ISSN: 0973-4929, Vol. 17, No. (1) 2022, Pg.

255-267

Current World Environment

www.cwejournal.org

An Assessment of Environmental Sustainability Factors in the

Development of Tourism in Swaraj Dweep (Havelock Island)
of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
SEEMANTA KUMAR DEKA1* and RASHMI BARUAH2

1
Department of BBA (Tourism), Jnrm, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
2
Department of Business Administration, Ustm, Meghalaya, India.

Abstract
The core intent of the paper is to study the different environmental sustainability
factors in relation to the development of tourism in Swaraj Dweep of the
Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The study is limited and based on the different Article History
perceptions of tourists concerning different environmental sustainability Received: 26 March 2022
Accepted: 29 April 2022
factors effecting tourism development on the island. Consequently, from
various literatures, a listing of different environmental sustainability factors of Keywords
tourism development has been carried out. A convenient sample survey has Andaman and Nicobar
been conducted among 400 tourists who have visited the islands to find out Islands; Environmental
Sustainability factors;
their perceptions on the environmental factors. The average perception of Tourism Development;
tourists shows that “Protection of Natural Vegetation and Marine life” is the Tourist, Swaraj Dweep.
most important environmental sustainability factor for tourism development
in the islands. The paired sample “t-test analysis” that has been applied
by the researcher to find out the degree of influence amongst the different
listed environmental sustainability factors in the course of the development
of tourism on the islands. The outcome of this paper will help policymakers
to devise and execute policies related to sustainable tourism development
on the basis of tourists’ viewpoint in Swaraj Dweep (Havelock Island) - one
of the promising tourist destinations of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Introduction fact that it inclines to describe trade-offs with social

Environmental sustainability in today’s context is & economic constituents of sustainable development.29
incontrovertibly an important concept and it has It is based on development that is attuned to
always been a matter of policy-making argument the conservation of vital natural processes.32 In
with public scrutiny. Its significance is due to the the tourism-based industry, the measurement

CONTACT Seemanta Kumar Deka [email protected] Department of BBA (Tourism), Jnrm, Port Blair, Andaman &
Nicobar Islands, India.

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Enviro Research Publishers.

This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons license: Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY).
Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.17.1.23
 DEKA & BARUAH, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 17(1) 255-267 (2022) 256

of environmental sustainability factors is pre-requisite through their actions, so that sustainable tourism
for maintaining and managing the pliability of activities can be established.12 Thus, in this paper
ecological structures.42 It is predominantly imperative the researchers try to look and figure out the
in favour of the destination of tourists where activities diverse perceptions of tourists on the different
related to tourism are growing immensely in an environmental sustainability factors and also their
environmentally fragile ambiance.57,58 Environmental degree of influence on the development of tourism
factors are an indispensable part of tourism. in Swaraj Dweep (Havelock Island) in the Andaman
As a tourist, while selecting a destination, and Nicobar Islands.
environmental factors always play a key role.
The different environmental factors available in Research Site
nature in a tourist destination always offer a vivid Andaman and Nicobar is one of the beautiful
flavor of experience to tourists. It acts as one of islands in India. There are 826 islands in total. But
the major motivational forces for a tourist to travel. only38 islands are occupied by the public. Port Blair
The different perception of tourists on environmental is capital city. About 80% of islands are covered
factors becomes an important discourse in the with forests. The two major industries of the islands
planning process of tourism development in a tourist are “tourism” and “fishing”. But, according to
destination.7 On the blue façade, the Island Andaman government policies, tourism activities are allowed
and Nicobar is a heaven which is green.61 This island only among the islands of Andaman’s group and
has tremendous potential to develop as a popular are prohibited among the Nicobar group due to
tourist destination, since it is a heaven on the land.41 some security, aboriginal and environmental issues.
In the process of development of tourism in the Port Blair, Baratang, Diglipur, Hut Bay, North Bay,
islands, the resorts with an eco-friendly atmosphere Viper, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Islands, Swaraj
have impacted a lot.20 The notion of island tourism is Dweep and Shaheed Dweep are the major tourist
very vulnerable in character. The fragile environment destinations belonging to the Andaman groups.
of islands is very easily troubled and spoiled Swaraj Dweep was previously popularly known as
through tourism activities. Therefore, there is Havelock Island. Among the above-mentioned major
a pre-requisite plan for environmental protection tourist destinations of Andamans, Swaraj Dweep is
on the islands.77 An appropriate developmental the most popular tourist destination. It is popular
plan is obligatory in a tourist destination to uphold for white sandy beaches, flora and fauna and resorts.
equilibrium between the socio-cultural, artificial The beaches are popular for “water sports tourism
and natural environments.55 Hence, the natural, activities”.
socio-cultural and man-made environment must
be considered carefully.3 Sustainability is the key
issue for island tourism. For sustainable tourism
development, natural and manmade attractions and
activities should be flawlessly balanced.30 The natural
resources like flora and fauna, forests and pleasant
weather with natural and manmade attractions
like coastal beach resorts on islands are blend
of environmental factors that attracts tourist to
a specific tourist destination.54 In the Himalayas,
Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep
islands and North Eastern region, eco-tourism
packages considering the environmental factors
of sustainability for tourism development must be
promoted with the help of the local community. Local
government authorities must provide education and
training to tourist guides and the host community
Fig. 1: Map of Andaman and Nicobar Islands
in this endeavor.52 The tour operator also must be
encouraged to create an atmosphere where both
producers and consumers develop an attitude
 DEKA & BARUAH, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 17(1) 255-267 (2022) 257

Fig. 2: Map of Swaraj Dweep (Havelock Island)

Table 1: Domestic Tourist Arrivals in tourism but the recent advances are still inadequate
Andaman and Nicobar Islands in regard to its both theoretical and practical
application.11,68,87 Hence, there is a growing need for
Year DomesticTourist % of Growth knowledge about environmental sustainability and
its applicability in general.35 It should normally be
2011 202221 ----- linked with the requirements of the host populace
2012 238669 11.8% and not with the industry and should be used in
2013 243703 10.2% the effective utilization of natural resources in order
2014 285146 11.7% to defend future mankind's needs.65,81,86 Tourism
2015 296684 10.4% development, as widely documented, involves a
2016 384552 12.9% numeral of positive and negative effects on the
2017 487229 12.6% environment. 2,37,48,69,78 Generally, it is seen that
2018 498279 10.2% those islands located in the underdeveloped world
2019 505398 10.1% are more prone to the negative effect of tourism
Source: www.andaman.gov.in activities due to its inaccessibility features, lesser
size with smaller groups of indigenous people with
Literature Review a dissimilar culture, in particular, striking flora and
Over recent decades, the discourse on environmental fauna, and also unhurt environment.5,46 Around
sustainability in tourism has grown in importance, the world, many researchers have studied tourism
due to the fact that the stake holders of the tourism in an island context, like “Malta”,“Seychelles”,
industry have developed a common consensus to “French Polynesia” ,“Boracay Island”,“Canary
combat the undesirable impact of tourism activities Islands” and “Hawaiian Islands”.10,73,71,84,27,76 while
on environment by minimizing and limiting the use rest deal with island tourism in a common and
of environmental resources.1 Nowadays, though theoretical manner.49,18 They are of the opinion that
the concept of environmental sustainability could all these islands must take into consideration the
be applied to all spheres of tourism actions. 15 effect that cause due to the development of large-
but there is also growing concern and condemnation scale tourism activities on the economy of the host
among stakeholders with regard to its thought community of the islands, environmental protection
process, practices and benefits.24,36,45,75 Traditionally, as well as degradation and its cost. These islands
environmental sustainability has been taken care of also need to address the issues which relate
as the main constituent in the discussion concerning to their social-cultural and political structure. “Carrying
tourism competitiveness in tourism literature.59 It capacity” needs to be studied in a scientific manner to
has been particularly viewed as a key agent in the restrict the problems associated with environmental
long run for tourism competitiveness in a tourist sustainability.10 It is imperative to consider the
destination and also its effect on the standard of life of environmental elements of sustainability, butit is
the host populace.38,39,23 The factors of environmental repeatedly overlooked or ignored in comparison to
sustainability have a larger effect in comparison economic sustainability.17,13 This implies the objective
to any other factors on tourism competitiveness.19 of achieving a balance between ‘environmental,
Some few studies also shows that although there is economic and community issues’, although the
growing interest for, environmental sustainability in question here arises about who should decide
 DEKA & BARUAH, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 17(1) 255-267 (2022) 258

about the exact balance among them.34 An effective Methodology

decision should be made about the contending A survey has been conducted among 400 samples
“economic”, “social”, and “environmental” load on during the month of October, 2019 to March, 2020.
sustainable development. 22 Generally, activities The samples were domestic tourists who have
involved in tourism can usually have a range of visited Swaraj Dweep from different states of India.
negative impacts on the adjacent environment of a A convenient sampling method has been used for
tourist destination. It seems that people's intervention the survey. The tourists have been surveyed in
in environmentally delicate spots can cause places like harbours, resorts, market places, tourist
permanent changes in the existing environmental spots and on the cruise. The data collected from the
processes on the islands. This is reflected in the primary and secondary sources has been analyzed
destruction of environmental resources like rich and and interpreted with the help of descriptive statistical
exotic flora and fauna.83 A lot of research discussed techniques through SPSS (Statistical Package for
different environmental sustainability factors Social Sciences). The sample size of the convenient
of tourism development. Like “geographical sample has been determined based on Yamane
features”, “microclimatic setting”, “subsistence of (1967) formula as follows:
water bodies”, “natural beauties”, “existence of
natural vegetation and wildlife”, “surface features”,
“geomorphologic structure” etc.26,43-44,80,8,14,21 Its main
plan is to safeguard resources, like natural varieties, In the above formula, “n” denotes the sample size,
and retain sustainable utilization of resources that “N” is the average domestic tourist arrivals to Swaraj
can fetch environmental understanding for tourists Dweep, which is 4,34,428 (Average tourist arrivals
for its preservation and benefits.4,28,82 The measure calculated from the last five years 2015-2019 from
for sustainable tourism should contain pointer like table no:1) & “e” is acceptable sampling error taken
“socio-cultural”, “political” and “economic” and as 0.05. On basis of the above formula, 400 tourists
“environmental” sustainability.50 For the sustainable as respondents were obtained as sample size.
development of tourism, its activities must provide In the sample size, the respondents( tourists) were
economic benefits to the host community along with frequently in age group between “18 to 65 years” of
environmental protection and restriction in respect to age and had given their responses in the statement
the over-commercialization of the indigenous culture of the 5 points “Likert scale” representing “strongly
of the locals.85 agree=5” to “strongly disagree=1”.

Table 2: Respondents profile (n=400)

Sl.No Variables Number Percentage

01 Gender Male 220 55%

Female 180 45%
02 Age 18-35 232 58%
36-65 128 32%
Above 65 040 10%
03 State West Bengal 48 12%
Tamil Nadu 44 11%
Maharashtra 40 10%
Telangana 36 09%
Gujarat 32 08%
Delhi 32 08%
Uttar Pradesh 28 07%
Karnataka 24 06%
Punjab 24 06%
 DEKA & BARUAH, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 17(1) 255-267 (2022) 259

Bihar 20 05%
Haryana 16 04%
Andhra Pradesh 12 03%
Jharkhand 08 02%
Rajasthan 08 02%
Madhya Pradesh 08 02%
Assam 04 01%
Orissa 04 01%
Himachal Pradesh 04 01%
Chhatisgarh 04 01%
Jammu and Kashmir 04 01%

Source: Field Survey

Table 3: Observed Environmental Sustainability factorsof Tourism Development

Serial No. Observed Environmental Sources

Sustainabilityfactors of
tourism development

01 Pollution free environment Shelly, L. (1991),

Seth, P. (1997).
02 Less crowded tourist spot Saarinen, J. (2006),
Ratti,M. (2007).
03 Eco-friendly products Rao (2007)
Ramet, J. and Tolvanen, A. (2010).
04 Protection of Natural Rengannathan, R. (2004).
Vegetation and Marine life Sharma, J. (2007),
05 Eco-friendly transportations Punia, B. K. (1997),
Ratti,M. (2007).
06 Tourist friendly environment Pilot survey.

Source: Compiled by the Researcher

Table 4: Factor analysis on the environmental sustainability factors of tourism

development in Swaraj Dweep (n=400)

Sl.No Environmental sustainability factors Factor Mean Std

of tourism development in Swaraj Dweep Loading Deviation

1) Protection of Natural Vegetation and Marine life .637 4.75 1.14

2) Less crowded tourist spot .756 3.87 1.27
3) Pollution free environment .694 3.75 1.28
4) Tourist friendly environment .539 3.65 1.29
5) Eco-friendly transportations .474 3.59 1.06
6) Eco-friendly products .774 3.25 1.10
Eigenvalues 3.36
% of variance 30.43
Cumulative variance (%) 55.90
Cronbach’s alpha .74

Source: Compiled by the Researcher

 DEKA & BARUAH, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 17(1) 255-267 (2022) 260

Discussions (Cronbach’s alpha) for reliability analysis has

The six environmental sustainability factors have been premeditated to test reliability & internal
been imperiled to exploratory factor analysis (EFA). consistency. 0.4 as the cut-off point has been used
The factor analysis (table: 4) has been carried out to include sub-factors in interpretation (table: 4),
to identify the tourists (respondents) perception “Alpha coefficient” for all the sub-factors is shown
of the environmental sustainability factors for as 0.74. The value is acceptable as it is above
the development of tourism in Swaraj Dweep minimum value of 0.50, which is specified
of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Appropriateness for reliability for fundamental research.56
of data for factor analysis has been evaluated
through reliability analysis.

Table 5: Mean score of environmental sustainability factors in descending order of tourism

development in Swaraj Dweep of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Source: Compiled by the Researcher

Table 6: Paired Comparison between factors“Protection of Natural Vegetation and Marine life”
with other environmental sustainability factors.

Sl.No 1st factors Mean score Other factors Mean score t-value p-value

01.
Protection of Natural 4.75 Less crowded 3.87 1.074 0.29
Vegetation and Marine tourist spot
life
Pollution free 3.75 1.325 0.25
environment
Tourist friendly 3.65 1.582 0.18
environment
Eco-friendly 3.59 2.481 0.01
transportations
Eco-friendly 3.25 4.996 0.00
products

Source: Compiled by the author

The paired samples t-test analyses (table: 3) indicate But the p-value suggests that there are no significant
that there are differences in the mean score of factors differences between the factors “Protection
“Protection of Natural Vegetation and Marine Life” of Natural Vegetation and Marine Life” with the other
with the other environmental sustainability factors. factors like “Less crowded tourist spot”, "Pollution
 DEKA & BARUAH, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 17(1) 255-267 (2022) 261

free environment”, “Tourist friendly environment” of Natural Vegetation and Marine Life” with factors
as p>0.05.However, the degree of similarity varies “Eco-friendly transportation” and “Eco-friendly
as the p-value differs among them. Whereas, there products” as p<0.05.
are significant differences between “Protection

Table 7: Paired Comparison between factors “Less crowded tourist spot” with other
environmental sustainability factors.

Sl.No 1st factors Mean score Other factors Mean score t-value p-value

01.
Less crowded 3.87 Protection of 4.75 -1.074 0.29
tourist spot Natural Vegetation
and Marine life
Pollution free 3.75 0.153 0.57
environment
Tourist friendly 3.65 0.392 0.39
environment
Eco-friendly 3.59 1.598 0.11
transportations
Eco-friendly 3.25 3.087 0.00
products

Source: Compiled by the author

The paired samples t-test analyses (table: 3) and Marine life”, "Pollution free environment”,
indicate that there are differences in the mean score “Tourist friendly environment” and “Eco-friendly
of factors “Less crowded tourist spot” with the other transportation”, as p>0.05.However the degree
environmental sustainability factors. But the p-value of similarity varies as the p-value differs among
suggests that there are no significant differences them. Whereas, there is a significant difference
between the factors “Less crowded tourist spot” with between “Less crowded tourist spots” with the factors
the factors like “Protection of Natural Vegetation “Eco-friendly products” as p<0.05.

Table 8: Paired Comparison between factors“Pollution free environment” with other

environmental sustainability factors.

Sl.No 1st factors Mean score Other factors Mean score t-value p-value

01.
Pollution free 3.75 Protection of Natural 4.75 -2.225 0.32
environment Vegetation and Marine life
Less crowded tourist spot 3.87 -0.153 0.57
Tourist friendly environment 3.65 0.246 0.90
Eco-friendly transportations 3.59 1.158 0.24
Eco-friendly products 3.25 3.061 0.00

Source: Compiled by the author

The paired samples t-test analyses (table: 3) indicate between the factors “Pollution free environment”,
that there are differences in the mean score of with the factors like “Protection of Natural Vegetation
factors “Pollution free environment” with the other and Marine life”, " Less crowded tourist spot”,
environmental sustainability factors. But the p-value “Tourist friendly environment” and “Eco-friendly
suggests that there are no significant differences transportation” as p>0.05.However the degree of
 DEKA & BARUAH, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 17(1) 255-267 (2022) 262

similarity varies as the p-value differs among them. “Pollution free environment” with the factors “Eco-
Whereas, there is significant difference between friendly products” as p<0.05.

Table 9: Paired Comparison between factors“Tourist friendly environment” with other

environmental sustainability factors.

Sl.No 1st factors Mean score Other factors Mean score t-value p-value

01.
Tourist friendly 3.65 Protection of 4.75 -3.225 0.42
environment Natural Vegetation
and Marine life
Less crowded 3.87 -0.153 0.57
tourist spot
Pollution free 3.75 -0.246 0.90
environment
Eco-friendly 3.59 1.198 0.14
transportations
Eco-friendly 3.25 4.061 0.00
products

Source: Compiled by the author

The paired samples t-test analyses (table: 3) indicate and Marine life”, "Less crowded tourist spot”,
that there are differences in the mean score of “Pollution free environment” and “Eco-friendly
factors “Tourist friendly environment” with the other transportations” as p>0.05.However the degree of
environmental sustainability factors. But the p-value similarity varies as the p-value differs among them.
suggest that there are no significant differences Whereas, there is a significant difference between
between the factors “Tourist friendly environment” “Tourist friendly environment” and the factors “Eco-
with the factors like “Protection of Natural Vegetation friendly products” as p<0.05.

Table 10: Paired Comparison between factorsEco-friendly transportations with other

environmental sustainability factors.

Sl.No 1st factors Mean score Other factors Mean score t-value p-value

01.
Eco-friendly 3.59 Protection of Natural 4.75 -4.225 0.02
transportations Vegetation and Marine
life
Less crowded tourist spot 3.87 -3.153 0.16
Pollution free environment 3.75 -2.246 0.15
Tourist friendly environment 3.65 -1.198 0.14
Eco-friendly products 3.25 2.061 0.00

Source: Compiled by the author

The paired samples t-test analyses (table: 3) indicate between the factors “Eco-friendly transportation”,
that there are differences in the mean score of with the factors like “Protection of Natural Vegetation
factors “eco-friendly transportation” with the other and Marine life”, "Less crowded tourist spot”,
environmental sustainability factors. But the p-value, “Pollution free environment” and “Tourist friendly
suggest that there are no significant differences environment” as p>0.05.However the degree
 DEKA & BARUAH, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 17(1) 255-267 (2022) 263

of similarity varies as the p-value differs among between “Eco-friendly transportation” and the factors
them. Whereas, there is significant difference “Eco-friendly products” as p<0.05.

Table 11: Paired Comparison between factorsEco-friendly products with other environmental
sustainability factors.

Sl.No 1st factors Mean score Other factors Mean score t-value p-value

01.
Eco-friendly 3.25 Protection of Natural 4.75 -4.696 0.00
products Vegetation and Marine
life
Less crowded tourist spot 3.87 -3.087 0.00
Pollution free environment 3.75 -3.061 0.00
Tourist friendly environment 3.65 -3.097 0.00
Eco-friendly transportations 3.59 -2.062 0.04

Source: Compiled by the author

The paired samples t-test analyses (table: 3) between the factors “Eco-friendly products” with the
indicate that there are differences in the mean factors like “Protection of Natural Vegetation and
score of factors “Eco-friendly products” with the Marine life”, "Less crowded tourist spot”, “Pollution
other environmental sustainability factors and the free environment”, “Tourist friendly environment” and
p-value suggest that there are significant differences “Eco-friendly transportation” as p<0.05.

Table 12: Summary table of environmental sustainability factors with regard to “degree of
influence on Tourism Development in Swaraj Dweep of Andaman & Nicobar Islands”as
per paired sample “T analysis” (table: 6 to 11) and as per mean score ( table:5)

Sl.No Environmental Sustainability factors “Degree of influence on tourism

development in Swaraj Dweep of
Andaman& Nicobar Islands”.

1) Protection of Natural Vegetation

and Marine life
2) Less crowded tourist spots
3) Pollution free environment High
4) Tourist friendly environment
5) Eco-friendly transportations
6) Eco-friendly products Low

Source: Compiled by the author

Conclusion and Further Scope of Study concern and it is relevant to the fragile environment
As the term “environmental sustainability” in today’s on islands too. The discourse about it has received
context has been a central point among the policy a lot of attention as the tourism industry has a
makers of the tourism industry, hence there is wide range of negative impacts on destination
an urgency need of dialogue and condemnation areas, as well as a lot because of the fact that a
in order to understand or fix the limits of tourism destination’s attractiveness is strongly dependent
development. The concept of resource-based upon well preserved environmental resources.51
environmental sustainability is becoming a global The tourism on the islands always develops a
 DEKA & BARUAH, Curr. World Environ., Vol. 17(1) 255-267 (2022) 264

portrait of imagination for the tourist about the process of development of tourism in the islands.
picturesque landscape, adventure activities and Further scope of studies could be carried out in this
the indigenous culture of the populace in order regard. The different environmental sustainability
to remove their regular tense times of the cities.6 factors discussed in this paper are a meticulous
In practice, it is normally seen that the development outcome for the long-standing environmental
of island tourism is mainly intense to its economic sustainability of tourism development in Swaraj
facet by ignoring the socio-cultural, political and Dweep (Havelock Island) of the Andaman and
environmental issues, thus demoralizing the Nicobar Islands. Policy makers should think
basic concept of sustainable tourism.40,16,9,47,33,67,25 and realize that a slow and protected overall
Compared to the mainland, the islands are more development surrounding the environment with
prone to environmental degradation due to mass economic and socio-cultural sustainability is possibly
tourism activities because of their fragility nature. more desirable in anisland tourist destination.
Therefore, tourism development in the islands must
adopt strategies of environmental sustainability. It is Acknowlegment
seen that, in comparison to other provinces in India, The author/researcher is thankful to the University
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are facing serious of Science and Technology (USTM), Meghalaya
developmental problems due to their geographical for providing the opportunity to carry out the
isolation. Limited accessibility resources with research work. The author also offered heartfelt
underdeveloped infrastructural facilities, unlike thanks to the parent institution Jawaharlal Nehru
the mainland, compel a grave restraint in the Rajkeeya Mahavidyalaya (JNRM), Port Blair for
development of island tourism. Moreover, with the kind consent to carry out the research work.
high quality and striking environmental resources, The researcher here would also like to acknowledge
the islands have the prospect of developing into a the tourists of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
premium destination for tourists. In other words, for providing valuable information for the research
it could be said that tourism development may article.
become an effectual substitute choice for the
economic development of the islands. It is also noticed Funding
that seasonality is one of the important challenging The authors/researchers received no financial
factors affecting the economic sustainability in assistance for the research article, authorship and
an islands thereby impacting the quality of life of publication.
the host populace.53 The approaches relating to
environmental sustainability so far are beneficial in Conflict of Interest
limiting the harmful effect of mass tourism activities The authors/researchers declare no conflict of
on islands. This approach may be adjoined with interest.
the concept of economic sustainability in the

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