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Lecture 4 Periodic Trends of The Elements

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14 views27 pages

Lecture 4 Periodic Trends of The Elements

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thuy36030
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 4

PERIODIC TRENDS
OF THE ELEMENTS

1
Lecture 4 Reading
• Periodic trends of the elements
[1]: chapter 9
[2]: chapter 8.1

2
Periodic trends
Contents and practice skills
• Elements
– VE configurations
– Atomic parameters • Be able to predict elements
– Occurrence and compounds’ properties
– Metallic character based on the elements
position in the periodic table
– Oxidation states
• Compounds
– Coordination numbers
– Binary compounds

3
4
Elements

5
s, p, d, f elements

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6
Valence electron configuration

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7
Periodic trends: Atomic radius
Atomic Radii for Selected Atoms
– Down a group
Increase n à size increases

– Across a row
(increase of Z effective) à size reduces

Same amount of core electrons


shielding from nucleus but different
amounts of protons pulling in the
electrons

8
Ionization Energy (IE)

• Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.

Mg → Mg+ + e– I1 = 735 kJ/mol (1st IE)


Mg+ → Mg2+ + e– I2 = 1445 kJ/mol (2nd IE)
Mg2+ → Mg3+ + e– I3 = 7730 kJ/mol (3rd IE)

9
IE trend
Opposite to atomic radius trend
• Increases up and to the right across
periodic table

• Would it take much more energy to take an Atomic Radii for Selected Atoms
electron out of a alkali metal or a halogen?

• Two factors
1) as you go down a group
àValence e are further from the nucleus

2) as you go across a period


à Elements tend to gain (not loose) e
toward the right side

10
The Values of First Ionization Energy
for the Elements in the First Six Periods

• Why the drop in I.E. from N to O or Be to B?


• Half-filled and fully filled orbitals are especially stable
11
Successive Ionization Energies (KJ per Mole) for the Elements in
Period 3

12
Periodic trends:
Electron Affinity (EA)
• Energy change associated with the addition of an
electron to a gaseous atom.
X(g) + e– → X–(g)
• In general as we go up a row or across a period left
to right the E.A. becomes a larger negative value.

13
EXERCISE!
Arrange the elements nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, iodine
according to increasing:
– Ionization energy

– Atomic size

14
Electronegativity
• Electronegativity (EN): The ability of an atom in a molecule to
attract shared electrons to itself

– The greater the difference is in electronegativity between two atoms,


the more polar the resulting bond à the extreme: ionic bond
– Polarity of a bond # polarity of a molecule (consider the shape or
bonds arrangement)
15
Ionic Compounds and Ion Size

- Atom vs ion radius


- Cation: smaller than its
atom r (Na+) < r (Na)
- Anion: bigger than its atom
r (O2-) > r (O)

- Ion radius trend


- Down a group: increase
- Left to right in a row
(period): increase (not
continuous)
Isoelectric ions: ions that have the same number of electrons

16
Occurrence
• Atmophile elements: occur as free gas in nature
• Lithophile elements: exist more in silicate mineral forms (oxides)
• Chalcophile elements: exist more in sulfide forms
• Siderophile elements: exist more in metal forms
Most elements that are siderophile are usually also somewhat chalcophile and vice versa.

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Metallic character
M – ne à Mn+ X + ne à Xn-

18
Oxidation state
The charge that an atom would have if the more electronegative
atom in a bond acquired the two electrons of the bond completely

19
Practice
• Determine the oxidation state of all atoms in
any chemical formula
– appears in this lecture
– you can think of

20
Oxidation state trend

21
22
Some trends

23
Coordination number
The coordination number depends very much on the
relative sizes of the central atom and the surrounding
atoms.
• Small atoms: Low coordination numbers
• Bigger atoms can have high coordination numbers
Examples:
• p block: NCl3, NH +, whereas PCl , PCl , PCl -(d orbitals)
4 3 5 6
(period 2) (period 3)
• d block: (larger radii) ScF6 3−, LaF96−, [Th(C2O4)4(OH2)2] 4-
(3d) (4d) (5d)
24
Binary compounds
• Hydrides: RHx

• Molecular (covalent) hydrides: B2H6, CH4, NH3, H2O, HF,...


– Gases, except water (H bond).

• Saline hydrides: Group 1, 2 (except Be).


– Ionic solids with high melting points

• Nonstoichiometric metallic hydrides: are formed by all


the d-block metals of Groups 3, 4, and 5, and by the f-
block elements.

25
Binary compounds
• Oxides: RaOb

26
Binary compounds
• Halides:

27

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