Semantics

Week 9

Bismillah. Semoga bermanfaat, ma’annajah temen temen 😊

Deictic Expression

Pointing via language >part of reffering

Deictic Expressions (Indexicals)

Deictic Centre – The speaker proximal vs distal

Here = near the speaker

There = away from the speaker

Di sini = near the speaker

Di situ = away from S, close to H

Is the marking of the orientation or position of objects and events with respect to certain contextual
points of reference.

In simple word : Deixis is references in the context.

Untuk penanda posisi dari objek, berhubungan dengan konteks si benda.

Reference = benda yg berkaitan dg konteks

e.g I want this dish, this dish, and this dish

Deixis is reference in the context.

1. Personal Deixis is related to the orientation/position of pronouns.

Berhubungan dengan pronoun (person/personal)

e.g They, We, I, You

Social Deixis is pronouns which reflect fact about the social relationship of the participants.

2. Spatial Deixis is the marking in the language of the orientation or space of the relevant
Over there, here, there
e.g Go (away from the speaker) and come (towards speaker) bring and take, this-that

Three-term system fail into two categories :

a. Near the speaker
b. A little distant from the speaker
c. Far from the speaker

3. Temporal (Time) Deixis , the orientation or position of actions and events in time. It usually
refers to Adverb of Time.
e.g I sleep (non-past tense) – I slept (past tense)

Textual Deixis is the orientation of utterances with respect to other utterances so that they
indicate relationship across them.

Mengacu kemana? Ke relationship kalimatnya

e.g I met my ex-boyfriend. It really makes me sad

It disini mengacu pada clause I met my ex-boyfriend

Bisa dijadikan sbg mini research (analysis deixis in novel Harry Potter chapt one)

Componential Analysis
Is used to analyze the meaning of certain types of noun in terms of semantic features (O’Grady et.al.,
1996)

Additionally, the meaning of nouns can be defined in part by their semantics properties and features
(Fromkin et al, 1992)

Lebih mengacu kepada Noun (menganalisis noun).

The Lexicon

 The head of every human being is filled with words and their meanings. In other words,
human being can be a walking dictionary yang bisa memprediksi setiap hal.
  Your knowledge of words meaning permits you to use them appropriately in sentences and to
understand them.
 Your mental storehouse of information about words and morphemes is what have been
calling THE LEXICON.

Example : The assassin was stopped before he got to John Lennon.

(your mental dictionary will tell you that the word the assassin is not an animal that tried to kill John
Lennon. It is a person who was prevented from murdering some important person named John Lennon.)

Kalau semua org yg mendengar itu sepakat dg kata itu, artinya apa atau mengacu kemana, itu
Namanya Semantics Properties.

Female is a semantics property that helps to define :

WORDS HAVE GENERAL SEMANTICS PROPERTIES SUCH AS ‘HUMAN’ AS WELL AS MORE SPECIFIC
PROPERTIES THAT GIVE THE WORD ITS PARTICULAR MEANING.

SEMANTICS FEATURES
There are semantics relations between words and certain semantics category may imply others which is
called semantics features.

e.g woman is human and adult

human implies animate

(+human) – (+animate)

(+human) – (-inanimate)

Memiliki features, bagaimana menentukan ini adalah female? Ini adalah male? Ini benda nya spesifik
ngga? Itu semua ditentukan oleh semantics features. Ada beberapa tanda, + Human & - Human
+Inanimate & -Animate

Example :

DOOR BABY

(+ Noun) (+ Noun)

(+ Concrete) (+ Concrete)

(- Animate) (- Animate)

(- Human) (- Human)
 (+ Young)

NB : Bisa ditambahkan jenis atau ciri ciri, semakin ditambahkan maka akan semakin spesifik untuk
membedakan antara suatu noun dengan noun lainnya.

CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM
The conceptual system is a system will reveal how meaning is expressed through language.

System konsep yang berhubungan dengan persepsi disekeliling kita terhadap sesuatu.

FUZZY CONCEPTS (UNCLEAR)

Are the concept which have unclear area and they are not possible to say definetly whether or not the
nations are so straightforward. This because they do not have clear-cut boundaries.

Konsep nya tidak jelas dan tidak ada clear-cut, jadi lebih subjektif tergantung dari seseorang

Ex. Kaya-rich , genius, clean, fast, strong (golongan orang kaya itu tergantung pada persepsi, feeling dan
imajinasi seseorang karna berbeda beda tergantung dari orgnya)

(kalo mau mini research pake Fuzzy Concept ini harus membuat questioner/link gform dan di share ke
teman2 kelas untuk mendapatkan persepsi mereka mengenai beberapa Subjek)

GRADED MEMBERSHIP

Words which are agreed to be classified in one boundary but they have different admittance.

satu kategori tapi beda pengakuan.

Ex : Ahmad Dhani – Cakra Khan

Mereka sama sama musisi namun pengakuan setiap orang berbeda.

SEMANTICS ROLES
Semantics Roles ini berhubungan dengan Syntax.

In analyzing the meaning, word from and function are not enough to help the analysis.

e.g A lion bit a hunter

(Subject-Verb-Object)
Noun-Verb-Noun

 Sentences must convey meaning for languages. Each sentences has a noun phrase whose
meaning is constructed in the role played by it in relation to the verb. The nation how a noun (or
noun phrase) contributes to the state, action, or situation described by the sentence is called
semantic role.
 Semantics role is a way of characterizing the meaning relationship between a NP and the verb of
a sentence.


There are 9 semantics roles :

1. Agent (Subject)
Is the one that is responsible for initiating the action. (sesuatu yang responsible untuk meng
inisiasi action) ex : The hunter bit a lion

2. Recipient / Patient (Object)

The one undergoes a certain change of state. It receives action from the agent.
ex : The hunter bit a lion

3. Experiencer
The one/thing that experiences/receives a physical or mental sensation.
e.g Minan likes vanilla ice-cream
(Minan as a Subject receive a sensory input)
Ciri ciri nya : Verb nya adalah physical/mental verb. Sama seperti Intency Verb yg menggunakan
Physical Verb.

Bisa juga posisinya di Object, liat lagi di verb nya.

w.g Najwa always surprises Ali with her look.
(Ali is DO receives a sensory input, dia Experiencer)

4. Instrument (Noun)
The one as the intermediary though which agent perform the action
Ada benda atau sesuatu yang menjadi perantara dimana si Agent itu melaksanakan Action
e.g The small key can open the box

digerakkan oleh manusia (agent) yang tidak nampak atau disebutkan

5. Cause (Noun)
The natural force that brings about a change of state.
e.g The flood destroys the houses
digerakkan dengan alam atau bencana alam (natural force)

6. Affected
 Affected participant is the thing (not usually a person, although it may be) up on which the
action is carried out, in many cases thing changed by the action in the most obvious way.

Sama kaya instrument tapi subject atau orang nya muncul

e.g John opened the door with the key

memiliki preposition setelah orang nya

7. Benefactive
The one for whom or thing for which an action is performed.

Ujungnya action ini kesiapa atau untuk siapa? Memunculkan preposition

e.g Riva passed the message to me for Faaiz
harus bisa memutarkan posisi kalimat, direct object dan indirect object nya di putar dulu

8. Locative
The location of an action or state is perfomed
e.g Bandung is my hometown

9. Temporal
The time at which the action or state is performed
e.g I will come to Bandung tomorrow

MAXIM OF CONVERSATION
People communicate with each other to express or share their objective,idea, or opinion, thus the
interlocutures (speakers or hearers) should cooperate in communicating it.

If no, the process of communication will break down or won’t achieve its purpose.

Kita sebagai penutur dan org yg mendengar nya harus bekerjasama supaya komunikasi nya lancar. Kalo
speakers and hearers tidak bekerjasama maka komunikasi nya tidak akan sampai atau tidak nyambung.

THIS IS IMPORTANT, karna ini dasar dari komunikasi.

Paul Grice menganalisis 4 maxim/prinsip umum tentang successful communication

1. Maxim of Quantity
The speakers are expected to give as much information as necessary. In short, the speakers
supply no more and no less information that is necessary.
Speaker hanya memberikan informasi sesuai dg yg dibutuhkan oleh si penanya. Kalau
menjalankan factor ini, hidup kita akan aman dan nyaman namun akan kaku.
 Keyword : be appropriately informative
2. Maxim of Relevance
The interlocuters are expected to express relevant information.
Ada relevansi atau nyambung.
Keywoard : BE RELEVANT
e.g
Zara : How’s the film?
Salwa : the film is great

3. Maxim of Quality
Dipercayai ngomongnya benar karna ada evidence

Keyword : to be true and provided evidence

4. Maxim of Manner
Berurutan dan jelas

Keyword : Be orderly and clear

Komunikasi bisa tercapai tujuanya karna 4 faktor ini.

Cooperative Principle
Whatever your response is I assume that you are cooperative.

Make your convensational as expected as the stage which it occurs by the accepted purposes on
direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

Ada saja komunikasi yang tidak berjalan dengan lancer karena interlocuter or one of them is break the
rules (violation)

Violation of Cooperative Principle

1. Maxim of Quantity

Ketika ada seseorang yang ditanya tentang topik A tapi dia jawabnya sampe ke topik B,C,D itu termasuk
dalam kategori Violation of Cooperation Principle

2. Maxim of Relevance
Ditanya A jawabannya B, ga nyambung. Orang yang sedang tidak focus. Contoh ditanya ttg film
tapi jawabannya malah ttg lukisan.

3. Maxim of Quality
Is it true? Do you have an evidence? Kalo bohong berarti menyalahi Maxim of Quality

Angga : is it raining outside? (raining)

Vina : No, It is absolutely bright. (violation maxim of quality)

4. Maxim of Manner

Tidak berurutan ceritanya alur nya maju-mundur.

Then I could say “hi” to his new girlfriend, when I met my ex boyfriend, I felt nervous.

MINI RESEARCH INI BISA DIGUNAKAN DENGAN MENDENGARKAN SUARA PERCAKAPAN DLL. DATA NYA
BISA DI AMBIL UNTUK ANALISIS KALIMAT2 YANG DI UNGKAPKAN.