MILTON MARGAI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

CONGO CROSS CAMPAU

FIRST SEMESTER CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT
SUBJECT: INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS
NAME: SOLOMON WEGGO
ID NO: 19966
SUBMITED TO Mr. WILL AM
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟏
𝑓 = 100𝐻𝑧, 𝑉𝐿 = 10𝑉, 𝐼𝐿 = 1𝑚𝐴
ϒ = 0.1%
𝐶 =?
𝒂)
𝑆𝑜𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁
1
ϒ =
4𝑅𝐿 𝑓𝐶 √3
1
𝐶 =
4𝑅𝐿 𝑓ϒ√3
𝑉𝐿 10
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝐿 = = = 10,000Ω
𝐼𝐿 1 × 10−3
1
𝐶 =
0.1
4 × 10000 × 100 × × 3
100 √
𝐶 = 1.443375673 × 10−4
𝐶 = 144.3375673𝜇𝐹
𝒃)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 ϒ = 0.01%
 1
𝐶 =
4𝑅𝐿 𝑓ϒ√3
1
𝐶 =
0.01
4 × 10000 × 100 × × 3
100 √
1.443375673 × 10−3

𝐶 = 1443.375673𝜇𝐹
𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟐.
𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝑓 = 100𝐻𝑧, 𝑉𝐿 = 10𝑉, 𝐼𝐿 = 1𝑚𝐴,
ϒ = 0.1%
𝐶 =
𝑎)
1
ϒ =
2𝑅𝐿 𝑓𝐶 √3
1
𝐶 =
2𝑅𝐿 𝑓ϒ√3
𝑉𝐿 10
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝐿 = = = 10,000Ω
𝐼𝐿 1 × 10−3
1
𝐶 = = 2.886751346 × 10−3
0.1
2 × 10000 × 100 × × 3
100 √
𝐶 = 288. 751346𝜇𝐹
𝒃)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 ϒ = 0.01%
1
𝐶 =
2𝑅𝐿 𝑓ϒ√3
1
𝐶 = = 2.886751346 × 10−3
0.01
2 × 10000 × 100 × × 3
100 √
𝐶 = 2886.751346𝜇𝐹

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟑.
𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝐶1 = 2.5𝑚𝐹
𝐶2 = 25𝑚𝐹
𝑅 = 2.2𝑘Ω
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐶 = 25𝑚𝐹
1
ϒ =
2𝑅𝐿 𝑓𝐶 √3
𝜔 377
𝑓 = = = 60𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 2𝜋
1
ϒ =
2 × 2.2 × 103 × 60 × 25 × 10−3 × √3
𝛾 = 8.74773135110−5
ϒ = 87.74 × 10−6
𝛾 = 87.74𝜇
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐶 = 2.5𝑚𝐹
1
ϒ =
2𝑅𝐿 𝑓𝐶 √3
1
ϒ =
2 × 2.2 × 103 × 60 × 2.5 × 10−3 × √3
ϒ = 8.74773135110−4
ϒ = 874.7710−6
𝛾 = 874.77𝜇

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟒.

𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝐶1 = 2.5𝑚𝐹
𝐶2 = 25𝑚𝐹
𝑅 = 2.2𝑘Ω
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐶 = 25𝑀𝑓
1
ϒ =
4𝑅𝐿 𝑓𝐶 √3
𝜔 377
𝑓 = = = 60𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 2𝜋
1
ϒ =
4 × 2.2 × 103 × 60 × 25 × 10−3 × √3
ϒ = 43.74 × 10−6
𝛾 = 43.74𝜇
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐶 = 2.5𝑀𝑓
1
ϒ =
4𝑅𝐿 𝑓𝐶 √3
1
ϒ =
4 × 2.2 × 103 × 60 × 2.5 × 10−3 × √3
ϒ = 437.39 × 10−6
𝛾 = 437.39𝜇

QUESTION 5

Differences Between 4-Diode FWR and 2-Diode FWR

A 4-diode full-wave rectifier (often called a bridge rectifier) and a 2-diode full-wave rectifier
(which works with a center-tapped transformer) have different configurations:

• 4-Diode FWR (Bridge Rectifier):

• Uses four diodes in a bridge configuration.
• Does not require a center-tapped transformer.
• Diodes alternate conducting during each half-cycle, resulting in full-wave
rectification.
• 2-Diode FWR:
• Requires a center-tapped transformer.
• Uses two diodes, each conducting during alternate half-cycles.
• The center tap of the transformer provides the return path for the current.
Differences to Maintain:

When replacing a 4-diode FWR with a 2-diode FWR:

• Transformer Requirement: The 2-diode FWR requires a center-tapped transformer,

so you need to ensure the transformer used in the circuit has a center tap.
• Voltage Rating: Each diode in the 2-diode FWR must handle the peak secondary
voltage of the transformer, not half the peak voltage as in the 4-diode FWR. Thus, the
voltage rating of the diodes must be checked to ensure they can withstand the full
peak voltage.
• Current Rating: The current rating of the diodes should be sufficient to handle the
current drawn by the load, similar to the 4-diode FWR.

QUESTION 6

The ripple voltage in a rectifier circuit is the residual periodic variation (AC component) in
the DC output voltage. Let's compare the ripple values for a full-wave rectifier (FWR) and a
half-wave rectifier (HWR):

1. Ripple Frequency:
• FWR: The ripple frequency is twice the input AC frequency (e.g., for a 60 Hz
AC input, the ripple frequency is 120 Hz).
• HWR: The ripple frequency is the same as the input AC frequency (e.g., for a
60 Hz AC input, the ripple frequency is 60 Hz).
2. Ripple Voltage:
• FWR: Due to the higher ripple frequency, the ripple voltage is lower for a
given filter capacitor value. This is because the capacitor has less time to
discharge between peaks.
• HWR: The ripple voltage is higher because the capacitor discharges more
between peaks due to the lower ripple frequency.

Full-Wave Rectifier (FWR):

3. Converts both halves of the AC waveform into DC.

4. Ripple frequency is twice the AC supply frequency (e.g., 100 Hz if the AC supply is
50 Hz).
5. Ripple voltage is lower because the output is smoother.
•

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟕.
𝐹 = 100𝐻𝑧
𝐼𝐿 = 10𝑚𝐴
𝑉𝐿 = 10𝑉
ϒ = 2%
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
𝐶 =
4𝑅𝐿 𝑓ϒ√3
𝑉𝐿 10
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝐿 = = = 1000Ω
𝐼𝐿 10 × 10−3
1
𝐶 = = 7.21687836510−5
2
4 × 1000 × 100 × × 3
100 √
𝐶 = 72.2µ𝐹

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟖
𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁

170
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑚 𝜋
(𝑎)𝐼𝑜 = = = 𝜋 = 3.60𝐴
𝑅 𝑅 15

𝐼𝑜 = 3.60𝐴
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑚 170
(𝑏) 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = = 5.66𝐴
𝑅 2𝑅 2(15)
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 5.66𝐴
(𝑐)𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 5.662 (15) = 480𝑊
𝑃 = 480𝑊

QUESTION 9

𝑉𝑀 𝑉𝑀
AS 𝐼𝑂 = ⟹ 12 = ⟹ 𝑉𝑚 = 152.304𝑣
2𝜋×20.2 2𝜋×20.2
 𝑉𝑚 152.304
So: (𝑉𝑆)𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 107.59𝑣
√2 √2

As we know that:
𝑉𝑃 240
Turns ratio (a) = = = 2.2206
𝑉𝑆 107.63
𝐼𝑃 𝐼 𝐼𝑜 12.0
AS: = = 𝐼𝑝 = = = 5.3045𝐴
𝐼𝑂 𝑎 𝑎 2.2206

(b) 𝐼𝑝 = 5.3045𝐴

QUESTION 10
SOLUTION

𝑉𝑠 = 120𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 = 120𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠√2 =
𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧, 𝑅 = 15 𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝐿 = 15𝑚𝐻
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋 × 60 = 120𝜋
𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 120𝜋 × 15 × 10−3 = 5.655 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝑍 = √𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 = √152 + 5.6552 = 16.030ℎ𝑚

𝜔𝐿 5.655
∅ = tan−1 = tan−1 ( ) = 20.656°
𝑅 15
𝐿 15𝑚𝐻
𝜏= = = 10−3
𝑅 15
𝑉𝑚 𝑡
(𝑎) 𝑖(𝑡) = [sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙) + sin 𝜙℮𝜏 ]
𝑍
120√2 3
𝑖𝜔𝑡 = [sin(120𝜋𝑡 − 20.656° ) + sin 20.565℮−10 𝑡 ]
16.03
3
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 1.058[sin(120𝜋𝑡 − 20.656° ) + 0.353℮−10 𝑡 ]

𝑉𝑚 𝛽 𝑉𝑚
(𝑏) = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = ∫ sin 𝜔𝑡 = (1 − csc 𝛽)
2𝜋 0 2𝜋
𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝐷𝐶 = = (1 − cos 𝛽)
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝛽 = 𝜋 + 𝜑 = 201°
 120√2
𝑠𝑜: 𝐼𝐷𝐶 = (1 − cos 201° )
2𝜋 × 15
𝐼𝐷𝐶 = 3.482𝐴
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
(𝑐) 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃 = = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅
𝑅

1 𝑉𝑚2 1
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ×√ (𝛽 − sin(2𝛽))
2 4𝜋 2
√𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿

1 1202 𝜋 sin(2 × 201)

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ×√ (201 − )
16.03 2𝜋 180 2

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 5.32𝐴
𝑠𝑜: 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅 = (5.32)2 × 15 = 424.5𝑊

(𝑑) 𝑃. 𝐹 = cos ∅ = cos 20.656 = 0.936 𝐿𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 5.32
𝑃. 𝐹 = 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
𝑉𝑠𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑌𝑍 𝑌16.03
𝑉𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 5.32 × 16.03 = 85.28𝑉
85.28
𝑃. 𝐹 = = 0.7106 𝐿𝐴𝐺𝐺𝐼𝑁𝐺
120

QUESTION 11

𝑉𝑠 = 240𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑚 = 240𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠√2 =
𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧, 𝑅 = 15 𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝐿 = 80𝑚𝐻
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2𝜋 × 60 = 120𝜋

𝑍 = √𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿2 = √152 + 377(0.08)2 = 33.7𝑜ℎ𝑚

 𝜔𝐿 377(0.08)
∅ = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = 1.11 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑅 12
𝜔𝐿 377(0.08)
𝜔𝜏 = = = 2.01
𝑅 15
𝛽 = 𝜋 + 𝜃 = 3.50 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 201°
240√2 −𝜔𝑡
𝑖𝜔𝑡 = [sin(𝜔𝑡 − 1.11) + sin 1.11𝑒 2.01 ]
33.7
−𝜔𝑡
(𝑎)𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 10.1 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 1.11) + 9.02 𝑒 2.01
𝛽 = 𝜋 + 𝜃 = 4.35 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 250°
𝑉𝐷𝐶 𝑉𝑚
𝑏) 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = (1 − cos 𝛽)
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
240√2
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (1 − cos 250) = 4.87𝐴
2𝜋(15)
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 4.87𝐴
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
𝑐) 𝑃 = = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅
𝑅

1 𝑉𝑚2 1
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ×√ (𝛽 − sin(2𝛽))
√𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿2 4𝜋 2

1 2402 𝜋 sin(2 × 250)

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ×√ (201 − ) = 6.84𝐴
33.7 2𝜋 180 2

𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 𝑅 = 6.842 (15) = 701𝑊

𝑃 = 701𝑊
𝑃 701
𝑑) 𝑝𝑓 = = = 0.427
𝑠 240(6.84)

QUESTION 12
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 240𝑉
𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧
𝐿 = 75𝑚𝐻 → 0.075𝐻
𝑅 = 10Ω
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 100𝑉
𝑉𝑚 = √2 × 240 = 339.1𝑉 , 𝐿 = 0.075𝐻, 𝜔 = 377𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝜔𝐿 377 × 0.075
𝜔𝜏 = = = 2.83𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑅 10
Ƶ = √𝑅2 × (𝜔𝐿)2 = √102 × (377 × 0.075)2
Ƶ = 29.99Ω
𝜔𝐿
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅
377 × 0.075
∅ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 70.590 , 𝜃 = 1.23𝑟𝑎𝑑
10
𝑉𝑑𝑐 100
𝛼 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 17.16𝑜 = 0.299𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝑚 339.41
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃) − + 𝐴℮−𝜔𝜏
Ƶ 𝑅
339.41 100 −
𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 1.23) − + 𝐴℮ 2.83
29.99 10
𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 11.317 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 – 1.23) – 10 + 𝐴℮−2.83
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝛼
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐴 = [− 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝜃) − ]℮𝜔𝜏
Ƶ 𝑅
339.41 100 0.299
𝐴 = [− 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0.299 − 1.23) − ]𝑒 2.83
29.99 10
0.299
𝐴 = [− 11.317 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0.299 − 1.23) − 10]𝑒 2.83
𝐴 = 21.20
𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 11.317 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 – 1.23) – 10 + 21.20℮−2.83
𝛽
𝑖(𝛽) = 11.317 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽 – 1.23) – 10 + 21.20℮−2.83
𝐵𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝛽 = 3.94
 𝛽
1
∴ 𝐼𝑂 = ∫ 𝑖(𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝛼
3.94
1 −
𝜔𝑡
𝐼𝑂 = ∫ 11.317 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 1.23) − 10 + 21.20℮ 2.83 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
0.299

𝐼𝑂 = 3.13𝐴
(𝑎) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑂 × 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 3.13 × 100
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 313𝑊
(𝑏) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
𝑃𝑅 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ×𝑅

1 𝛽2
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ 𝑖 (𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 𝛼

1 3.94 −
𝜔𝑡
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ [11.317 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 1.23) − 10 + 21.20℮ 2.83 ]2 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 0.299

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 4.81𝐴

𝑃𝑅 = 4.812 × 10 = 231.36𝑊
(𝑐) 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑃𝑠
𝑃. 𝑓 =
𝑆
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑃𝑑𝑐 , 𝑆 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑃𝑅 + 𝑃𝑑𝑐
𝑃. 𝑓 =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
231.36 + 313 544.361
𝑃. 𝑓 = =
240 × 4.81 1154.4
𝑃. 𝑓 = 0.47
QUESTION 13
𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 120𝑉
𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧
𝐿 = 120𝑚𝐻 ⟹ 0.12𝐻
𝑅 = 12Ω
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 48𝑉
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑚 = √2 × 120 = 169.7𝑉 , 𝐿 = 0.12𝐻, 𝜔 = 377𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
Ƶ = √𝑅2 × (𝜔𝐿)2 = √122 × (377 × 0.12)2
Ƶ = 46.8Ω
𝜔𝐿 377 × 0.12
𝜔𝜏 = = = 3.77𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑅 12

𝜔𝐿
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅
377 × 0.12
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) → 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (3.77) → 75.140 , 𝜃 = 1.31𝑟𝑎𝑑
12
𝑉𝑑𝑐 48
𝛼 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 16.43𝑜 = 0.29𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝑚 169.7
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃) − + 𝐴℮−𝜔𝜏
Ƶ 𝑅
169.7 48 𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 1.31) − + 𝐴℮−3.77
46.8 12
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝛼
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐴 = [− 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝜃) − ]℮𝜔𝜏
Ƶ 𝑅
169.7 48 0.29
𝐴 = [− 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0.29 − 1.31) − ]℮3.77
46.8 12
0.29
𝐴 = [− 3.63 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0.29 − 1.31) − 4]℮3.77

𝐴 = 7.66
 𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 3.63 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 – 1.31) – 4 + 7.66℮−3.77
𝛽
(𝛽) = 3.63 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽 – 1.31) – 4 + 7.66℮−3.77
𝐵𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝛽 = 4.06
𝛽
1
∴ 𝐼𝑂 = ∫ 𝑖(𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝛼
4.06
1 𝜔𝑡
𝐼𝑂 = ∫ 3.63 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 – 1.31) – 4 + 7.66℮−3.77 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
0.29

𝐼𝑂 = 1.126𝐴
(𝑎) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑂 × 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 1.126 × 48
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 60.48𝑊
(𝑏) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
𝑃𝑅 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ×𝑅

1 𝛽2
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ 𝑖 (𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 𝛼

1 4.06 𝜔𝑡
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ [3.63 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 1.31) − 4 + 7.66℮−3.77 ]2 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 0.29

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 1.7𝐴
𝑃𝑅 = 1.72 × 12 = 34.7𝑊
(𝑐) 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑃𝑠
𝑃. 𝑓 =
𝑆
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑃𝑑𝑐 , 𝑆 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑃𝑅 + 𝑃𝑑𝑐
𝑃. 𝑓 =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 × 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
 60.48 + 34.7 95.18
𝑃. 𝑓 = =
120 × 1.7 204
𝑃. 𝑓 = 0.47

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟏𝟒
𝑉_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 120𝑉
𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧
𝐿 = 100𝑚𝐻 → 0.10𝐻
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 48𝑉
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑂 × 𝑉𝑑𝑐
1 𝛽
𝐼𝑂 = ∫ 𝑖(𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 𝛼
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑖𝜔𝑡 = sin(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡) + (𝛼 − 𝜔𝑡)
𝜔𝐿 𝜔𝐿
𝑉𝑚 = √2 × 120 = 169.7𝑉 , 𝐿 = 0.1𝐻
𝑉𝑑𝑐 48
𝛼 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 16.43𝑜 = 0.29𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝑚 169.7
169.7 48
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = ⬚(𝑐𝑜𝑠0.29 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡) + (0.29 − 𝜔𝑡)
377×0.1 377×0.1

𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 4.50(0.96 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡) + 1.27(0.29 − 𝜔𝑡)

𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 4.32 − 4.50𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 0.368 − 1.27𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 4.688 − 4.50𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 − 1.27𝜔𝑡
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝜔𝑡 = 𝛽 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝛽
𝑖(𝛽) = 4.688 − 4.50𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) − 1.27(𝛽)
𝛽 = 4.49
1 𝛽
𝐼𝑂 = ∫ 𝑖(𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 𝛼
1 4.49
𝐼𝑂 = ∫ 4.688 − 4.50cos (ωt) − 127ωt 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 0.29

𝐼𝑂 = 2.01𝐴
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼_𝑂 × 𝑉_𝑑𝑐
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 48 × 2.01
𝑃_𝑐 = 96.48𝑊

QUESTION 15
Data
𝑉𝑚 = 200𝑉
𝑅 = 1𝐾Ω
𝐶 = 1000𝜇𝐹
𝜔 = 377
(𝑎) 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝐶 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 = 1𝑘𝑜ℎ𝑚 × 1,000𝜇𝐹 = 𝐼𝑆
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦
1 1 1
𝑇= = =
𝑓 60𝐻𝑧 60𝑠
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝐶 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠
𝜏 1𝑠
= = 60
𝑇 1
60𝑠

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 60
(𝑏) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑡𝑜
− 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑉𝑚
∆𝑉𝑜 =
2𝜋𝑓𝑅𝐶
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝛥𝑉𝑜 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑉𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
200𝑉
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝛥𝑉𝑜 =
2𝜋60𝐻𝑧1𝑘 × 1,000𝜇𝐹
𝛥𝑉𝑜 = 0.53𝑉
(𝑐) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑡𝑜
𝑉𝑚
− 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝛥𝑉𝑜 ≈
𝑓𝑅𝐶
200𝑣
𝛥𝑉𝑜 ≈ = 0.33𝑉
60𝐻𝑧1𝑘1,000𝜇𝐹

QUESTION 16
𝜏
𝑎) 𝑅 = 100 𝑜ℎ𝑚: 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶(100)10−3 = 0.1 𝑠: =6
𝑇
𝜃 = − tan−1 (𝜔𝑅𝐶) + 𝜋 = − tan−1 (37.7) + 𝜋 = 1.5973 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 91.52°
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃 = 200 sin(91.52° ) = 199.93
−(2𝜋+𝛼+𝜃)
sin 𝛼 − sin 𝜃𝑒 𝜔𝑅𝐶 = 0 → 𝛼 = 1.0338 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 59.23°
∆𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑚 (1 − sin 𝛼) = 200(1 − sin 1.0338) = 28.16𝑉
𝑉𝑚 200
𝛥𝑉𝑜 ≈ = = 33.3𝑉
𝑓𝑅𝐶 (60)(100)(10−3 )

𝛥𝑉𝑜 ≈ 33.3𝑉
𝜏
𝑏) 𝑅 = 10 𝑜ℎ𝑚: 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶(100)10−3 = 0.01 𝑠: =6
𝑇
𝜃 = − tan−1 (𝜔𝑅𝐶) + 𝜋 = − tan−1 (3.77) + 𝜋 = 1.830 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 104.9°
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃 = 200 sin(104.9° ) = 193.3
−(2𝜋+𝛼+𝜃)
sin 𝛼 − sin 𝜃𝑒 𝜔𝑅𝐶 = 0 → 𝛼 = 1.2883 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 16.5°
∆𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑚 (1 − sin 𝛼) = 200(1 − sin 1.2883) = 143.2𝑉
𝑉𝑚 200
𝛥𝑉𝑜 ≈ = = 33.3𝑉
𝑓𝑅𝐶 (60)(10)(10−3 )
𝛥𝑉𝑜 ≈ 33.3𝑉

QUESTION 17
data
𝑅 = 1𝐾Ω = 1000𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 120𝑣 ⟹ 𝑉𝑚 = 120√2, 𝐹 = 60𝐻𝑧,
(𝑎) 𝐶 = 4000𝜇𝐹 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑚 120√2
𝛥𝑉𝑜 = = = 0.707𝑉
𝑓𝑅𝐶 60 × 1000 × 4000 × 10−6
(𝑏) 𝐶 = 20𝜇𝐹
𝑉𝑚 120√2
𝛥𝑉𝑜 = = = 141.42V
𝑓𝑅𝐶 60 × 1000 × 20 × 10−6
(𝐶)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅 = 500Ω
(𝑎)
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶 = 4000µ𝐹
√2 × 120
𝛥𝑉𝑜 =
4 × 10−3 × 60 × 500
𝛥𝑉𝑜 = 1.414𝑉
(𝑏)
𝐶 = 20µ𝐹
√2 × 120
𝛥𝑉𝑜 =
2 × 10−5 × 60 × 500
𝛥𝑉𝑜 = 282.8𝑉
QUESTION 18
𝑇𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑡𝑜
− 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 2 𝑉, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝑉𝑝
𝐶=
2𝑓𝑅𝐶 × 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑉𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑧
𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝐶 = 169.71𝑒 − 6𝐹
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 169.71 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠.
𝑇𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑠:
𝑉𝑝 120√2
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = =
2𝑅 2 × 750
𝑉𝑝 120√2
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = =
𝑅 750
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡:

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.113137𝐴

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 0.226274𝐴

QUESTION 19
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 120, 𝐹 = 60𝐻𝑧, 𝑃𝐿 = 50𝑊, 𝐶 = ?
𝑉𝑟 = 1.5𝑉
𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝 = 𝑉𝑟 × 2 = 1.5 × 2 = 3𝑣
1
𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝 =
𝑓𝑅𝐿 𝐶
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 × √2 = 120√2⬚ = 169.71𝑣
𝑉𝑝 = 169.71𝑉
2𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥⬚ 2𝑉𝑝 2 × 169.71
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = = 108.04𝑉
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 2 108.042
𝑅𝐿 = = = 233.46𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑃𝐿 50
1 1
𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝 = × 𝑉𝑝 ⟹ 3 = × 169.71
𝑓𝑅𝐿 𝐶 60 × 233.46 × 𝐶
169.71
𝐶= = 4.03 × 10−3 𝐹
60 × 233.46 × 3
𝐶 = 4.03𝑚𝐹
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 108.04
(𝑏) 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒) = = = 0.4627𝐴
𝑅𝐿 233.46
𝑉𝑝 169.71
𝐼𝑝𝑒 (𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒) = = = 0.7269𝐴
𝑅𝐿 233.46

QUESTIONS 20

𝑄𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 21
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡
𝑉𝑠 = 240 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧,
𝑅𝐿 = 30ohm
(a) 𝐼𝐷𝐶 = 2.5A

𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 𝐼𝐷𝐶 × R

𝑉𝑚 240√2
𝑅𝐿 = (1 + cos ∝) ⇒ 2.5 × 30 = (1 + cos ∝)
2𝜋 2𝜋
 2.5 × 30 × 2 × 3.14
1 + cos ∝=
√2 × 240

1 + cos ∝ = 1.3879
cos ∝ = 0.3879 = 67.17°

𝑉𝑚 ∝ 1 sin(2 ∝)
𝑏) 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √1 − +
2 𝜋 2 𝜋

1
240√2 1.17 1 sin(2 × 1.17) 2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (1 − + )
2 3.14 2 𝜋
1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 120√2(1 − 0.372 + 0.0065)2

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 135.16𝑉

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 (135.16)2
𝑃𝑅 = = = 608.93𝑊
𝑅 30
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 135.16
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 4.5𝐴
𝑅 30
𝑆 = 240 × 4.5 = 1080𝑊
𝑃𝑅 608.93
𝐶) 𝑃𝐹 = = = 0.5638
𝑆 1080

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟐𝟐

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑠, 𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧.

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑛 ,
sec 𝑖𝑠

𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘.

𝑍 = √𝑅2 + 𝜔𝐿2
𝑍 = √(25)2 + (27 × 60 × 0.05)2

= √0625 + 355.306

𝑍 = 31.319𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝜃

−1
𝜔𝐿 −1
2𝜋 × 60 × 50 × 10−3
𝜃 = tan ⇒ 𝜃 = tan ( )
𝑅 25

𝜃 = 37.0156°, 𝜃 = 0.646 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

𝐿 50 × 10−3
𝜏= = = 0.002𝑠
𝑅 25
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

𝛼 = 30° = 0.524 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑉𝑚 𝛼−𝜔𝑡
(𝑎) 𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = [sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃) − sin(𝛼 − 𝜃)℮ 𝜔𝜏 ]
𝑍

120√2 0.524−𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = [sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.646) − sin(0.524 − 0.646)℮377×0.002 ]
31.31
0.524 𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 5.42 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.646) − 5.42 × sin(0.524 − 0.646)℮0.754 ℮0.754
𝜔𝑡
0.695
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 5.42 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.646) − 5.42 sin(−0.122)℮ ℮0.754

𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 5.42 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.646) + 5.42 × 0.122 × 2 × ℮0.754
𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 5.42 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.646) + 1.322℮0.754

(𝑏) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝛽 = 𝜋 + 𝜃 = 3.79𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 217.15°

1 𝛽
𝐼𝑜 = ∫ 𝑖(𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 𝛼
 1 3.79 𝜔𝑡
= ∫ (5.42 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.646) + 1.31℮0.754 ) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 0.524

1 3.79
= ∫ (5.42[sin(𝜔𝑡) cos(0.646) − cos(𝜔𝑡) sin(0.646)]
2𝜋 0.524
𝜔𝑡
+ 1.31℮0.754 ) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)

1 3.79 𝜔𝑡
= ∫ (5.42[0.8 sin(𝜔𝑡) − 0.6 cos(𝜔𝑡)] + 1.31℮0.754 ) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 0.524

1 𝜔𝑡 3.79
𝐼𝑜 = [−4.336 cos(𝜔𝑡) − 3.252 sin(𝜔𝑡) + 1.31 × (−0.754) ℮ 0.754 ]
2𝜋 0.524

1 𝜔𝑡 3.79
= − [4.336 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 3.252 sin(𝜔𝑡) + 0.99℮0.754 ]
2𝜋 0.524

1 3.79
= − [4.336 cos(3.79) + 3.252 sin(3.79) + 0.99℮0.754
2𝜋
0.524
− [4.336 cos(0.524) + 3.252 sin(0.524) + 0.99℮0.754 ]]

1
=− [−5.413 − 5.875]
2𝜋
𝐼𝑜 ≅ 1.8𝐴

2
1 𝛽2
(𝑐) 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ 𝑖 (𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 𝛼

1 3.79 𝜔𝑡 2
=√ ∫ (5.42 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.646) + 1.31℮0.754 ) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 0.524

3.79
1 2𝜔𝑡 𝜔𝑡
= √∫ (29.38 sin2 (𝜔𝑡 − 0.646) + 1.716𝑒 0.754 + 14.2 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 0.646)𝑒 0.754 ) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 0.524

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2.80𝐴
2
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 2.802 × 25 = 196𝑊
𝑃 = 196𝑊

QUESTION 23

𝑉𝑠 = 120𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧, 𝑅 = 40𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝐿 = 75𝑚𝐻, ∝= 60°

−1
𝜔𝐿 −1
377 × 75 × 10−3
𝜃 = tan ( ) = tan ( ) = 35.25°
𝑅 40
𝜃 = 35.25°
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑚
(𝑎) 𝐼𝑂 = 𝐵𝑈𝑇 𝑉𝑜 = (cos ∝ − cos 𝛽)
𝑅 2𝜋
𝑉𝑚
∴ 𝐼𝑂 = (cos ∝ − cos 𝛽)
2𝜋𝑅
𝑉𝑚
(𝑏) 𝐼𝑂 = (cos ∝ − cos 𝛽)
2𝜋𝑅
120√2
= (cos 60° − cos 35.25° ) = 0.889𝐴
2𝜋 × 40
𝐼𝑂 = 0.889𝐴

2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
(𝑐) 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 𝐵𝑈𝑇 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = , 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑅
1/2
𝑉𝑚 1
= (𝛽−∝ + (sin 2 ∝) − sin(2𝛽))
2 √𝜋 2
1/2
120√2 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (0.816 − 0.5 + (sin 2 × 120) − sin(2 × 35.25))
2 √𝜋 2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 63.34𝑉
63.34
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 1.58𝐴
40
2
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 1.582 × 40 = 99.85𝑊
𝑃 = 99.85𝑊
𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵𝑺 𝟐𝟒
𝑅 = 20 Ω, 𝑉𝑠 = 120 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝐿 = 40 𝑚𝐻,
𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧, 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 2.0𝐴
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = , 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 × 𝑅 = 2.0 × 20 = 40𝑉
𝑅
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 40𝑉
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝐿 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (1 + cos 𝛼)
2𝜋
120√2
40 = (1 + cos 𝛼) ⇒ 40 = 27.01(1 + cos 𝛼)
2𝜋
40
= 1 + cos 𝛼 ⇒ cos 𝛼 = 0.481
27.01
𝛼 = cos −1 (0.481) ≈ 61.2°
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝛼)𝑖𝑠 61.2°

QUESTION 25
𝑅 = 16 Ω, 𝑉𝑠 = 120 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝐿 = 60 𝑚𝐻,
𝑓 = 60 𝐻𝑧, 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 1.8𝐴
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = , 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 × 𝑅 = 2.0 × 20 = 40𝑉
𝑅
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 40𝑉
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝐿 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (1 + cos 𝛼)
2𝜋
120√2
1.8 = (1 + cos 𝛼) ⇒ 1.8 = 1.688(1 + cos 𝛼)
2𝜋 × 16
 1.8
= 1 + cos 𝛼 ⇒ cos 𝛼 ≈ 0.112
1.688
𝛼 = cos −1 (0.112) ≈ 83.56°
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (𝛼)𝑖𝑠 83.56°

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟐𝟔
𝑉𝑠 = 120 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝐿 = 100 𝑚𝐻,
𝑅 = 12 Ω, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 48 𝑉, 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 50
𝑽𝒎 𝑽𝒅𝒄 −𝝎𝒕
𝒊(𝝎𝒕) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 − 𝜽) − + 𝑨𝒆 𝝎𝝉
𝒁 𝑹
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + 2𝜋𝑓𝐿2 = √122 + 2𝜋 × 60 × 0.12
𝑍 = 39.5629𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝜔 = 377𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝐿
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑅
377 × 0.1 377 × 0.1
𝜃 = tan−1 = 72.34° , 1.262𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝜔𝜏 = = 3.142
12 12
∝= 50∘ , 0.87𝑟𝑎𝑑
(a) 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
−𝝎𝒕
𝒊(𝝎𝒕) = 4.29 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 1.263) − 4.0 + 7.43𝒆𝟑.𝟏𝟒𝟐 𝑨
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑜 = 1.04𝐴
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑜 × 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 1.04 × 48
∴ 𝐶 = 50.1𝑊

2
1 𝛽2
(𝑏) 𝑃𝑟 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ∫ 𝑖 (𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 ∝
𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑠, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡. 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 1.67𝐴
𝑃𝑟 = 1.672 × 12 = 33.5𝑊
 𝑃𝑑𝑐 + 𝑃𝑟 50.1 + 33.5
(𝑐)𝑝𝑓 = = = 0.417
𝑉 × 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 120 × 1.67
𝑝𝑓 = 0.417

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟐𝟕
𝑉𝑠 = 240𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠, 𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧, 𝑅 = 100𝑜ℎ𝑚, 𝐿 = 150𝑚𝐻, 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 96𝑉
𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 (∝) = 60°
𝑉𝑑𝑐 96
𝜃 = sin−1 ( ) ⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 ( ) = 0.28288
𝑉𝑚 240√2
𝜃 = sin−1 (0.28288) = 16.43°
𝜃1 = 16.43°
𝜃2 = 𝜋 − 𝜃1 = 180° − 16.43° = 163.57°
1
𝑉𝑜 = [𝑉𝑚(cos ∝ − cos 𝜃2 ) + 𝑉𝑑𝑐(2𝜋+∝ −𝜃2 )]
2𝜋
1
𝑉𝑜 = [240√2(cos 60° − cos 163.57° ) + 𝑉𝑑𝑐(2𝜋 + 60° − 163.57° )]
2𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑉𝑜 = [339.36(0.5 − (−0.959)) + 96 (256.43 × )] 𝐼𝑁 𝑅𝐴𝐷𝐼𝐴𝑁
2𝜋 180
1
𝑉𝑜 = [339.36 × 1.459 + 96 × 4.47]
2𝜋
495.13 + 429.12
𝑉𝑜 = = 147.1𝑉
2𝜋
𝑉𝑜 = 147.1𝑉
𝐹𝑂𝑅 𝐼𝑂
1
𝐼𝑂 = [𝑉𝑚(cos ∝ − cos 𝜃2 ) + 𝑉𝑑𝑐(𝜃2 −∝)]
2𝜋𝑅
1
𝐼𝑂 = [240√2(cos 60° − cos 163.57° ) − 96(163.57° − 60° )]
2𝜋 × 100
1 𝜋
𝐼𝑂 = [339.36(0.5 − (−0.959)) − 96 (103 × )]
200𝜋 180
 1
𝐼𝑂 = [495.13 − 172.58]
200𝜋
322.55
𝐼𝑂 = = 0.513𝐴
200𝜋
𝐼𝑂 = 0.513𝐴
(𝑎) 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 × 𝐼𝑂
𝑃 = 96 × 0.513
𝑃 = 49.248𝑊
(𝑏) 𝑃𝑅 = 𝐼𝑂2 𝑅
𝑃𝑅 = (0.513)2 × 100
𝑃𝑅 = 26.32𝑊
𝑃𝑑𝑐 + 𝑃𝑟 49.248 + 26.32
(𝑐) 𝑝𝑓 = = = 0.87
𝑉 × 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 240 × 0.513
𝑃𝐹 = 0.87

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟐𝟖
𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎
𝑉𝑆 = 120𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧
𝐿 = 75𝑚𝐻 → 0.075𝐻
𝑅 = 2Ω
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 48𝑉
𝛼 = 500
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑚 = √2 × 120 = 169.7𝑉 , 𝐿 = 0.075𝐻, 𝜔 = 377𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
Ƶ = √𝑅2 × (𝜔𝐿)2 = √22 × (377 × 0.075)2
Ƶ = 28.3Ω
𝜔𝐿 377 × 0.075
𝜔𝜏 = = = 14.14𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝑅 2
 𝜔𝐿
𝛩 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑅
377 × 0.075
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) → 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (14.14) → , 𝜃 = 1.5𝑟𝑎𝑑
2
𝛼 = 500 = 0.87𝑟𝑎𝑑
(𝑎) 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 360 . 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 500 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜃) − + 𝐴℮−𝜔𝜏
Ƶ 𝑅
169.7 48 𝜔𝑡
𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 1.5) − + 𝐴℮−14.14
28.3 2
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝛼
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐴 = [− 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝜃) − ]℮𝜔𝜏
Ƶ 𝑅
169.7 48 0.87
𝐴 = [− 𝑠𝑖𝑛(0.87 − 1.5) − ]℮14.14
28.3 2
𝐴 = 29.1
𝜔𝑡
∴ 𝑖(𝜔𝑡) = 5.99 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 – 1.5) – 24 + 29.3℮−14.14
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛽 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝛽
𝑖(𝛽) = 5.99𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽 – 1.5) – 24 + 30.1℮−14.14
𝛽 = 4.226 = 4.23𝑟𝑎𝑑, 242.92
(𝑏) 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑂 × 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝛽
1
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑂 = ∫ 𝑖(𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
𝛼
4.23
1 𝜔𝑡
𝐼𝑂 = ∫ (5.99 sin(𝜔𝑡 – 1.5) – 24 + 29.1℮−14.14 ) 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋
0.87
1
= (14.4556)
2𝜋
𝐼𝑂 = 1.91𝐴
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑂 × 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 1.91 × 48
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 91.6𝑊
(𝑐) 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
𝑃𝑅 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 ×𝑅

1 𝛽2
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ 𝑖 (𝜔𝑡)𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 𝛼

1 4.23 −
𝜔𝑡 2
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ ∫ [5.99 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 1.5) − 24 + 29.1℮ 14.14 ] 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 0.87

1
=√ (72.2077)
2𝜋

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2.93𝐴
𝑃𝑅 = (2.93)2 × 2 = 17.1𝑊
𝑃𝑅 = 17.1𝑊

𝑸𝑼𝑬𝑺𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝟐𝟗
𝐼𝑛 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑑𝑐 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦:
𝑐 𝑉𝑚
𝑖𝐿 = (𝑉𝑑 ) × 𝑡 + [ 𝐿 × (1 − cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛼))] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤ 𝛼
𝐿 𝜔
𝑐 𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝑖𝐿 = (𝑉𝑑 ) × 𝑡 + [2 𝐿] 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝛼 ≤ 𝜔𝑡 ≤
𝐿 𝜔 𝜔
𝑇𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑤𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 −
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑖𝐿 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 −
ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑜𝑛𝑒 −
ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡𝑜 180°
𝑜𝑟 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦:
 1 𝜋
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ( ) × ∫ (0 → ) 𝑖𝐿 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝜔
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝐿 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛:

𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝜋 𝛼 sin(2𝛼 − 𝜋)
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ×[ − + ]
𝜋𝐿 2 𝜔 2𝜔
24 𝜋 75 sin(2 × 75 − 𝜋)
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ( 35𝑒 − 3) × [ − + ]
𝜋 2 60 2 × 60
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 ≈ 1.9353𝐴

𝑄𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 30