Exploratory Data Analysis with Python

Cookbook: Over 50 recipes to analyze,

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structured and unstructured data
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Exploratory Data Analysis
with Python Cookbook

Over 50 recipes to analyze, visualize, and extract insights from

structured and unstructured data

Ayodele Oluleye

BIRMINGHAM—MUMBAI
Exploratory Data Analysis with Python Cookbook
Copyright © 2023 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case
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To my wife and daughter, I am deeply grateful for your unwavering support throughout this journey.
Your love and encouragement were pillars of strength that constantly propelled me forward. Your
sacrifices and belief in me have been a constant source of inspiration, and I am truly blessed to have
you both by my side.

To my dad, thank you for instilling in me a solid foundation in technology right from my formative
years. You exposed me to the world of technology in my early teenage years. This has been very
instrumental in shaping my career in tech. To my mum (of blessed memory), thank you for your
unwavering belief in my abilities and constantly nudging me to be my best self.

To PwC Nigeria, Data Scientists Network (DSN) and the Young Data Professionals group (YDP),
thank you for the invaluable role you played in my growth and development in the field of data
science. Your unwavering support, resources, and opportunities have significantly contributed to my
professional growth.

Ayodele Oluleye
 Contributors

About the author

Ayodele is a certified data professional with a rich cross functional background that spans across
strategy, data management, analytics, and data science. He currently leads a team of data professionals
that spearheads data science and analytics initiatives across a leading African non-banking financial
services group. Prior to this role, he spent over 8 years at a big four consulting firm working on strategy,
data science and automation projects for clients across various industries. In that capacity, he was a
key member of the data science and automation team which developed a proprietary big data fraud
detection solution used by many Nigerian financial institutions today. To learn more about him, visit
his LinkedIn profile.
About the reviewers
Kaan Kabalak is a data scientist who especially focuses on exploratory data analysis and the implementation
of machine learning algorithms in the field of data analytics. Coming from a language tutor background,
he now uses his teaching skills to educate professionals of various fields. He gives lessons in data science
theory, data strategy, SQL, Python programming, exploratory data analysis and machine learning.
Aside from this, he helps businesses develop data strategies and build data-driven systems. He is the
author of the data science blog Witful Data where he writes about various data analysis, programming
and machine learning topics in a manner that is simple and understandable.
Sanjay Krishna is a seasoned data engineer with almost a decade of experience in the data domain
having worked in the energy and financial sector. He has significant experience developing data models
and analyses using various tools such as SQL & Python. He is also an official AWS Community Builder
and is involved in developing technical content in cloud-based data systems using AWS services and
providing his feedback on AWS products as a Community Builder. He is currently employed by one
of the largest financial asset managers in the United States as a part of their modernization effort to
move their data platform to a cloud-based solution and currently resides in Boston, Massachusetts.
 Table of Contents
Prefacexv

1
Generating Summary Statistics 1
Technical requirements 1 Identifying the standard deviation of
Analyzing the mean of a dataset 2 a dataset 8
Getting ready 2 Getting ready 9
How to do it… 2 How to do it… 9
How it works... 3 How it works... 9
There’s more... 4 There’s more... 10

Checking the median of a dataset 4 Generating the range of a dataset 10

Getting ready 4 Getting ready 10
How to do it… 4 How to do it… 10
How it works... 5 How it works... 11
There’s more... 5 There’s more... 11

Identifying the mode of a dataset 5 Identifying the percentiles of a dataset 11

Getting ready 6 Getting ready 12
How to do it… 6 How to do it… 12
How it works... 7 How it works... 12
There’s more... 7 There’s more... 13

Checking the variance of a dataset 7 Checking the quartiles of a dataset 13

Getting ready 7 Getting ready 13
How to do it… 7 How to do it… 13
How it works... 8 How it works... 14
There’s more… 8 There’s more... 14
viii Table of Contents

Analyzing the interquartile range Getting ready 14

(IQR) of a dataset 14 How to do it… 14
How it works... 15

2
Preparing Data for EDA 17
Technical requirements 17 Categorizing data 33
Grouping data 18 Getting ready 33
Getting ready 18 How to do it… 33
How to do it… 18 How it works... 35
How it works... 20 There’s more... 35
There’s more... 20 Removing duplicate data 36
See also 20
Getting ready 36
Appending data 20 How to do it… 36
Getting ready 21 How it works... 37
How to do it… 21 There’s more... 38
How it works... 23 Dropping data rows and columns 38
There’s more... 23
Getting ready 38
Concatenating data 24 How to do it… 38
Getting ready 24 How it works... 39
How to do it… 24 There’s more... 40
How it works... 26 Replacing data 40
There’s more... 27
Getting ready 40
See also 27
How to do it… 40
Merging data 27 How it works... 41
Getting ready 28 There’s more... 42
How to do it… 28 See also 42
How it works... 30 Changing a data format 42
There’s more... 30
Getting ready 42
See also 30
How to do it… 42
Sorting data 30 How it works... 44
Getting ready 31 There’s more... 44
How to do it… 31 See also 44
How it works... 32
There’s more... 33
 Table of Contents ix

Dealing with missing values 44 How it works... 46

Getting ready 45 There’s more... 46
How to do it… 45 See also 46

3
Visualizing Data in Python 47
Technical requirements 47 How it works... 60
Preparing for visualization 47 There’s more... 61
See also 61
Getting ready 48
How to do it… 48 Visualizing data in GGPLOT 61
How it works... 49 Getting ready 62
There’s more... 49 How to do it… 62
Visualizing data in Matplotlib 50 How it works... 65
There’s more... 66
Getting ready 50
See also 66
How to do it… 50
How it works... 54 Visualizing data in Bokeh 66
There’s more... 55 Getting ready 66
See also 55 How to do it… 67
Visualizing data in Seaborn 55 How it works... 72
There's more... 73
Getting ready 56
See also 73
How to do it… 56

4
Performing Univariate Analysis in Python 75
Technical requirements 75 How to do it… 80
Performing univariate analysis using How it works... 83
a histogram 76 There’s more... 84
Getting ready 76 Performing univariate analysis using
How to do it… 76 a violin plot 84
How it works... 79 Getting ready 85
Performing univariate analysis using How to do it… 85
a boxplot 79 How it works... 88
Getting ready 80
x Table of Contents

Performing univariate analysis using How to do it… 92

a summary table 89 How it works... 94
Getting ready 89
Performing univariate analysis using
How to do it… 89
a pie chart 94
How it works... 91
Getting ready 95
There’s more... 91
How to do it… 95
Performing univariate analysis using How it works... 97
a bar chart 91
Getting ready 91

5
Performing Bivariate Analysis in Python 99
Technical requirements 100 How to do it… 108
Analyzing two variables using a How it works... 110
scatter plot 100 Analyzing two variables using
Getting ready 101 a bar chart 110
How to do it… 101 Getting ready 111
How it works... 103 How to do it… 111
There’s more... 103 How it works... 113
See also... 104 There is more... 114
Creating a crosstab/two-way table on Generating box plots for two
bivariate data 104 variables114
Getting ready 104 Getting ready 114
How to do it… 104 How to do it… 114
How it works... 105 How it works... 116
Analyzing two variables using a pivot Creating histograms on two variables 116
table106 Getting ready 117
Getting ready 106 How to do it… 117
How to do it… 106 How it works... 119
How it works... 107
There is more... 107 Analyzing two variables using a
correlation analysis 120
Generating pairplots on two variables108 Getting ready 120
Getting ready 108 How to do it… 120
How it works... 122
 Table of Contents xi

6
Performing Multivariate Analysis in Python 123
Technical requirements 124 Choosing the number of principal
Implementing Cluster Analysis on components142
multiple variables using Kmeans 124 Getting ready 142
Getting ready 124 How to do it… 142
How to do it… 125 How it works... 145
How it works... 127 Analyzing principal components 146
There is more... 128
Getting ready 146
See also... 128
How to do it… 146
Choosing the optimal number of How it works... 149
clusters in Kmeans 129 There’s more... 150
Getting ready 129 See also... 150
How to do it… 129 Implementing factor analysis on
How it works... 132 multiple variables 150
There is more... 133
Getting ready 150
See also... 133
How to do it… 151
Profiling Kmeans clusters 133 How it works... 154
Getting ready 134 There is more... 154
How to do it… 134 Determining the number of factors 154
How it works... 137
Getting ready 155
There’s more... 138
How to do it… 155
Implementing principal component How it works... 158
analysis on multiple variables 138 Analyzing the factors 159
Getting ready 139
Getting ready 159
How to do it… 139
How to do it… 159
How it works... 141
How it works... 165
There is more... 142
See also... 142

7
Analyzing Time Series Data in Python 167
Technical requirements 168 Using line and boxplots to visualize
time series data 169
xii Table of Contents

Getting ready 169 Performing smoothing – exponential

How to do it… 170 smoothing191
How it works... 172 Getting ready 192
How to do it… 192
Spotting patterns in time series 173
How it works... 196
Getting ready 173
See also... 196
How to do it… 174
How it works... 176 Performing stationarity checks on
time series data 197
Performing time series data
Getting ready 197
decomposition177
How to do it… 197
Getting ready 179
How it works... 199
How to do it… 179
See also… 200
How it works... 184
Differencing time series data 200
Performing smoothing – moving
Getting ready 200
average185
How to do it… 201
Getting ready 186
How it works... 203
How to do it… 186
Getting ready 205
How it works… 191
How to do it… 205
See also... 191
How it works... 208
See also... 209

8
Analysing Text Data in Python 211
Technical requirements 212 Analyzing part of speech 224
Preparing text data 212 Getting ready 225
Getting ready 213 How to do it… 225
How to do it… 214 How it works... 229
How it works... 217 Performing stemming and
There’s more… 218 lemmatization230
See also… 218
Getting ready 230
Dealing with stop words 218 How to do it… 231
Getting ready 219 How it works... 237
How to do it… 219 Analyzing ngrams 237
How it works... 224
Getting ready 238
There’s more… 224
How to do it… 238
 Table of Contents xiii

How it works... 242 How to do it… 252

How it works... 255
Creating word clouds 242
There’s more… 256
Getting ready 242
See also 256
How to do it… 243
How it works... 245 Performing Topic Modeling 257
Getting ready 258
Checking term frequency 246
How to do it… 258
Getting ready 247
How it works... 262
How to do it… 247
How it works... 249 Choosing an optimal number of
There’s more… 250 topics263
See also 251 Getting ready 263
How to do it… 263
Checking sentiments 251
How it works... 267
Getting ready 251

9
Dealing with Outliers and Missing Values 269
Technical requirements 270 Flooring and capping outliers 290
Identifying outliers 270 Getting ready 290
Getting ready 271 How to do it… 290
How to do it… 271 How it works... 293
How it works... 273 Removing outliers 294
Spotting univariate outliers 274 Getting ready 294
Getting ready 274 How to do it… 294
How to do it… 274 How it works... 296
How it works... 277 Replacing outliers 297
Finding bivariate outliers 278 Getting ready 297
Getting ready 278 How to do it… 297
How to do it… 279 How it works... 300
How it works... 281 Identifying missing values 301
Identifying multivariate outliers 282 Getting ready 302
Getting ready 282 How to do it… 302
How to do it… 282 How it works... 305
How it works... 288
See also 289
xiv Table of Contents

Dropping missing values 305 How to do it… 309

Getting ready 306 How it works... 311
How to do it… 307
Imputing missing values using
How it works... 308 machine learning models 312
Replacing missing values 308 Getting ready 313
Getting ready 309 How to do it… 313
How it works... 314

10
Performing Automated Exploratory Data Analysis in Python 315
Technical requirements 316 Getting ready 331
Doing Automated EDA using pandas How to do it… 331
profiling316 How it works... 335
Getting ready 317 See also 336
How to do it… 318 Performing Automated EDA using
How it works... 324 Sweetviz336
See also… 324 Getting ready 336
Performing Automated EDA using How to do it… 336
dtale325 How it works... 339
Getting ready 325 See also 340
How to do it… 325 Implementing Automated EDA
How it works... 330 using custom functions 340
See also 330 Getting ready 340
Doing Automated EDA using How to do it… 340
AutoViz330 How it works... 347
There’s more… 348

Index349

Other Books You May Enjoy 358

 Preface
In today’s data-centric world, the ability to extract meaningful insights from vast amounts of data has
become a valuable skill across industries. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) lies at the heart of this
process, enabling us to comprehend, visualize, and derive valuable insights from various forms of data.
This book is a comprehensive guide to EDA using the Python programming language. It provides
practical steps needed to effectively explore, analyze, and visualize structured and unstructured data.
It offers hands-on guidance and code for concepts, such as generating summary statistics, analyzing
single and multiple variables, visualizing data, analyzing text data, handling outliers, handling missing
values, and automating the EDA process. It is suited for data scientists, data analysts, researchers, or
curious learners looking to gain essential knowledge and practical steps for analyzing vast amounts
of data to uncover insights.
Python is an open source general-purpose programming language which is used widely for data
science and data analysis, given its simplicity and versatility. It offers several libraries which can be
used to clean, analyze, and visualize data. In this book, we will explore popular Python libraries (such
as Pandas, Matplotlib, and Seaborn) and provide workable code for analyzing data in Python using
these libraries.
By the end of this book, you will have gained comprehensive knowledge about EDA and mastered the
powerful set of EDA techniques and tools required for analyzing both structured and unstructured
data to derive valuable insights.

Who this book is for

Whether you are a data scientist, data analyst, researcher, or a curious learner looking to analyze
structured and unstructured data, this book will appeal to you. It aims to empower you with essential
knowledge and practical skills for analyzing and visualizing data to uncover insights.
It covers several EDA concepts and provides hands-on instructions on how these can be applied using
various Python libraries. Familiarity with basic statistical concepts and foundational knowledge of Python
programming will help you understand the content better and maximize your learning experience.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Generating Summary Statistics, explores statistical concepts, such as measures of central
tendency and variability, which help with effectively summarizing and analyzing data. It provides practical
examples and step-by-step instructions on how to use Python libraries, such as NumPy, Pandas and
xvi Preface

SciPy to compute measures (like the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, percentiles, and other
critical summary statistics). By the end of the chapter, you will have gained the required knowledge
for generating summary statistics in Python. You will also have gained the foundational knowledge
required for understanding some of the more complex EDA techniques covered in other chapters.
Chapter 2, Preparing Data for EDA, focuses on the critical steps required to prepare data for analysis.
Real-world data rarely come in a ready-made format, hence the reason for this very crucial step in EDA.
Through practical examples, you will learn aggregation techniques such as grouping, concatenating,
appending, and merging. You will also learn data-cleaning techniques, such as handling missing
values, changing data formats, removing records, and replacing records. Lastly, you will learn how to
transform data by sorting and categorizing it.
By the end of this chapter, you will have mastered the techniques in Python required for preparing
data for EDA.
Chapter 3, Visualizing Data in Python, covers data visualization tools critical for uncovering hidden
trends and patterns in data. It focuses on popular visualization libraries in Python, such as Matplotlib,
Seaborn, GGPLOT and Bokeh, which are used to create compelling representations of data. It also
provides the required foundation for subsequent chapters in which some of the libraries will be used.
With practical examples and a step-by-step guide, you will learn how to plot charts and customize
them to present data effectively. By the end of this chapter, you will be equipped with the knowledge
and hands-on experience of Python’s visualization capabilities to uncover valuable insights.
Chapter 4, Performing Univariate Analysis in Python, focuses on essential techniques for analyzing
and visualizing a single variable of interest to gain insights into its distribution and characteristics.
Through practical examples, it delves into a wide range of visualizations such as histograms, boxplots,
bar plots, summary tables, and pie charts required to understand the underlying distribution of a
single variable and uncover hidden patterns in the variable. It also covers univariate analysis for both
categorical and numerical variables.
By the end of this chapter, you will be equipped with the knowledge and skills required to perform
comprehensive univariate analysis in Python to uncover insights.
Chapter 5, Performing Bivariate Analysis in Python, explores techniques for analyzing the relationships
between two variables of interest and uncovering meaningful insights embedded in them. It delves
into various techniques, such as correlation analysis, scatter plots, and box plots required to effectively
understand relationships, trends, and patterns that exist between two variables. It also explores the
various bivariate analysis options for different variable combinations, such as numerical-numerical,
numerical-categorical, and categorical-categorical. By the end of this chapter, you will have gained
the knowledge and hands-on experience required to perform in-depth bivariate analysis in Python
to uncover meaningful insights.
Chapter 6, Performing Multivariate Analysis in Python, builds on previous chapters and delves into some
more advanced techniques required to gain insights and identify complex patterns within multiple
variables of interest. Through practical examples, it delves into concepts, such as clustering analysis,
 Preface xvii

principal component analysis and factor analysis, which enable the understanding of interactions
among multiple variables of interest. By the end of this chapter, you will have the skills required to
apply advanced analysis techniques to uncover hidden patterns in multiple variables.
Chapter 7, Analyzing Time Series Data, offers a practical guide to analyze and visualize time series
data. It introduces time series terminologies and techniques (such as trend analysis, decomposition,
seasonality detection, differencing, and smoothing) and provides practical examples and code on
how to implement them using various libraries in Python. It also covers how to spot patterns within
time series data to uncover valuable insights. By the end of the chapter, you will be equipped with the
relevant skills required to explore, analyze, and derive insights from time series data.
Chapter 8, Analyzing Text Data, covers techniques for analyzing text data, a form of unstructured
data. It provides a comprehensive guide on how to effectively analyze and extract insights from text
data. Through practical steps, it covers key concepts and techniques for data preprocessing such as
stop-word removal, tokenization, stemming, and lemmatization. It also covers essential techniques
for text analysis such as sentiment analysis, n-gram analysis, topic modelling, and part-of-speech
tagging. At the end of this chapter, you will have the necessary skills required to process and analyze
various forms of text data to unpack valuable insights.
Chapter 9, Dealing with Outliers and Missing Values, explores the process of effectively handling outliers
and missing values within data. It highlights the importance of dealing with missing values and outliers
and provides step-by-step instructions on how to handle them using visualization techniques and
statistical methods in Python. It also delves into various strategies for handling missing values and
outliers within different scenarios. At the end of the chapter, you will have the essential knowledge of
the tools and techniques required to handle missing values and outliers in various scenarios.
Chapter 10, Performing Automated EDA, focuses on speeding up the EDA process through automation.
It explores the popular automated EDA libraries in Python, such as Pandas Profiling, Dtale, SweetViz,
and AutoViz. It also provides hands-on guidance on how to build custom functions to automate the
EDA process yourself. With step-by-step instructions and practical examples, it will empower you to
gain deep insights quickly from data and save time during the EDA process.

To get the most out of this book

Basic knowledge of Python and statistical concepts is all that is needed to get the best out of this book.
System requirements are mentioned in the following table:

Software/hardware covered in the book Operating system requirements

Python 3.6+ Windows, macOS, or Linux
512GB, 8GB RAM, i5 processor
(Preferred specs)
xviii Preface

If you are using the digital version of this book, we advise you to type the code yourself or access
the code from the book’s GitHub repository (a link is available in the next section). Doing so will
help you avoid any potential errors related to the copying and pasting of code.

Download the example code files

You can download the example code files for this book from GitHub at https://github.com/
PacktPublishing/Exploratory-Data-Analysis-with-Python-Cookbook. If
there’s an update to the code, it will be updated in the GitHub repository.
We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at https://
github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!

Download the color images

We also provide a PDF file that has color images of the screenshots and diagrams used in this book.
You can download it here: https://packt.link/npXws.

Conventions used
There are a number of text conventions used throughout this book.
Code in text: Indicates code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file
extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles. Here is an example: “Create a
histogram using the histplot method in seaborn and specify the data using the data parameter
of the method.”
A block of code is set as follows:

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items
are set in bold:

data.shape
(30,2)

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

$ pip install nltk

 Preface xix

Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or words that you see onscreen. For instance,
words in menus or dialog boxes appear in bold. Here is an example: “Select System info from the
Administration panel.”

Tips or important notes

Appear like this.

Get in touch
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