effective and efficient agency Information System
Strategic Plan (ISSP).

Mechanical, Electrical, Infrastructure and Engineering Section (MEIES)

 Coordinates the planning, management and supervision on matters concerning the

maintenance, repair and rehabilitation of the agency’s critical support facilities and
equipment, power generators, air-conditioning and refrigeration, water pumps and other
electrical and office equipment;

 Fabricate instrument shelters, wind mast and similar support facilities for basic
meteorological instruments and related products necessary and/or required for the
maintenance of facilities;

 Provides technical services for the repair and/or maintenance of agency’s service vehicles

 Undertakes planning, design and implementation of infrastructure programs and projects of

the agency.

Meteorological Guides and Standard Section (MGSS)

 Undertakes quality control of surface synoptic, upper-air, marine, aeronautical agro-

meteorological, precipitation and weather radar observation data in accordance with
national/regional/international standards for real-time and other uses by the agency’s major
units;

 Coordinates and monitors status of station operations and recommends solution and
alternative to maintain field station operations;

 Provides updated guidelines, procedures and technical regulations on weather instruments and
methods of observation in accordance with the WMO standards.

(References: http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/about-us)

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Monitoring and Information System

What is a weather forecast?

A weather forecast is simply a scientific estimate of future weather condition. Weather condition is
the state of the atmosphere at a given time expressed in terms of the most significant weather
variables. The significant weather variables being forecast differ from place to place. In the
Philippines, the weather parameters with significant variation and therefore of interest to the users of
the forecast are cloudiness, rainfall and wind.

How is a Weather Forecast Made?

In forecasting the weather, a Meteorologist must at least know something about the existing weather
condition over a large area before he can make a reliable forecast. The accuracy of his forecast
depends largely upon his knowledge of the prevailing weather conditions over a very wide area. The
forecast decision is based on various forecasting tools. The basic tool of a weather forecaster is
the WEATHER MAP.

The weather map depicts the distribution patterns of atmospheric pressure, wind, temperature and
humidity at the different levels of the atmosphere. There are two types of the basic weather
map namely, the surface map and the upper-air maps. There are five standard levels of the upper-air
maps that are constructed twice daily at twelve-hourly interval. The surface maps are made four times
daily at six-hourly intervals. On the surface maps, the distribution patterns of rain or other forms of
precipitation and cloudiness can also be delineated.

(REFERENCE: http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/how-weather-forecast-made)

1st Step: Observation

Observation of different weather elements are made simultaneously as

follows:

Surface observations are made at least every three hours over land
and sea.

Land-based weather stations around the world and automatic stations

observe the atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed,
temperature of the air, humidity, clouds, precipitation and visibility
using standard weather instruments such as the barometer, wind vane,
anemometer, thermometer, psychomotor or hygrometer and rain gauge. In addition to these, coastal

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weather stations, weather ships and ocean data buoy observe the state of the sea by observing the
height and period of wave.

Upper air stations around the world also make observations at least
every twelve hours.

The pressure, temperature, dew point temperature, wind direction

and speed are observed at selected levels in the atmosphere using
radiosondes which record these data by tracking helium-filled
balloons attached to transmitters. Another apparatus, the theodolite,
is used in observing wind direction and speed also at selected levels.
In addition to these, commercial air planes observe the weather along their routes at specified times.

Meteorological satellites, geostationary and polar orbiting, take

pictures of the cloud imagery of the atmosphere. These satellites take
picture of the earth's cloud formations every hour and continuously,
respectively.

Weather radars are also used to observe the cloud coverage within the
range of the radar.

A vast array of weather data are fed to the computer which analyses them as programmed and makes
a time integration of physical equations. This is called numerical weather prediction.

2nd Step: Collection and Transmission of Weather Data

Weather observations which are condensed into coded figures,

symbols and numerals are transmitted via radiophone, teletype,
facsimile machine or telephone to designated collection
centres for further transmission to the central forecasting
station at WFFC. Weather satellite pictures are transmitted to
ground receiving stations while radar observations are
transmitted to forecasting centres through a local
communication system.

3rd Step: Plotting of Weather Data

Upon receipt of the coded messages, they are decoded and

each set of observations is plotted in symbols or numbers

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on weather charts over the respective areas or regions. Observations made over land and sea are
plotted on the surface or mean sea level charts which are prepared four times a day. Radiosonde,
theodolite, aircraft and satellite wind observations are plotted on upper level charts which are prepared
twice daily.

4th Step: Analysis of Weather Maps, Satellite and Radar Imageries And Other Data

Current weather maps are analysed as follows:

SURFACE (MSL) CHART: The data plotted on this weather map

are analysed isobarically. This means the same atmospheric
pressure at different places are inter-connected with a line taking
into consideration the direction of the wind. Through this analysis,
weather systems or the so-called centres of action such as high and
low pressure areas, tropical cyclones, cold and warm fronts,
intertropical convergence zone, can be located and delineated.

UPPER AIR CHARTS: The data plotted on this weather map are analysed using streamline analysis.
Lines are drawn to illustrate the flow of the wind. With this kind of analysis, anticyclones or high
pressure areas and cyclones or low pressure areas can be delineated.

NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODEL OUTPUT: The computer-plotted weather

maps are analysed manually so that weather systems like cyclones and anticyclones, troughs, etc. are
located.

MONITOR WEATHER CHARTS: Plotted data on the cross-section, rainfall and 24-hour pressure
change charts are analysed to determine the movement of wind waves, rainfall distribution and the
behaviour of the atmospheric pressure.

Compare the current weather maps with the previous 24 - 72hours weather maps level by level to
determine the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the forecast area.

Examine the latest weather satellite picture, noting the cloud formations in relation to the weather
systems on the current weather maps.

Compare the latest weather satellite picture with the previous satellite pictures (up to 48 hours) noting
the development and movement of weather systems that may affect the country.

Examine the latest computer output of the numerical weather prediction model noting the 24-hour, 48-
hour and 72-hour objective forecast of the weather systems that may affect the forecast area.

Analysed the latest radar reports and other minor forecasting tools.
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5th Step: Formulation of the Forecast

After the analysis of all available meteorological

information/data has been completed, the preparation of forecasts
follows. The first and one of the preliminary steps is the
determination as accurately as the data permit, of the location 24
hours hence of the different weather systems and the existing
weather over a particular region. In many cases a fairly
satisfactory estimate of the direction and rate of movement may
be made by simply measuring the movement during the last 12 or
24 hours and then extrapolating, or extending, this movement into the future and hence what weather
will be experienced in different areas in the immediate future.

REFERENCE: http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/about-us?fbclid=IwAR3x5nUz0R-6gw-
G3Jim6OjOda9JhXQ2zBzM5p2VN7eJhyNBleW_z5IWY-o

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PAGASA Weather Monitoring, Prediction & Alert System

The National Meteorological and Hydrological Services agency of the Republic of the Philippines
is mandated to provide protection against natural disasters through weather monitoring, forecasting
and prediction modelling, and related alerts.

The goal is to serve as the central agency for everyone to rely on during all phases of disasters.
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) provides
information through various ICT including online, radio, TV, mobile alerts and even works with
village level focal points to quickly spread alerts among citizens during emergency situations.

The agency also monitors and reports on weather and climate in relation to aviation, marine activity,
agriculture, and gives emphasis to tropical cyclones and floods as these hazards are prevalent locally.
It plays a critical role in all the phases of disasters and is a major contributor to the e-resilience of the
country.

One of the products available is the Met-hydro Decision Support Infosys, which provides real time
information presented as an online map that can be toggled by the user to show layers of information.
Humidity, temperature, pressure, solar radiation, wind direction, wind speed, and rain related
information is quickly accessible through this system. This information is directly fed from the
weather stations. It also provides radar information from various locations around the country as well
as satellite images from multiple sources.

To enhance PAGASA’s weather data gathering capabilities, automatic rain gauges (ARG) and
automatic weather stations (AWS) were installed throughout the country. These ARGs and AWSs
are automated version of the traditional weather station that enables measurements of parameters such
as barometric pressure, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and
direction from remote areas using meteorological sensors attached to rechargeable batteries powered
by solar panels. With the use of mobile technology, these stations report through the
telecommunication networks.

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Further services offered through PAGASA:

 4-hour rainfall forecast

 Weather forecasts from numerical prediction model
 Flood monitoring for metro Manila
 Risk maps
 Flood hazard maps

In order to maintain sustainability, many of these products and services are delivered through strategic
partnerships with various local and international agencies and donors. It has been granted ISO
9001:2008 certification.

Disaster Preparedness and Hazard Mitigation

New Technologies to Enhance Weather Forecasting Capabilities and Services of PAGASA.

COSMO Model

The COSMO Model was an integral part of the acquisition of Forecasters’ Workstation which was
installed on March 2013. The nonhydrostatic fully compressible COSMO-Model has been developed
to meet high-resolution regional forecast requirements of weather services and to provide a flexible
tool for various scientific applications on a broad range of spatial scales. Many NWP-models operate
on hydrostatic scales of motion with grid spacing down to about 10 km and thus lack the spatial
resolution required to explicitly capture small-scale severe weather events. The COSMO-Model has
been designed for meso-β and meso-γ scales where non hydrostatic effects begin to play an essential
role in the evolution of atmospheric flows. By employing 1 to 3 km grid spacing for operational
forecasts over a large domain, it is expected that deep
moist convection and the associated feedback
mechanisms to the larger scales of motion can be
explicitly resolved. Meso-γ scale NWP-models thus
have the principle potential to overcome the
shortcomings resulting from the application of
parameterized convection in current coarse-grid
hydrostatic models. In addition, the impact of
topography on the organization of penetrative
convection by, channelling effects is represented
much more realistically in high resolution non
hydrostatic forecast models. Record of discussion was
conducted in August 2013 and signed by both parties
in December of the same year.

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Forecasters’ Workstation
This workstation which was installed at different PAGASA Regional Services Divisions and other
PAGASA Users is a visualization and processing system that integrates all the data and generates
products. All database contents can be instantly accessed and brought to the screen. In summary the
main functions are:
• overlaying of any kind of meteorological data and features
• display of all NWP products, unlimited number of models and parameters
• Mathematical Kernel for extensive model computation and evaluation
• combining different models in overlays or even computations between models
• display, generating and printing of surface charts, upper-air charts, weather charts, model outputs,
remote-sensing imagery
• extensible satellite and radar support (including nowcasting) with composing, coloring, reprojecting
and multi-channel combining of images
• producing own weather charts with interactive user-friendly editor • preparing forecasts and forecast
charts
• horizontal and vertical cross sections
• various thermo diagrams and hologram from observations and models
• nowcasting data integration
• NWP field modification
• report correction
• objective analysis with model initialization and numerical quality control
• Presentation Templates allowing on-map visualization of custom bulletins
• unification of BUFR/CREX and alphanumeric reports
• extended customizable shape file orography with unlimited precision and content
• direct access to received reports and messages
• extensive chart and table output including weather monitoring for both observations and models
Mobile Weather Satellite Receiving System
In line with the automation forecasting program of PAGASA, a Fixed Geostationary Satellite
Receiving System was acquired during the year, and was installed in Tuguegarao on June 8, 2013 and
El Salvador in Mindanao on June 18, 2013. One Geostationary Satellite Receiving System is to be
used by the STRIDE Team or Storm Chaser as a new and cost effective satellite ground station that is
portable and easy to transport. Internet data is not dependable during times of crisis when PAGASA
needs it most. Likewise, the Storm Chasers could see the weather system wherever they are. This
direct reception ground station can provide continuous data coverage in the absence of internet
connectivity and grid power. The system was acquired in June 2013.

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New capabilities for cloud and surface mapping

PAGASA upgraded the X Band Satellite Ground Station to receive Suomi NPP Satellite apart from
the Terra and Aqua Satellites. The upgraded and new system was installed in April 2013. In 2012, the
direct broadcast transmission of SNPP Satellite was turned on. The Visible Imaging Infrared
Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board this satellite was developed to extend the measurement series of
the MODIS sensor currently flying aboard Terra and Aqua satellites. The VIIRS sensor is part of the
National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project
(NPP) - a joint NASA/IPO instrument risk reduction project. The success of MODIS, and of the Terra
and Aqua platforms in providing earth observations, has set the bar for the next generation of
instruments and spacecraft for the continuity of Earth observation. This new satellite launched will
likewise takeover from the NOAA Series Satellites. Terra Scan visualization workstations were also
installed to different users in PAGASA including the five PRSDs.

Weather, Climate and Flood Forecasting Weather Forecasting and Typhoon Warning Services

This program is centered in the operation of the weather forecasting and warning system of the
country. As part of the program the Agency issued public weather forecasts, including a five-day
weather outlook, shipping and aviation forecasts. This also includes information on the probable daily
weather condition especially during the occurrence of severe weather disturbances, such as tropical
cyclones that entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR). During the year under review,
twenty five (25) tropical cyclones entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) namely:
Tropical Depressions Bising (Jan 11-13) and Crising (Feb. 18-21) and Tropical Storms Auring (Jan.
03-04), Dante (June 07-10), Emong (June 16-19), Fabian (June 20-20 ), Gorio (June 27- 30), Huaning
(July 10-13), Isang (July 15-17), Kiko (Ayg 05-06), Labuyo (Aug 08-12), Maring (Aug 16-21),
Nando (Aug 25-29), Ramil (Oct 06-07), Santi (Oct 08-12), Urduja, (Oct 21-23), Vinta (Oct 28-Nov
01), Yolanda (Nov 06- 09), Wilma (Nov 03-04), Zoraida (Nov 10-12). Figure 1. Shows the tropical
cyclones that entered the PAR. The information issued serves as inputs to day-to-day activities and
extended periods for developmental and planning activities, more importantly, for disaster
preparedness and response to disaster-causing severe weather phenomena. Beneficiaries of these
services include various sectors such as the air, sea and land transportation, education, agriculture,
tourism, trade & commerce and other industries. PAGASA has also provided specially packaged
weather information for Mt. Mayon, Mt. Bulusan and other selected areas. The program also entails
observation, collection and compilation of weather data and information acquired from local and
global networks. These data are then plotted and analyzed on weather maps for the formulation and
issuance of weather forecasts, advisories and warnings, when warranted. The transmission of data and
information utilizes a nationwide telecommunication network and communication link with global
meteorological telecommunication institutions.

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One of the major accomplishments of PAGASA for the year is the completion of the Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) funded Doppler radar project. The project was completed
with the installation of the Doppler radar at Guiuan radar station which was hit by typhoon “Yolanda”
in November 2013. The rehabilitation will be done by JICA. Also completed was the project
“Establishment of Early Warning and Response System for Disaster Mitigation in Metro Manila”
(Pasig-Marikina-Laguna Lake river basin) under the Korean International Cooperation Agency
(KOICA).

Research and Development

On research and development activities, PAGASA stepped up efforts to develop systems and
techniques to enhance its operational forecasting and warning capabilities. These activities are
supportive of the R&D priorities of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), which aim
primarily to enhance agricultural and industrial productivity, water resources and energy production.
For the year, five (5) research studies were completed

Completed projects

 Improvement of Meteorological Radar Network in the Philippines (Doppler Radar) – (JICA)

 Establishment of Early Warning and Response System for Disaster Mitigation in Metro
Manila (Pasig-MarikinaLaguna Lake river basin) –(KOICA 2)
 MDGF 1656: Strengthening the Philippines Institutional Capacity to Adapt to Climate
Change – Spanish grant & UNDP
 Climate Change Adaptation Project - World Bank funded
 Philippine Climate Change Adaptation Project (PhilCCAP) – WB

On-going projects/researches
Foreign-Funded Projects

 Improvement of Flood Forecasting and Warning System for Magat Dam and Downstream
Communities - Norwegian funding
 Strengthening of Flood Forecasting and Warning System (FFWS) in the Bicol River Basin -
(EOJ)
 Applying Remote Sensing Technology in River Basin Management - JAXA-ADB
 Enhancing Greater Metro Manila’s (GMMA) Institutional Capacities for Effective Disaster/
Climate Risk Management Towards Sustainable Development (CSCAND for GMMA Project)
and Enhancing Risk Analysis Capacities for Flood, Tropical Cyclone, Severe Wind and
Earthquake for GMMA (Risk Analysis Project)/

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

 FAO - AMICAF Project on “Assessment of Climate Change Impacts and Mapping of

Vulnerability to Food Insecurity under Climate Change to Strengthen Household Food
Security with Livelihoods Adaptation Approaches”
 Enhancing the Forecasting and Warning Capabilities of PAGASA through Effective Utilization
of Weather Data – JICA -TCP.

Locally-Funded Projects

 Philippine Climate Change Adaptation (PhilCCAP) project

 Assessment of Climate Change Impacts and Mapping of Vulnerability to Food Insecurity
under Climate Change to Strengthen Household Food Security with Livelihoods Adaptation
Approaches
 Wind Resource Assessment for Wind Power Systems
 Climate Impact modelling on Various Sectors (e.g. water, agriculture, health)
 Severe Wind Impact Analysis and the Exposure Database for Greater Metro Manila Area
(GMMA)
 The Impact of Climate Variability on Entomological Activity in Central Luzon
 Human Response to Tropical Cyclone Warning in Less Frequented Areas
 Establishment of Doppler Weather Radar Network for Disaster Prevention and Preparedness
 Climate Impact modelling on various sectors (e.g. water, agriculture, health)
 CCAM-Simulation of HadCM3 model of A1b emission scenario - Summarized by
municipalities– Projected change in monthly average rainfall and temperature under
medium-range Emission scenario (A1b)
 Development of an ensemble of climate change scenario in the Philippines
 Summarized and analysed Drought events by provinces using SPI for the period 1951-2010.
Severe Wind Impact Analysis and the Exposure Database for Greater Metro Manila Area
(GMMA)
 Analysis and presentation of results on the Risk Analysis Project (RAP) Flood, Severe, Wind
and Earthquake Impacts
 Development of Drought Monitoring index for the Philippines using Standard Precipitation
Index (SPI) as a Drought Monitoring Tool
 Enhancement of Rainfall Warning System for Metro Manila.
 Isohyetal Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall during its Occurrence within the Philippine
Area of Responsibility (PAR).
 A study of Thunderstorm Forecasting at Selected Areas in the Philippines

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 Validation of Radar Rainfall Estimates of Subic Radar in the Pampanga- Agno River Basin
 Intercomparison and validation of Radar Rainfall Estimates Using Rain gauge data for
Hinatuan and Cebu Radar (2012-2013)

Projects Under JICA

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 Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

Projects (JICA-PAGASA)

Project Title Year Status

The Project for Development of Extreme
Weather Monitoring and Information Sharing 2017 Ongoing
System in the Philippines
Improvement of Meteorological Radar Network
2018 Ongoing
in the Philippines (Doppler Radar)
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
2019 Ongoing
Capacity Enhancement Project Phase II

Development of Extreme Weather Monitoring

and Information Sharing System in the 2019 Ongoing
Philippines

Improvement of Flood Forecasting and

Warning System for Cagayan de Oro River 2019 Ongoing
Basin

Capability Enhancement for High Quality

Weather Observation, Forecast, Warning and 2019 Ongoing
Information in the Philippines

Other Information
JICA MAJOR PROJECTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
(P)Technical Cooperation (D)Development Study /Technical Cooperation for Development
Planning (L)Loan (G)Grant Aid

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