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"Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement through Elliptical

Dimples for Divergent Channel"

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Vol-3 Issue-6 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

“Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer

Enhancement through Elliptical Dimples for
Divergent Channel”
Awez Pathan 1, D.A. Deshmukh 2, Dr. R.S. Pawar 3
1
PG Student, Mechanical Engineering, SYCET Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
2
Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering, SYCET Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
3
Principal, Mechanical Engineering, SYCET Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT
An experimental investigation was conducted to determine whether dimples on micro heat exchangers, Turbine
blades, Electrical Cooling Systems can increase heat transfer for turbulent airflows. This was accomplished by
performing experimental studies using setup which consist of divergent test channel in which Elliptical dimples are
milled with aspect ratio (AR=1.5) arrangement (Inline, offline and Smooth) on one side of aluminum plates (Test
Section) with a relative depth c/D1=0.33 and relative pitch S/Dm = 1.6.The main physical mechanisms causing the
enhancement of heat transfer is the generation and amplification of sufficiently strong longitudinal vortices which
are interacting with the thermal boundary layer. Since vortex induced heat transfer enhancement depends strongly
on shape and position of Dimples, the subject of ongoing research is to find design strategies for device shape and
placement optimization.
For those configurations the heat transfer coefficient (h), Nusselt number (Nu), pressure drop (P d), thermal
performance (Tp) and Nusselt number ratio (Nu/Nu_s) were determined experimentally. For Elliptical dimples, heat
transfer enhancements (relative to a flat plate) were observed for Reynolds number range from 5000 to 15000
(Reynolds number based on channel height and Velocity of hot air fluid). Also the results are validated analytically
for Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient for smooth horizontal plate. Specifically, this investigation was
conducted to determine whether the use of dimples can enhance heat transfer characteristics for Compact Heat
Exchangers and turbine blades, Electronic cooling, Biomedical devices, etc. applications. With different types of
arrangements such as smooth, inline and offline with variable parameter such as velocity, v = 5 m/sec, v = 10m/sec,
v = 15m/sec for this conditions cases are studied and it has been found that the offset arrangement in divergent
plate gives optimum solution as compared to other arrangements.

Keywords: Dimpled surface, Divergent channel flow, heat transfer enhancement, and forced convection.

1. INTRODUCTION

The various techniques are used to enhance the rate of heat transfer over surface of plate. It may be passive or active
technique. The significant pressure drag produced by the rib or pin fin protrusion into the flow. Heat transfer inside
flow passages can be enhanced by using passive surface modifications such as rib tabulators, protrusions, pin fins,
and dimples. These heat transfer enhancement techniques have practical application for internal cooling of turbine
aerofoils, combustion chamber liners and electronics cooling devices, biomedical devices and heat exchangers. The
heat transfer can be increased by the following different Augmentation Techniques. They are broadly classified into
three different categories:

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1) Passive Techniques
2) Active Techniques
3) Compound Techniques.

1.1 Passive techniques:

These techniques generally use surface or geometrical modifications to the flow channel by incorporating inserts or
additional devices. They promote higher heat transfer coefficients by disturbing or altering the existing flow
behaviour (except for extended surfaces) which also leads to increase in the pressure drop. In case of extended
surfaces, effective heat transfer area on the side of the extended surface is increased. Passive techniques hold the
advantage over the active techniques as they do not require any direct input of external power. These techniques do
not require any direct input of external power; rather they use it from the system itself which ultimately leads to an
increase in fluid pressure drop. They generally use surface or geometrical modifications to the flow channel by
incorporating inserts or additional devices. They promote higher heat transfer coefficients by disturbing or altering
the existing flow behaviour except for extended surfaces. Heat transfer augmentation by these techniques can be
achieved by using;
(i) Treated Surfaces: Such surfaces have a fine scale alteration to their finish or coating which may be continuous
or discontinuous. They are primarily used for Boiling and condensing duties.
(ii) Rough surfaces: These are the surface modifications that promote turbulence in the flow field in the wall
region, primarily in single phase flows, without increase in heat transfer surface area.
(iii) Extended surfaces: They provide effective heat transfer enlargement. The newer developments have led to
modified finned surfaces that also tend to improve the heat transfer coefficients by disturbing the flow field in
addition to increasing the surface area.
(iv) Displaced enhancement devices: These are the inserts that are used primarily in confined forced convection,
and they improve energy transport indirectly at the heat exchange surface by displacing the fluid from the heated or
cooled surface of the duct with bulk fluid from the core flow.
(v) Swirl flow devices: They produce and superimpose swirl flow or secondary recirculation on the axial flow in a
channel. These include helical strip or cored screw type tube inserts, twisted tapes. They can be used for single
phase and two-phase flows.
(vi) Coiled tubes: These lead to relatively more compact heat exchangers. It produces secondary flows and vortices
which promote higher heat transfer coefficients in single phase flows as well as in most regions of boiling.
(vii) Surface tension devices: These consist of wicking or grooved surfaces, which direct and improve the flow of
liquid to boiling surfaces and from condensing surfaces.
(viii) Additives for liquids: These include the addition of solid particles, soluble trace additives and gas bubbles in
single phase flows and trace additives which usually depress the surface tension of the liquid for boiling systems.
(ix) Additives for gases: These include liquid droplets or solid particles, which are introduced in single- phase gas
flows either as dilute phase (gas-solid suspensions) or as dense phase (fluidized beds).

1.2 Active techniques:

These techniques are more complex from the use and design point of view as the method requires some external
power input to cause the desired flow modification and improvement in the rate of heat transfer. It finds limited
application because of the need of external power in many practical applications. In comparison to the passive
techniques, these techniques have not shown much potential as it is difficult to provide external power input in many
cases. In these cases, external power is used to facilitate the desired flow modification and the concomitant
improvement in the rate of heat transfer. Augmentation of heat transfer by this method can be achieved by:
(i) Mechanical Aids: Such instruments stir the fluid by mechanical means or by rotating the surface. These include
rotating tube heat exchangers and scrapped surface heat and mass exchangers.
(ii) Surface vibration: They have been applied in single phase flows to obtain higher heat transfer coefficients.

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(iii) Fluid vibration: These are primarily used in single phase flows and are considered to be perhaps the most
practical type of vibration enhancement technique.
(iv) Electrostatic fields: It can be in the form of electric or magnetic fields or a combination of the two from dc or
ac sources, which can be applied in heat exchange systems involving dielectric fluids. Depending on the application,
it can also produce greater bulk mixing and induce forced convection or electromagnetic pumping to enhance heat
transfer
(v) Injection: Such a technique is used in single phase flow and pertains to the method of injecting the same or a
different fluid into the main bulk fluid either through a porous heat transfer interface or upstream of the heat transfer
section.
(vi) Suction: It involves either vapour removal through a porous heated surface in nucleate or film boiling, or fluid
withdrawal through a porous heated surface in single-phase flow.
(vii) Jet impingement: It involves the direction of heating or cooling fluid perpendicularly or obliquely to the heat
transfer surface.

1.3 Compound techniques:

A compound augmentation technique is the one where more than one of the above mentioned techniques is used in
combination with the purpose of further improving the thermo-hydraulic performance of a heat exchanger.
When any two or more of these techniques are employed simultaneously to obtain enhancement in heat transfer that
is greater than that produced by either of them when used individually, is termed as compound enhancement. This
technique involves complex design and hence has limited applications.

1.4 Use of Dimples for Heat Transfer Enhancement:

There are number of heat transfer enhancement techniques are in use now; however, due to design and technological
restrictions, designers of blade internal cooling systems still apply very few of these techniques. Among the basic
technologies are: impingement cooling, pin fins, plain and broken ribs and their combinations. Excessive pressure
loss can result in a more complex air supply system and higher cost or its application may be totally precluded. The
surface heat transfer enhancement using dimples recently attracted interest due to its relatively low pressure-loss
characteristics. Surface dimples are expected to promote turbulent mixing in the flow and enhance the heat transfer,
as they behave as a vortex generator.

1.4.1 Flow mechanism over dimpled surface:

Dimples may be formed in an infinite variation of geometries which results in various heat transfer and friction
characteristics. Heat Transfer enhancement using dimples based on the principle of scrubbing action of cooling fluid
taking place inside the dimple and phenomenon of intensifying the delay of flow separation over the surface.

1.4.2 Mechanism of flow separation:

At sufficiently high velocities, the fluid stream detaches itself from the surface of the body, this is called as flow
separation. the location of the separation point depends on several factors such as Reynolds number, the surface
roughness & the level of fluctuations in the free stream. It is usually difficult to predict exactly where separation will
occur. Dimpled surfaces are commonly known for their drag reduction characteristics in external flows over bodies.
Heat Transfer enhancement using dimples based on the principle of scrubbing action of cooling fluid taking place
inside the dimple and phenomenon of intensifying the delay of flow separation over the surface. Dimple-surface can
lower the coefficient of discharge (CD) to a fraction of its original value. This is because dimples cause a change in
the critical Reynolds numbers.

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2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Chang ShyyWoei, Jan Yih Jena , Chang ShuenFei[1] A detailed heat transfer measurement over a convex-
dimpled surface of impinging jet-array with three eccentricities (E/H) between jet Centre and dimple-center is
performed. These surface dimples considerably modify heat transfers from smooth-walled scenarios due to different
impinging topologies for jet array with modified inter-jet reactions.

Fig No. 1 Test Piece Geometry [1]

Heat transfer variations caused by adjusting jet Reynolds number (Re) and separation distance (S/Dj) over the
ranges of 5000 < Re < 15,000 and 0.5 < S/Dj<11 with three eccentricities of E/H = 0, 1/4 and 1/2 are examined. A
selection of experimental data illustrates the isolated and interactive influences of Re, S/Dj and E/H on local and
spatially averaged heat transfers. In conformity with the experimentally revealed heat transfer physics, a regression-
type analysis is performed to generate a set of heat transfer correlations, which permit the evaluations of spatially
averaged Nusselt numbers over central jet region of dimpled impinging surface.

GongnanXie , Bengt Sundén[2]The heat transferred to the turbine blade is substantially increased as the turbine
inlet temperature is increased. Improved cooling methods are therefore needed for the turbine blades to ensure a
long durability and safe operation. The blade tip region is exposed to very hot gas flow, and suffers high local
thermal loads due to the external tip leakage flow. A common way to cool the tip is to design serpentine passages
with 180 turn under the blade tip-cap taking advantage of the three-dimensional turning effect and impingement.
Increased internal convective cooling is therefore required to increase the blade tip
Life time. In this paper, augmented heat transfer of a blade tip with internal hemispherical dimples has been
investigated numerically. The computational models consist of two-pass channels with 180 turn and arrays of
dimples depressed on the internal tip-cap.

Fig No. 2 Typical cooling techniques for a blade.[2]

Turbulent convective heat transfer between the fluid and dimples, and heat conduction within dimples and tip are
simultaneously computed. The inlet Reynolds number is ranging from 100,000 to 600,000. Details of the 3D fluid
flow and heat transfer over the tip-walls are presented. Comparisons of the overall performance of the models are
presented.

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Fig No. 3 Heat Transfer Rate [2]

Fig No .4 Pressure drop [2]

It is found that due to the combination of turning impingement and dimple-induced advection flow, the heat transfer
coefficient of the dimpled tip is up to two times higher than that of a smooth tip with less than 5% pressure drop
penalty. It is suggested that the use of dimples is suitable for augmenting blade tip cooling to achieve an optimal
balance between thermal and mechanical design requirements.

S.W. Chang, K.F. Chiang, T.C. Chou [3] Measurements of detailed Nusselt number (Nu) distributions and
pressure drop coefficients (f) for four hexagonal ducts with smooth and dimpled walls are performed to
comparatively examine the thermal performances of three sets of dimpled walls with concave–concave, convex–
convex and concave–convex configurations at Reynolds numbers (Re) in the range of 900–30,000.

Fig No. 5 Heat Transfer Rate [3]

A set of selected experimental data illustrates the influences of dimple configuration and Re on the detailed Nu
distributions, the area-averaged over developed flow region (Nu) and the pressure drop coefficients. Relative

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enhancements of Nu and f from the smooth-walled references (Nu1 and f1) along with the thermal performance
factor (g) defined as (Nu/Nu1)/(f/f1)1/3 are examined. Nu and f correlations are individually obtained for each tested
hexagonal duct using Re as the controlling parameter.

Yu Rao , Yamin Xu , Chaoyi Wan [4]An experimental and numerical study was conducted to investigate the flow
friction and heat transfer performance in rectangular channels with staggered arrays of pin fin-dimple hybrid
structures and pin fins in the Reynolds number range of 8200–54,000.

Fig No. 6 Schematic diagram of the experimental system [4]

The study aims at improving the cooling design for the gas turbine components. The friction factor, Nusselt number
and the overall thermal performance parameters of the pin fin-dimple and the pin fin channels have been obtained
and compared with the experimental data of a smooth rectangular channel and previously published data of the pin
fin channel.
The comparisons showed that, compared with the pin fin channel, the pin fin-dimple channel has further improved
convective heat transfer performance by about 8.0% and whereas lowered flow friction by more than 18.0%.

Fig No. 7 Comparison of the turbulent kinetic energy distribution in a plane with a distance of 0.5 mm away from
the end wall between pin fin rows of 8 and 9 in the pin fin and pin fin-dimple channels at Re = 15,300.[4]

In addition, fully three-dimensional numerical computations have been done to investigate the physical details about
the flow and heat transfer in the pin fin and pin fin-dimple channels. The computations showed that the dimples
increase the near-wall turbulent mixing level by producing strong vortex flows, and therefore enhance the
convective heat transfer in the channel. On the other hand, the dimples enlarge the minimum cross section area
transversely between the pin fins, and therefore the pressure loss in the flow can be reduced in the pin fin-dimple
channels.

Sang Dong Hwang , Hyun Goo Kwon , HyungHee Cho[5] In this study, heat transfer and thermal performance of
a periodically dimple-protrusion patterned surface have been investigated to enhance energy-efficiency in compact
heat exchangers. The local heat transfer coefficients on the dimple/protrusion walls are derived using a transient
TLC (Thermo chromic Liquid Crystal) technique. The periodically patterned surface is applied to the bottom wall

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only or both the bottom and top walls in the test duct. The ratio of dimple (or protrusion) depth to duct height is
0.25and the ratio of duct height to dimple (or protrusion) print diameter is 1.15. The Reynolds number is tested in
low range values from 1000 to 10000.

Fig No. 8 Test section of dimple and protrusion [5]

On the single-side patterned walls, various secondary flows generated from the dimple/protrusion coexist. The
vortices induced from the upstream affect strongly on the downstream pattern. For the double-side patterned wall
case, vortex interaction affected by the opposite wall enhances highly the heat transfer. The heat transfer
augmentation is higher in the lower Reynolds number due to the effective vortex interactions. Therefore, the
performance factor considering both heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss increases with decreasing the
Reynolds number.

2.1 Conclusion of Literature Survey:

1. Few papers on experimental work [1,3,4 to 9,11,13] which gives result in more heat transfer in dimple
surface than smooth surface.
2. Few papers on Numerical Methods [2,10,12,14,15,16] which gives result in more heat transfer in dimple
surface than smooth surface.
3. Literature survey shows that there is less pressure drop in dimple passage so it will give more thermal
performance.
4. Less work on elliptical dimple so it is needed to investigate detail geometrical parameters for elliptical
dimples.

2.2 Problem Statement:

From literature survey we can say that very less work on elliptical dimple surface so it is need to investigate detailed
thermal performance of elliptical dimple.
So the problem statement is: Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement through Elliptical
Dimple for Divergent Channel.

2.3 Objective of Topic:

1. Investigation of Heat transfer enhancement through Elliptical Dimples for divergent channel.
2. Pressure drop estimation in Elliptical Dimples
3. Thermal Performance enhancement analysis in Elliptical Dimples
4. Comparison between theoretical and experimental heat transfer coefficient (h) and Nusselt number (Nu).
5. Will Propose best geometry which gives maximum Thermal Performance

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3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Experimental setup and component details

Fig No. 9 Experimental setup

An experimental set-up has been designed and fabricated to study the effect of elliptical dimpled surface on
heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in rectangular duct. A schematic diagram of the experimental set-up is
shown in Figure11.
1. Tests were carried out in a rectangular divergent Acrylic duct of size (100mmx25mm) of aspect ratio 1.5 and the
Acrylic duct is connected to the blower of (0.5hp capacity)by means of a cylindrical pipe section via aluminium
tape section.
2. The duct is open from the bottom of the duct to insert the plates and heater assembly.
3. The test plate (500mmx25mm) is directly kept on the Nichrome plate heater.
4. Insulation is provided beneath the plate heater by applying the thermal paint and placing asbestos and plywood
sheet.
5. The plate heater of size (500mmx25mm) and the insulating material are clamped together to form a single
assembly.
6. This assembly is inserted in the duct from bottom open part is open.
7. A flow control valve is provided on the blower inlet so has to control the discharge of the blower. Flow rate was
measured using a digital anemometer.
8. Connected to a wattmeter which is further connected to the dimmerstat. The wattage of the plate heater is the
heater is varied with the help of the dimmerstat.
9. The blower, wattmeter, digital temperature indicator and dimmer stat are connected individually to the main
supply of 230 volt.
10. K–type thermocouples (24SWG) are used to measure the temperatures inside the duct. Eight thermocouples are
used to measure the surface temperature of the test plate at different locations. One thermocouple is used to
measure the inlet temperature of air inside the duct and another thermocouple is used to measure outlet
temperature. an universal data logger is used to displayed the measured temperature by the thermocouples.
11. Differential pressure sensor is connected by means of probes to the duct. One probe is connected just before the
test section and one just after the test section.

Fig No. 10 Actual Experimental Setup

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Range of flow and dimple parameters:-

Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter Re= 5000 to 15000

Dimple print diameter D= 15mm
Dimple depth to print diameter ratio=δ/D= 0.33
Channel height to dimple print diameter ratio H/D 0.5

3.2 Experimental Procedure

 The experimental set up was assembled and all the electrical connections were made as shown in Fig No. 12..
 After checking all electrical connections power supply was switched on.
 The controller on the dimmerstat is operated to increase the voltage supplied to the plate heater from zero to a
certain value so that the power input to the plate heater is set at 3 different stages 15 W, 25W, 35W.
 The wattmeter displays the power input to the heater.
 The temperature of the plate is continuously monitored until the plate reaches steady state
 With the help of flow control valve, the discharge of air from the blower is controlled for required speed over
dimple plate.
 Temperatures of different thermocouples were continuously recorded at a regular interval of 5 min till the steady
state is reached.
 After the steady state is reached, temperatures of different thermocouples were recorded from the temperature
indicator display and power rating from wattmeter was recorded.
 Flow control valve was then adjusted to take observation at next higher speed.
 Again wait till the next steady state is attained.
 This procedure was first carried for flat pate (i.e. for plate without dimples) and then for plates with different
dimpled configurations.

3.3 Test Plate

It is the main component of the experiment. The heat transfer rate is to be measured from the plate. The plate is
made of aluminum because of its good thermal conductivity and lesser cost.

Fig No. 11 Divergent Smooth plate without dimple geometry

Fig No. 12 Divergent plate with Inline arranged Elliptical dimple geometry

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Fig No. 13 Divergent plate with Offset arranged Elliptical dimple geometry

Fig No. 14 Elliptical geometry

Fig No. 15 Elliptical Dimple Geometry

3.4 Experimental and Theoretical analysis and calculations

 Experimental analysis and calculations:-

Heat absorbed by air

Q = ṁ Cp ∆T
ṁ =ρAV
ρ = Density of air
Q = Heat absorbed by air
A = Area of cross section of duct
ṁ = Mass flow rate of air, v = Velocity of air
Cp = Sp. heat of air at constant press.
∆T = Tout – Tin

Heat Convected
Heat absorbed by air = Heat Convected
Q = h Ap ∆T
Heat transfer coefficient is h =

Ap = Surface area of plate

∆T= mean temp. of plate – mean temp. of air

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Nusselt number calculations:

Nu = Where, D

D = Hydraulic diameter of duct, H= Height of duct, k = Thermal Conductivity of air, W= width of duct

 Theoretical analysis and calculations:-

Heat Transfer rate:-

hth = Kf x Nu/D

Nusselt number calculations:-

The appropriate Correlation of turbulent flow through closed conduits is Dittus- Boelters Correlation.

Nuth = 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr0.4

Where Re= Reynolds Number, Pr= Prandlt Number, Kf= Thermal conductivity of air

4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

4.1 Chart No. 1, 2 and 3 shows that variation of Heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds Number on Smooth plate,
inline and offline Elliptical dimples with different power input. Reynolds number varies from 5000, 10000, 15000.
Graphs shows maximum heat transfer coefficient at 35 W power input.

A Smooth plate

Chart No 1 Variation of Heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds Number on Smooth plate

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Inline Elliptical Dimple

Chart No. 2 Variation of Heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds Number on Inline Elliptical Dimples

Offline Elliptical Dimple

Chart No. 3 Variation of Heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds Number on offline Elliptical Dimples

4.2 Chart No. 4 shows that combined variation of Heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds Number on Smooth plate,
inline and offline Elliptical Dimples with different power input 15, 25, 35. Reynolds number varies from 5000,
10000, 15000. Graphs shows maximum heat transfer coefficient at 35 W power input with offline Elliptical dimples.

Chart No. 4 Combined Variation of Heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds Number at 15, 25 and 35 Watt on
Smooth, inline and offline Elliptical dimples.

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4.3 Chart No. 5, 6 and 7 shows that variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds Number on Smooth plate, inline
and offline Elliptical dimples with different power input. Reynolds number varies from 5000, 10000, 15000. Graphs
shows maximum Nusselt number at 35 W power input.

A Smooth plate

Chart No. 5 Variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds Number on Smooth plate

Inline Elliptical Dimple

Chart No. 6 Variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds Number on Inline Elliptical Dimples

Offline Elliptical Dimple

Chart No.7 Variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds Number on offline Elliptical Dimples.

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4.4 Chart No.8 shows that combined variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds Number on Smooth plate, in line
and offline Elliptical and dimples with different power input 15, 25, 35. Reynolds number varies from 5000, 10000,
15000. Graphs shows maximum Nusselt number at 35 W power input with offline Elliptical dimples.

Chart No.8 Variation of Nusselt number with Reynolds Number at 15,25 and 35 Watt on Smooth, inline and offline
Elliptical dimples

4.5 Chart No. 9 Shows variation of pressure drop on Smooth plate, inline and offline Elliptical dimples. This graph
shows there is maximum pressure drop is in offline Elliptical dimples.

Chart No. 9 Variation of Pressure drop with Reynolds Number on Smooth, inline and offline Elliptical dimples.

4.6 Chart No. 10 shows that variation of Performance Enhancement factor (PEF) with Reynolds Number on inline
and offline Elliptical dimples when compared with smooth plate. Reynolds number varies from 5000, 10000, 15000.
Graphs shows maximum Performance Enhancement factor for offline Elliptical dimples as compared with inline
Elliptical dimples.

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Chart No. 10 Performance Enhancement Factor of inline and offline Elliptical dimples

5. CONCLUSION

Experimental investigation of smooth, inline and offline type of Elliptical dimples on a flat plate is carried out and
heat transfer characteristics were studied for each case with different variable parameters with respect to input power
and velocity.

The important findings of the experimental investigations are as follows-

 With different types of arrangements such as flat, inline and offline and with variable parameter such as
velocity, v = 5 m/sec, v = 10m/sec, v = 15m/sec for this conditions cases are studied and it has been found that
the offline arrangement in divergent plate gives optimum solution as compared to other arrangements.
 It is observed that Theoretical calculated heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number is greater than
experimental investigated versus Reynolds number.
 It is observed from the experimental results that the Performance Enhancement factor for offline Elliptical
dimples is optimum solution than inline Elliptical dimples.

6. REFERENCES

1. Chang ShyyWoei, Jan Yih Jena, Chang ShuenFei, “Heat transfer of impinging jet-array over convex-
dimpled surface”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49 (2006) 3045–3059.
2. GongnanXie, Bengt Sundén, “Numerical predictions of augmented heat transfer of an internal blade tip-
wall by hemispherical dimples ”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 5639–5650.
3. S.W. Chang, K.F. Chiang,T.C. Chou, “Heat transfer and pressure drop in hexagonal ducts with surface
dimples”, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 34 (2010) 1172–1181.
4. Yu Rao, Yamin Xu, Chaoyi Wan, “An experimental and numerical study of flow and heat transfer in
channels with pin fin-dimple and pin fin arrays”, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 38 (2012) 237–
247.
5. Sang Dong Hwang, Hyun Goo Kwon ,HyungHee Cho, “Local heat transfer and thermal performance on
periodically dimple-protrusion patterned walls for compact heat exchangers”, Energy 35 (2010)
5357e5364.

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6. R.P. Saini,Jitendra Verma, “Heat transfer and friction factor correlations for a duct having dimple-shape
artificial roughness for solar air heaters”, Energy 33 (2008) 1277– 1287.
7. Hermann Lienhart, Michael Breuer,CagatayKoksoy, “Drag reduction by dimples? – A complementary
experimental/numerical investigation”, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 29 (2008) 783–791.
8. Kai-Shing Yang , Shu-Lin Li , IngYoun Chen , Kuo-Hsiang Chien , Robert Hu, Chi-Chuan Wang, “An
experimental investigation of air cooling thermal module using various enhancements at low Reynolds
number region”, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010) 5675–5681.
9. Sang Dong Hwang , Hyun Goo Kwon , HyungHee Cho, “Heat transfer with dimple/protrusion arrays in a
rectangular duct with a low Reynolds number range”, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 29
(2008) 916–926.
10. Mohammad A. Elyyan, Danesh K. Tafti, “Effect of Coriolis forces in a rotating channel with dimples and
protrusions ”, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 31 (2010) 1–18.
11. Johann Turnow , Nikolai Kornev , Valery Zhdanov , Egon Hassel, “Flow structures and heat transfer on
dimples in a staggered arrangement”, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 35 (2012) 168–175.
12. S.A. Isaev , N.V. Kornev , A.I. Leontiev , E. Hassel, “Influence of the Reynolds number and the spherical
dimple depth on turbulent heat transfer and hydraulic loss in a narrow channel”, International Journal of
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