Research Article

Overview of Metaheuristic Algorithms

Saman M. Almufti1, Awaz Ahmad Shaban2, Rasan Ismael Ali3, Jayson A. Dela Fuente4
1Department of Computer Science, Nawroz University, Duhok, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
2,3Reseacher
4NorthernNegros State College of Science Technology, Philippines
Corresponding Email: [email protected]

A R T ICLE INFO A B STR ACT E- ISS N: 29 6 1 - 3809

Received Metaheuristic algorithms are optimization algorithms that are used
11/02/2023 to address complicated issues that cannot be solved using standard
Revised approaches. These algorithms are inspired by natural processes such
12/03/2023 as genetics, swarm behavior, and evolution, and they are used to
Accepted explore a broad search space to identify the global optimum of a
1/04/2023 problem. Genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, ant colony
optimization, simulated annealing, and tabu search are examples of
popular metaheuristic algorithms. These algorithms have been widely
KEYWORDS utilized to address complicated issues in domains like as engineering,
Metaheuristics finance, and computer science. In general, the history of
Algorithm, metaheuristic algorithms spans several decades and involves the
classifications, development of various optimization algorithms that are inspired by
advantages and natural systems. Metaheuristic algorithms have become a valuable
disadvantages, tool in solving complex optimization problems in various fields, and
applications. they are likely to continue to play an important role in the
development of new technologies and applications.

Copyright © 2023, Saman et al.

This is an open-access article distributed and licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs.

How to cite:
M. Almufti, S., Ahmad Shaban, A., Ismael Ali, R., & A. Dela Fuente, J. (2023). Overview of
Metaheuristic Algorithms. Polaris Global Journal of Scholarly Research and Trends, 2(2), 10–32.
https://doi.org/10.58429/pgjsrt.v2n2a144

https://doi.org/10.58429/pgjsrt.v2n2a144 https://pgjsrt.com/ [email protected]

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1. INTRODUCTION
Metaheuristic algorithms are optimization algorithms that are used to find the optimal solution for
complex problems that cannot be solved using traditional methods. These algorithms are inspired
by natural phenomena such as genetics, swarm behavior, and evolution, and they are used to find
the global optimum of a problem by exploring a large search space. Some popular metaheuristic
algorithms include genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization,
simulated annealing, and tabu search. These algorithms have been widely used in various fields such
as engineering, finance, and computer science to solve complex problems(Fister, Yang, et al.,
2013a). One of the advantages of metaheuristic algorithms is that they do not require an initial
starting point for the optimization problem. This makes them particularly useful for solving complex
problems where the initial conditions are not known. Additionally, metaheuristic algorithms can
handle large and complex search spaces, which traditional optimization methods cannot. However,
one of the main drawbacks of metaheuristic algorithms is that they may not always find the global
optimum(M. Almufti, Boya Marqas, et al., 2019). Due to the random nature of the algorithm, there
is no guarantee that the algorithm will find the best solution. Additionally, the algorithms can be
computationally expensive, especially when dealing with large search spaces. Overall, metaheuristic
algorithms are powerful optimization tools that can be used to solve complex problems. However,
they should be used with caution and with a thorough understanding of the problem being
solved(M. Almufti et al., 2023). In general, metaheuristic algorithms have several advantages and
disadvantages, and the choice of algorithm depends on the characteristics of the optimization
problem and the available computing resources (Rai & Tyagi, 2013). Metaheuristic algorithms can
provide an effective tool for solving complex optimization problems, but their limitations should
also be considered.

2. Metaheuristic Algorithms
The term "metaheuristics" refers to a "higher level of heuristics" and is a combination of the words
"meta" and "heuristic," where "meta" means beyond or higher level and "heuristic" refers to finding
or discovering a goal by trial and error. Historically, methods with stochastic mechanisms were
frequently referred to as "heuristic algorithms." often, metaheuristic algorithms function as "master
strategies that direct and modify other heuristics to produce solutions beyond those that are
typically generated in a quest for local optimality". These algorithms modify local search and
randomization in a specific way. In a fair amount of time, excellent solutions to challenging
optimization issues can be developed. But in general, there is no guarantee of finding optimal
solutions(S. Almufti, 2017).
The term "metaheuristic" refers to a higher-level procedure or heuristic in the fields of computer
science, mathematical optimization, and engineering that is used to search for, find, generate, or
select a heuristic that may offer a good solution to an optimization problem, particularly for large
problems like (NP-hard problem) or in cases of limit, incomplete, or imperfect information. The
collection of solutions in a metaheuristic is too big to sample entirely. Metaheuristics can be used for
a range of issues since they may not make many assumptions about the optimization problem being
handled(S. M. Almufti, 2022a). In contrast to iterative or optimization techniques, metaheuristics
do not ensure that the optimum solution for a given class of problems can be identified. Numerous
metaheuristics use stochastic optimization in some way, which means that the solution is based on
the set of produced random variables(Ihsan et al., 2021). Metaheuristics may frequently identify
good solutions in combinatorial optimization with less computing work than optimization
algorithms, iterative techniques, or basic heuristics since they search through a vast range of viable
alternatives. Because of this, they are effective strategies for solving optimization issues (Sadeeq et
al., 2021).

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Most literature on metaheuristics is experimental in nature, describing empirical results based on

computer experiments with the algorithms. But some formal theoretical results are also available,
often on convergence and the possibility of finding the global optimum. Many metaheuristic
methods have been published with claims of novelty and practical efficacy. While the field also
features high-quality research, many of the publications have been of poor quality; flaws include
vagueness, lack of conceptual elaboration, poor experiments, and ignorance of previous literature
(Agrawal et al., 2021).
These are properties that characterize most metaheuristics:
• Metaheuristics are strategies that guide the search process.
• The goal is to efficiently explore the search space in order to find near–optimal solutions.
• Techniques which constitute metaheuristic algorithms range from simple local search
procedures to complex learning processes.
• Metaheuristic algorithms are approximate and usually non-deterministic.
• Metaheuristics are not problem-specific.

3. Wel-Known Metaheuristic Algorithms

There are many metaheuristic algorithms that have been developed over the years, each with its own
strengths and weaknesses. Here are some of the most well-known metaheuristic algorithms, along
with a brief description of how they work:

1. Genetic Algorithms (GA): GA is inspired by the principles of natural selection and genetics. It
starts by randomly generating an initial population of solutions, and then evolves the population by
applying operators such as selection, crossover, and mutation. These operators simulate the process
of natural selection, where individuals with higher fitness are more likely to reproduce and pass on
their traits to the next generation. GA has been widely used in optimization problems that involve
finding the best combination of parameters or features(Acan et al., n.d.).

2. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO): PSO is a swarm intelligence algorithm that is inspired by the
collective behavior of social organisms, such as birds flocking or fish schooling. It starts by randomly
generating a swarm of particles, each representing a potential solution to the optimization problem.
Each particle moves in the search space based on its own position and velocity, as well as the best
position found by the swarm so far. PSO has been widely used in optimization problems that involve
finding the best configuration of weights in neural networks or other machine learning models(M.
Almufti, Yahya Zebari, et al., 2019).
3. Simulated Annealing (SA): SA is a stochastic optimization algorithm that is inspired by the
process of annealing in metallurgy. It starts by randomly generating an initial solution, and then
gradually reduces the temperature of the system. As the temperature decreases, the algorithm
becomes more likely to accept worse solutions in order to escape local optima. SA has been widely
used in optimization problems that involve finding the best configuration of parameters in complex
models or simulations(Asaad & Abdulnabi, 2018).
4. Tabu Search (TS): TS is a metaheuristic algorithm that is inspired by the concept of memory in
human decision-making. It starts by randomly generating an initial solution, and then searches the
neighborhood of the solution by applying operators such as swapping or reversing. The algorithm
uses a tabu list to remember recently visited solutions and avoids revisiting them. TS has been
widely used in optimization problems that involve finding the best sequence of actions or decisions,
such as scheduling or routing(Acan & Ünveren, 2015; Ridwan B. Marqas et al., 2020).

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5. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO): ACO is a swarm intelligence algorithm that is inspired by the
behavior of ants in finding the shortest path between their nest and a food source. It starts by
randomly generating an initial set of pheromone trails, which represent the quality of the solutions
found so far. As ants move through the search space, they deposit or follow pheromone trails based
on the quality of the solutions they find. ACO has been widely used in optimization problems that
involve finding the best routes or paths, such as in logistics or transportation(Agrawal et al., 2021).
These are just a few examples of the many metaheuristic algorithms that have been developed over
the years. Each algorithm has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of algorithm
depends on the characteristics of the optimization problem and the available computing
resources(Dubey et al., 2014; Fister, Yang, et al., 2013a; Mishra & Mishra Scholar, 2017).

4. Metaheuristic Algorithms Classifications

Metaheuristic algorithms can be classified in several ways based on different criteria. Here are some
common classifications (S. Almufti, 2017, 2021; S. M. Almufti, Saeed, et al., n.d.):
1. Nature-inspired vs. non-nature-inspired: Metaheuristics can be classified based on whether
they are inspired by natural processes or not. Nature-inspired metaheuristics include
algorithms such as genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and ant colony
optimization. Non-nature-inspired metaheuristics include algorithms such as simulated
annealing and tabu search.
2. Single-solution vs. population-based: Metaheuristics can also be classified based on whether
they operate on a single solution or a population of solutions. Single-solution metaheuristics
include algorithms such as simulated annealing and hill climbing. Population-based
metaheuristics include algorithms such as genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization,
and ant colony optimization.
3. Deterministic vs. stochastic: Metaheuristics can be classified based on whether they use
deterministic or stochastic processes. Deterministic metaheuristics use deterministic
processes to generate new solutions. Examples include hill climbing and deterministic
annealing. Stochastic metaheuristics use stochastic processes to generate new solutions.
Examples include genetic algorithms and simulated annealing.
4. Trajectory-based vs. population-based: Metaheuristics can also be classified based on
whether they focus on finding a single solution or multiple solutions. Trajectory-based
metaheuristics focus on finding a single solution and use iterative improvement to refine that
solution. Examples include hill climbing and simulated annealing. Population-based
metaheuristics focus on finding multiple solutions and use a population of solutions to
explore the search space. Examples include genetic algorithms and particle swarm
optimization.
5. Local search-based vs. global search-based: Metaheuristics can be classified based on
whether they focus on exploring the local search space or the global search space. Local
search-based metaheuristics focus on finding solutions in the immediate vicinity of the
current solution. Examples include hill climbing and tabu search. Global search-based
metaheuristics focus on exploring the entire search space. Examples include genetic
algorithms and ant colony optimization.
Unlike traditional optimization techniques that rely on mathematical models and assumptions,
metaheuristics are problem-independent and can adapt to different types of problems with minimal
modifications. Some of the main features of metaheuristic algorithms are (Bhuvaneswari et al.,
2014; Fister, Yang, et al., 2013b; Selvaraj & Kumar, n.d.):

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a) Exploration and exploitation: Metaheuristics balance the exploration of the search space to
discover new promising solutions and the exploitation of the already discovered solutions to
refine them further.
b) Stochastic search: Metaheuristics use randomization to generate new solutions and avoid
being trapped in local optima.
c) Iterative improvement: Metaheuristics improve the quality of the solutions iteratively by
repeatedly applying modifications to the existing solutions.
d) Robustness: Metaheuristics are designed to handle noisy and uncertain problem instances by
avoiding the dependence on specific problem characteristics and assumptions.
e) Flexibility: Metaheuristics can be customized and adapted to different problem domains by
changing the selection criteria, neighborhood structures, and search strategies.
f) Parallelism: Metaheuristics can be easily parallelized to speed up the search process and
solve large-scale problems efficiently.

Figure 1: Metaheuristic Algorithm classifications

Evolutionary based algorithms
Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are a class of metaheuristic algorithms that are inspired by the
process of natural evolution. They are based on the principles of survival of the fittest, reproduction,
and mutation. EAs work by creating a population of potential solutions to a problem and then
iteratively evolving and improving that population through selection, crossover, and mutation
operations(Bäck & Schwefel, 1993; Bartz-Beielstein et al., 2014).
Some common types of evolutionary algorithms include:
1. Genetic algorithm (GA): GA is one of the most widely used EAs. It is based on the principles
of natural selection and genetic inheritance. GA has been applied to a wide range of
problems such as optimization, classification, and clustering(Acan et al., n.d.; Luis &
Sequera, n.d.).
2. Evolutionary programming (EP): EP is a stochastic optimization technique that is used to
solve a wide range of problems. It is based on the idea of genetic algorithms and is typically
used for function optimization(Bäck & Schwefel, 1993; Bartz-Beielstein et al., 2014; Sinha et
al., 2003).
3. Evolution strategies (ES): ES is a family of optimization techniques that are based on the
idea of natural evolution. It is used for function optimization and is known for its ability to
handle noise in the fitness function(Sun et al., 2009).
4. Differential evolution (DE): DE is an optimization algorithm that is used to solve problems in
continuous search spaces. It is based on the idea of differential mutation and is known for its
robustness and efficiency(Sadeeq et al., 2021).
Evolutionary algorithms have been applied to a wide range of problems in fields such as
engineering, finance, biology, and computer science. They are particularly useful for solving
problems that involve high-dimensional search spaces, nonlinearity, and noisy or imprecise fitness
functions(Sharif et al., 2009).

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Physics-based Algorithm
Physics-based metaheuristic algorithms are a class of metaheuristic algorithms that are inspired by
physical laws and principles. These algorithms use concepts from physics, such as energy and force,
to guide the search for optimal solutions in a problem space(Zhengming Wan & Zhao-Liang Li,
1997).
Some examples of physics-based metaheuristic algorithms are:
1. Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA): This algorithm is inspired by the law of gravity and the
motion of celestial bodies. In GSA, the solutions are treated as particles that interact with each other
through gravitational forces. The algorithm uses these forces to update the positions of the particles
in the search space, with the goal of finding the optimal solution(Rashedi et al., 2009).
2. Electromagnetic Field Optimization (EMO): This algorithm is inspired by the behavior of
electromagnetic fields. In EMO, the solutions are treated as charged particles that interact with each
other and with an electromagnetic field. The algorithm uses these interactions to update the
positions of the particles, with the goal of finding the optimal solution(Ahmad, 2022).
3. Quantum-inspired Evolutionary Algorithm (QEA): This algorithm is inspired by the principles of
quantum mechanics. In QEA, the solutions are represented as quantum states, and the search
process is guided by quantum operators such as rotation and reflection. The algorithm uses these
operators to explore the search space and find the optimal solution(Narayanan & Moore, n.d.).
4. Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA): This algorithm is inspired by the process of musical
improvisation. In HSA, the solutions are treated as musical notes that are combined to form a
melody. The algorithm uses a process of improvisation and adaptation to generate new melodies,
with the goal of finding the optimal solution(Yang, n.d.).
Physics-based metaheuristic algorithms have been successfully applied to a wide range of
optimization problems, including engineering design, scheduling, and image processing. They offer
a unique approach to optimization that can be particularly effective in problems with complex
search spaces and multiple objectives.
Swarm Based algorithm
Swarm intelligence is a branch of artificial intelligence that is inspired by the behavior of social
animals, such as ants, bees, and birds. It refers to the collective behavior of decentralized, self-
organized systems, where individual agents interact with each other and with their
environment to achieve a common goal(S. Almufti, 2017; Sherinov & Ünveren, 2018).
Swarm intelligence algorithms are typically based on the following principles:
1. Decentralization: There is no centralized control over the system. Instead, each agent
follows simple rules that are based on local information and interaction with its neighbors.
2. Self-organization: The agents interact with each other and with their environment to
form a pattern or structure that emerges from the collective behavior of the system.
3. Adaptation: The system is capable of adapting to changes in its environment, either
through the individual behavior of the agents or through the emergence of new collective
patterns.

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Some examples of swarm intelligence algorithms include:

1. Ant colony optimization (ACO): A metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the behavior of ants
searching for food. It is used to solve optimization problems such as the traveling salesman
problem(S. M. Almufti, n.d.-a).
2. Particle swarm optimization (PSO): A metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the flocking
behavior of birds. It is used to solve optimization problems such as function optimization and
feature selection (Kennedy & Eberhart, n.d.).
3. Bee colony optimization (BCO): A metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the foraging behavior
of honeybees. It is used to solve optimization problems such as function optimization and
feature selection.
4. (Fister, Fister, et al., 2013) algorithm (FA): A metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the
flashing behavior of fireflies. It is used to solve optimization problems such as function
optimization and clustering.
5. Artificial bee colony (ABC): A metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the foraging behavior of
honeybees. It is used to solve optimization problems such as function optimization and feature
selection(S. M. Almufti, Alkurdi, et al., n.d.).
Swarm intelligence algorithms have found applications in many fields, such as engineering,
finance, biology, and computer science. They are particularly useful in solving complex
optimization problems that are difficult to solve using traditional optimization methods.
Human-based algorithms
Human-based metaheuristic algorithms are a class of optimization techniques that incorporate
human intelligence, knowledge, and experience into the optimization process. Some examples of
human-based metaheuristic algorithms are(Dehghani et al., 2022):
1. Expert-guided Evolutionary Algorithm (EEA): The EEA is a metaheuristic optimization
technique that combines evolutionary algorithms with expert knowledge. In this algorithm,
the expert knowledge is used to guide the evolution process towards solutions that are likely
to be good(Qian et al., 2017).
2. Human-guided Search (HGS) algorithm: The HGS algorithm is a metaheuristic optimization
technique that incorporates human guidance into the search process. In this algorithm, a
human expert provides guidance to the optimization process, which helps to direct the
search towards promising areas of the solution space(Klau et al., 2010).
3. Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC) algorithm: The IEC algorithm is a metaheuristic
optimization technique that involves interaction between the optimization algorithm and a
human evaluator. In this algorithm, the optimization algorithm generates candidate
solutions, and the human evaluator provides feedback on the quality of the solutions. The
feedback is then used to refine the search process(Marques et al., 2010).
4. Human-in-the-Loop Optimization (HILO) algorithm: The HILO algorithm is a metaheuristic
optimization technique that involves active participation of humans in the optimization
process. In this algorithm, humans interact with the optimization algorithm in real-time,
providing feedback and guidance to the algorithm as it searches for solutions(Zhang et al.,
2017).
These algorithms are examples of how human-based optimization techniques can be effective in
solving complex optimization problems. By incorporating human intelligence, knowledge, and

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experience into the optimization process, these algorithms can often find high-quality solutions
more quickly and efficiently than traditional optimization techniques.

5. Applications of metaheuristics algorithms

Metaheuristics algorithms have been applied to a wide range of optimization problems in various
fields, such as engineering, finance, logistics, and healthcare. In this report, we will discuss some of
the notable applications of metaheuristics algorithms(Mohammed Almufti et al., 2022; Rere et al.,
2016; Sherinov et al., 2011; Sun et al., 2009).
1. Engineering:
Metaheuristics algorithms have been used to solve various engineering problems, such as
designing efficient structures, optimizing manufacturing processes, and scheduling
production. For example, in the design of structures, genetic algorithms and particle swarm
optimization have been used to optimize the shape and material of the structure to reduce
weight and improve performance. In manufacturing, simulated annealing has been applied
to optimize the cutting parameters of a CNC machine, while ant colony optimization has
been used to optimize the layout of a production line(S. M. Almufti et al., 2018; Dhiman &
Kumar, 2017).
Generally, Metaheuristics algorithms have been widely used in engineering for solving
various optimization problems. Here are some of the notable applications of metaheuristics
algorithms in engineering(S. M. Almufti, 2022b):
• Design optimization: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms and
particle swarm optimization have been used to optimize the design of various
engineering structures, such as aircraft wings, bridges, and buildings. These
algorithms can optimize the shape and material of the structure to reduce weight,
improve performance, and minimize cost.
• Manufacturing optimization: Metaheuristics algorithms such as simulated annealing
and tabu search have been applied to optimize manufacturing processes. For
example, these algorithms can optimize the cutting parameters of a CNC machine,
reduce tool wear and machining time, and improve the quality of the manufactured
parts.
• Supply chain optimization: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms and
ant colony optimization have been used to optimize supply chain operations, such as
production planning, inventory management, and transportation. These algorithms
can optimize the allocation of resources, reduce transportation costs, and improve
delivery times.
• Energy system optimization: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms
and particle swarm optimization have been used to optimize the design and operation
of energy systems, such as power grids, renewable energy systems, and energy
storage systems. These algorithms can optimize the system parameters, such as the
capacity of power plants and the location of renewable energy sources, to maximize
efficiency and minimize cost.
• Process optimization: Metaheuristics algorithms such as simulated annealing and
tabu search have been used to optimize chemical and industrial processes. These
algorithms can optimize the process parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and
flow rate, to maximize the yield and quality of the products.
• Structural optimization: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms and
particle swarm optimization have been used to optimize the topology, size, and shape
of structures, such as trusses and frames, to minimize weight, reduce material usage,
and improve strength.

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2. Finance:
Metaheuristics algorithms have been applied to financial problems, such as portfolio
optimization, risk management, and algorithmic trading. In portfolio optimization, genetic
algorithms and particle swarm optimization have been used to optimize the allocation of
assets in a portfolio to maximize returns while minimizing risk. In risk management,
simulated annealing has been applied to optimize the hedging strategy of a financial
institution, while ant colony optimization has been used to optimize the allocation of
insurance policies to customers(Soler-Dominguez et al., 2018).
Generally, Metaheuristics algorithms have been widely used in finance for solving various
optimization problems. Here are some of the notable applications of metaheuristics
algorithms in finance:
• Portfolio optimization: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms and
particle swarm optimization have been used to optimize the allocation of assets in a
portfolio to maximize returns while minimizing risk. These algorithms can find the
optimal portfolio composition by considering multiple factors such as return,
volatility, and correlation among assets.
• Risk management: Metaheuristics algorithms such as simulated annealing and tabu
search have been applied to optimize the hedging strategy of a financial institution.
These algorithms can identify the optimal combination of financial instruments to
mitigate the risk associated with market fluctuations.
• Algorithmic trading: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms and ant
colony optimization have been used to develop trading strategies that can generate
profits by exploiting market inefficiencies. These algorithms can analyze large
amounts of data and identify trading opportunities in real-time.
• Credit scoring: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms and particle
swarm optimization have been used to develop credit scoring models that can predict
the probability of default for a borrower. These algorithms can analyze multiple
factors such as credit history, income, and employment status to provide a more
accurate assessment of creditworthiness.
• Fraud detection: Metaheuristics algorithms such as simulated annealing and tabu
search have been used to detect fraudulent activities in financial transactions. These
algorithms can identify patterns and anomalies in transaction data to identify
potential fraudsters.
• Forecasting: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms and ant colony
optimization have been used to develop forecasting models for financial time series
data. These algorithms can analyze historical data and identify trends and patterns to
make predictions about future market conditions.
3. Logistics:
Metaheuristics algorithms have been used to solve various logistics problems, such as vehicle
routing, inventory management, and facility location. For example, in vehicle routing,
genetic algorithms and tabu search have been used to optimize the routes of delivery trucks
to reduce transportation costs and improve delivery times. In inventory management,
simulated annealing has been applied to optimize the ordering policies of a retailer to
minimize inventory holding costs while ensuring customer satisfaction. In facility location,
ant colony optimization has been used to optimize the location of warehouses and
distribution centers to minimize transportation costs and improve efficiency(Gogna & Tayal,
2013).
In general, Metaheuristics algorithms have been widely used in logistics for solving various
optimization problems. Here are some of the notable applications of metaheuristics
algorithms in logistics:

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• Vehicle routing: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms and tabu

search have been used to optimize the routing of delivery vehicles to minimize
distance traveled and delivery time. These algorithms can consider multiple factors
such as traffic congestion, delivery time windows, and vehicle capacity to find the
optimal route.
• Facility location: Metaheuristics algorithms such as simulated annealing and ant
colony optimization have been applied to optimize the location of warehouses,
distribution centers, and production facilities. These algorithms can consider
multiple factors such as transportation costs, demand, and labor costs to find the
optimal location.
• Inventory management: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms and
particle swarm optimization have been used to optimize inventory levels to reduce
costs while maintaining service levels. These algorithms can consider multiple factors
such as demand variability, lead time, and ordering costs to find the optimal
inventory level.
• Supply chain network design: Metaheuristics algorithms such as simulated annealing
and tabu search have been used to optimize the design of supply chain networks to
reduce costs and improve efficiency. These algorithms can consider multiple factors
such as transportation costs, facility costs, and demand variability to find the optimal
network design.
• Container loading: Metaheuristics algorithms such as genetic algorithms and particle
swarm optimization have been used to optimize the loading of containers to
maximize space utilization and minimize transportation costs. These algorithms can
consider multiple factors such as container dimensions, cargo characteristics, and
loading constraints to find the optimal loading plan.
• Warehouse layout optimization: Metaheuristics algorithms such as simulated
annealing and ant colony optimization have been used to optimize the layout of a
warehouse to improve efficiency and reduce operational costs. These algorithms can
consider multiple factors such as storage capacity, product flow, and material
handling costs to find the optimal layout.
4. Healthcare:
Metaheuristics algorithms have been applied to healthcare problems, such as patient
scheduling, resource allocation, and treatment planning. For example, in patient scheduling,
simulated annealing has been applied to optimize the scheduling of patients in a hospital to
reduce waiting times and improve resource utilization. In resource allocation, genetic
algorithms and particle swarm optimization have been used to optimize the allocation of
healthcare resources, such as hospital beds and medical equipment, to maximize the quality
of care. In treatment planning, ant colony optimization has been used to optimize the
radiation therapy plan for cancer patients to minimize side effects and improve treatment
outcomes(S. Almufti, 2022; Dhiman & Kumar, 2017; Marashdih et al., 2018; Selvaraj &
Kumar, n.d.).
Metaheuristic algorithms have been successfully applied in various healthcare domains, such
as medical diagnosis, treatment planning, drug discovery, and healthcare management.
Some specific applications of metaheuristic algorithms in healthcare include:
• Medical image analysis: Metaheuristic algorithms can be used to analyze medical
images and extract useful information for disease diagnosis and treatment planning.
For example, genetic algorithms can be used to optimize the segmentation of brain
tumors from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
• Drug discovery: Metaheuristic algorithms can be used to optimize the molecular
structure of new drugs and predict their efficacy and safety. For example, particle

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swarm optimization can be used to optimize the docking of ligands to protein targets
in order to discover new drug candidates.
• Healthcare scheduling: Metaheuristic algorithms can be used to optimize healthcare
scheduling and resource allocation, such as staff scheduling, patient appointment
scheduling, and bed allocation. For example, ant colony optimization can be used to
optimize nurse scheduling in a hospital.
• Disease diagnosis: Metaheuristic algorithms can be used to diagnose diseases based
on patient symptoms and medical history. For example, genetic algorithms can be
used to diagnose diabetes based on patient data such as age, weight, and blood
glucose levels.
• Medical equipment design: Metaheuristic algorithms can be used to optimize the
design of medical equipment, such as prosthetic limbs and medical implants. For
example, simulated annealing can be used to optimize the design of a prosthetic limb
for a patient with a missing limb.
Overall, metaheuristic algorithms have the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry
by providing efficient and effective solutions to complex healthcare problems.
5. Computer Science:
Metaheuristic algorithms have a wide range of applications in the field of computer science,
including optimization, machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing.
Some specific applications of metaheuristic algorithms in computer science include(Acan &
Ünveren, 2020; Agarwal & Mehta, 2014; Jahwar et al., 2021):
• Optimization problems: Metaheuristic algorithms are widely used to solve
optimization problems in computer science, such as scheduling, routing, and
resource allocation. For example, genetic algorithms can be used to optimize the
routing of vehicles in a transportation network(Acan & Unveren, 2007; S. M. Almufti,
n.d.-b).
• Machine learning: Metaheuristic algorithms can be used to optimize the parameters
of machine learning models, such as neural networks and support vector machines.
For example, particle swarm optimization can be used to optimize the weights and
biases of a neural network for image classification(Rere et al., 2016; Vergin et al.,
2015).
• Computer vision: Metaheuristic algorithms can be used to solve computer vision
problems, such as object detection, segmentation, and tracking. For example, ant
colony optimization can be used to optimize the segmentation of objects in an
image(M. Almufti, 2022).
• Natural language processing: Metaheuristic algorithms can be used to optimize the
performance of natural language processing systems, such as text classification,
sentiment analysis, and machine translation. For example, genetic algorithms can be
used to optimize the feature selection for text classification(Sun et al., 2009).
• Network design: Metaheuristic algorithms can be used to design efficient and robust
computer networks, such as wireless sensor networks and ad hoc networks. For
example, simulated annealing can be used to optimize the routing and topology of a
wireless sensor network(S. M. Almufti & Shaban, 2018).
Overall, metaheuristic algorithms have the potential to provide efficient and effective
solutions to a wide range of computer science problems, making them a valuable tool in the
field of computer science.

6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Metaheuristic Algorithms

Metaheuristic algorithms have several advantages and disadvantages, which are important to
consider when choosing an optimization algorithm for a particular problem. Here are some of the
advantages and disadvantages of metaheuristic algorithms(Abdel-Basset et al., 2018; M. Almufti,
2019):

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Advantages:
a) Can find good solutions to complex problems: Metaheuristic algorithms are designed to
handle complex optimization problems that cannot be solved by traditional optimization
methods. They can search large solution spaces and find good solutions that may not be
found by other methods.

b) Can handle non-linear and non-differentiable problems: Metaheuristic algorithms do not

require the objective function to be differentiable, which makes them suitable for non-linear
and non-differentiable optimization problems.
c) Can be parallelized: Metaheuristic algorithms can be easily parallelized, which allows them
to exploit the power of modern parallel computing architectures.
d) Robustness: Metaheuristic algorithms are generally robust to noise and uncertainties in the
optimization problem. They can handle noisy or incomplete data, and they are not sensitive
to the initial conditions.
Disadvantages:
a. No guarantee of optimality: Metaheuristic algorithms are not guaranteed to find the
optimal solution to an optimization problem. They may find a good solution, but not
the best possible solution.
b. Computationally expensive: Metaheuristic algorithms can be computationally
expensive, especially for large-scale optimization problems. They may require a large
number of function evaluations to find a good solution.
c. Tuning parameters: Metaheuristic algorithms have several parameters that need to
be tuned to achieve good performance. Finding the optimal values for these
parameters can be a difficult task.
d. Black-box approach: Metaheuristic algorithms do not provide insights into the
underlying structure of the optimization problem. They are a black-box approach that
searches for good solutions without providing information on how the solutions were
found.
In conclusion, metaheuristic algorithms have several advantages and disadvantages, and the choice
of algorithm depends on the characteristics of the optimization problem and the available
computing resources. Metaheuristic algorithms can provide an effective tool for solving complex
optimization problems, but their limitations should also be considered.

7.Historical overview of metaheuristic algorithm

The history of metaheuristic algorithms can be traced back to the mid-20th century, when
researchers began to develop optimization algorithms that were inspired by natural systems (M.
Almufti, 2019).
In 1953, George Dantzig developed the simplex algorithm, which is a linear programming algorithm
that has been widely used in optimization problems. In the 1960s, researchers began to develop
optimization algorithms that were inspired by natural systems, such as genetic algorithms,
simulated annealing, and tabu search.
In 1975, John Holland published his seminal book "Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems",
which introduced the concept of genetic algorithms. Genetic algorithms are optimization algorithms
that are based on the principle of natural selection, and they are inspired by the process of evolution
in biological systems. Genetic algorithms have been widely used in optimization problems, such as
scheduling, routing, and resource allocation.

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In 1983, Kirkpatrick, Gelatt, and Vecchi developed simulated annealing, which is a stochastic
optimization algorithm that is inspired by the process of annealing in metallurgy. Simulated
annealing has been widely used in optimization problems, such as traveling salesman problem and
protein folding(Gogna & Tayal, 2013; M. Almufti, 2019).
In the 1990s, researchers began to develop optimization algorithms that were based on swarm
intelligence, such as particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, and bee colony
optimization. Swarm intelligence algorithms are inspired by the collective behavior of social
organisms, such as ants, bees, and birds. Swarm intelligence algorithms have been widely used in
optimization problems, such as feature selection, data clustering, and routing.
In the 2000s, researchers began to develop optimization algorithms that were based on machine
learning, such as reinforcement learning and deep learning. Machine learning algorithms are used
to learn from data and make predictions or decisions based on the learned patterns. Machine
learning algorithms have been widely used in optimization problems, such as game playing,
robotics, and control systems(Shivan Othman et al., 2020).
In recent years, metaheuristic algorithms have become increasingly popular due to their ability to
solve complex optimization problems in various fields. The development of high-performance
computing and parallel processing has made it possible to apply metaheuristic algorithms to large-
scale optimization problems(Acan & Ünveren, 2020; Sherinov et al., 2018).

# Year Algorithm Author

1. 1949 Monte Carlo Method Metropolis and Ulam

2. 1961 Pattern Search Hooke and Jeeves

3. 1965 Nelder-Mead Method Nelder and Mead

4. 1966 Evolutionary Programming Fogel

5. 1967 Hill Climbing Pohl

6. 1975 Genetic Algorithm Holland

7. 1983 Simulated Annealing Kirkpatrick et al.

8. 1986 Tabu Search Glover

9. 1987 Niching Genetic Algorithm Goldberg and

Richardson

10. 1989 Simulated Quenching Ingber

11. 1989 Search Via Simulated Annealing Ingber

12. 1989 Memetic Algorithm Moscato

13. 1991 Ant Colony Optimization Dorigo et al.

14. 1992 Genetic Programming Koza

Older than 2000

15. 1992 Artificial Life Algorithm Beer

16. 1994 Cultural Algorithm Reynolds

17. 1994 Cooperative Coevolution Potter and De Jong

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18. 1994 Cultural Algorithm Reynolds

19. 1995 Particle Swarm Optimization Kennedy and Eberhart

20. 1995 Immune Algorithm Dasgupta and Yu

21. 1995 Simulated Binary Crossover Deb and Agrawal

22. 1997 Cross-Entropy Method Reuven Rubinstein

23. 1997 Differential Evolution Storn and Price

24. 1997 Scatter Search Glover and Laguna

25. 1998 Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Shi and Eberhart

26. 1999 Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Deb

27. 2001 Cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization Kennedy et al.

28. 2001 Harmony Search Geem et al.

29. 2002 Estimation of Distribution Algorithm Pelikan et al.

30. 2002 Particle Swarm Optimization with Mutation Clerc and Kennedy
Operator

31. 2002 Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm Passino

32. 2002 Quantum-Behaved Particle Swarm Kennedy and Mendes

Optimization

33. 2003 Electromagnetism-Like Algorithm Birbil and Fang

34. 2004 Hybrid Taguchi-Genetic Algorithm Ho and Yang

35. 2005 Bee Algorithm Pham et al.

36. 2005 Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm Li and He

37. 2005 Memetic Differential Evolution Liang et al.

38. 2005 A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for the Quadratic Hao and Moon
Assignment Problem

39. 2006 Cat Swarm Optimization Chu, Tsai, and Pan

40. 2007 Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm Karaboga and Basturk

41. 2007 Imperialist Competitive Algorithm Atashpaz-Gargari and

Lucas
2000 to 2009

42. 2007 Scatter Search Glover and Laguna

43. 2007 Enhanced Differential Evolution Zhang and Sanderson

44. 2008 Firefly Algorithm Yang

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45. 2009 Cuckoo Search Yang and Deb

46. 2009 Gravitational Search Algorithm Rashedi et al.

47. 2009 Improved Harmony Search Algorithm Zhang and Liu

48. 2009 Harmony Search Algorithm with Mutation Liu et al.

Operator

49. 2009 Biogeography-Based Optimization Algorithm Simon

50. 2010 Bat Algorithm Yang

51. 2011 Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Rao et al.

52. 2011 Krill Herd Algorithm Gandomi et al.

53. 2011 Multi-Objective Differential Evolution Das and Suganthan

54. 2011 Big Bang-Big Crunch Algorithm Esmat et al.

55. 2011 Chaotic Genetic Algorithm Karaboga and Kaya

56. 2012 Differential Search Algorithm Civicioglu

57. 2012 Lion Algorithm Rajakumar B.

58. 2013 Harmony Search Algorithm with Exponential Gandomi et al.

Function

59. 2013 Social Spider Optimization Erik Cuevas et al.

60. 2014 Magnetic Optimization Algorithm Ghorbani and Yusof

61. 2014 Fish School Search Algorithm Bastos Filho et al.

62. 2014 Brain Storm Optimization Algorithm Zhao et al.

63. 2014 Grey Wolf Optimizer Mirjalili et al.

64. 2015 Plant Propagation Algorithm Mohammadi-Ivatloo et

al

65. 2015 Water Cycle Algorithm Abdi et al.

66. 2015 Monkey Algorithm Kaveh and Talatahari

67. 2015 Black Hole Algorithm Karaboga and Basturk

68. 2015 U-Turning Ant Colony Optimization Saman M. Almufti

69. 2016 Whale Optimization Algorithm Mirjalili and Lewis

70. 2016 Dragonfly Algorithm Mirjalili et al.

2010 to 2019

71. 2016 Genetic Algorithm with Dual-Population Wang et al.

72. 2017 Vibrating Particles System Kaveh and Ilchi

Ghazaan

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73. 2020 Multi-objective Dragonfly Algorithm Niknam et al.

74. 2020 Cuckoo Search with Differential Evolution and Baris and Akay
Simulated Annealing

75. 2020 Hybrid Firefly Algorithm with Simulated Baris and Akay
Annealing

76. 2020 Biogeography-Based Global Optimization Simon

Algorithm

77. 2020 Fuzzy Adaptive Imperialist Competitive Salehi et al.

Algorithm

78. 2020 Multi-objective Elephant Herding Optimization Lashkari and Tavakkoli-

Algorithm Moghaddam

79. 2020 Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm Heidari and Mirjalili

80. 2021 Pareto Local Search with Tabu and Line-Search Almohallami and
Techniques Zalzala

81. 2021 Invasive Weed Optimization with Opposition- Mohan et al.

2020 to 2023

Based Learning

82. 2021 Social Spider Optimization Algorithm Dong et al.

83. 2022 Fire Hawk Optimizer Azizi, Mahdi et al.

8. Conclusion
In conclusion, the history of metaheuristic algorithms spans several decades and involves the
development of various optimization algorithms that are inspired by natural systems.
Metaheuristic algorithms have become a valuable tool in solving complex optimization
problems in various fields, and they are likely to continue to play an important role in the
development of new technologies and applications.
Generally, metaheuristics algorithms have been applied to a wide range of scientific,
engineering, finance, logistics, Healthcare problems and have demonstrated their
effectiveness in finding near-optimal solutions. The use of metaheuristics algorithms is
expected to become even more prevalent in engineering as the complexity and scale of
optimization problems continue to increase.
In the real life the daily problems are becoming more and more complex in a way that it
become very difficult for a traditional method to solve them within a reasonable time.
Metaheuristics algorithm have been used to solve the real-life problems in an optimal time
and effort. In the past many algorithms have been developed that belongs to metaheuristic
algorithms. This paper is an attempt to provide a historical list of some of metaheuristic
algorithms that have been used between 1961 and 2023, it provides the year of
establishments, authors name, abbreviations and the reference of the algorithm.

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