UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

& B.S. in computer Science

Subject: Calculus I Paper:1
FirstYear: Annual-2021
itl Roll No...,,...,..,.....
aaaaaaaaaaaaatitlltla
Time: 2 Hrs. 30 Min. Marks: 80
r

NOTE: Attempt any FOUR guesfions. AIt questions carry equal marks.

Qucction No 2:
a" Wrltc sny four propertler of absoluto vrtucc. (4 marks)
b. solve au lrequality beloy ald crprcar &e &tu6on set ar an lntsrvel or unlon of
'
tbe lntervalr. (Smarlc)
t-z-4fr+4>o
c. Srywhether tho functions orrceven, odd or nolther. $ markr)
f(r) = s, f (x) = *, f@) = * and /(rr) = tft31,
Question# 3
r, Wrlte an equation for ths llno through (-2, -1) rnd (3,4). (4 marlc)
b. Find tte averrge rate ofe.brogc ofthe ftrnctious ovcr tLe (t narlr)
glven lnterval .
L f(x) =rf + 1, t-r, 11
tl. l(t) = cott, ti,*1
rind llm cos fl-l)
za7, \ r-1 ./
Fbd the diccortiruiUe of f (r) =
'
COS if aoy. Derormtne
;b
f(t) =$o*rtinuous. G narkc)
Question No,l
a. Confirm that the strtcd formulr ls thc tocal linear approximation oilat rs -- l,
whercAr=^r-1. ({nuks)
f(r) = rai (1 +At)1 l;1*4Ar
b. Ftadrhelimrt lim fin'. (t markr)
t-r0+
c. Find an intend [s, il ol which
t@)={ +f -* + r- 2cr&llertlehypotteraof
RolletsTbco!.m.
Il. Generatc tbe grep[ of f'(r), ead urc lt to melrc rcugL
ostlmrb of all vrluer of c ln thc interval obAlned ln pert (l)
thet oatb$ thccouclusloa of Rolletr lteortm.
ut. Use Ncriol'c Mo&od !o lmprove on lhc rougi csfimahc
obtalncdhpa*0t). (tmerb)

Page I of2 P.T.O.

Question No 5
a. Wrlte any four propcrtics of indefinitc intcgral. (4 narkr)
b. Evalueto (8 marks)

JG* se*rx)dx
L
it. I ttn' x cas x drc
c. Approprlrto formulas lbom goometry to evaluaie the lntegrals (8 merks)
i. [!rt+ - sx) dx.
t. fr(r * ffi\dx.
QuoctbnNo6
r. Dellne llncar oquatlol ln terms of difterentlal equttior with lt3 typc .rd
exrmpl6. (a marlrr)
A tank wlth o lfi)0 gat capacity initlally conteinr t(D gd of *o&r tbot lr polluied
vtth !0 lb of perticulate mrtter. At timc , - 0, pure rvrter ls iddcd at a reic of 20
galrtnln ond the mixcd rdution lr drahcd oflat a nto of l0 grDfoln. Eor much
parthuhto metter is ln the trnk wlen lt rcrche tic poht ofovorlloving?
(8 nerlcs)

Solve tie difetutial oquadon (* + DX * xy = 0 by the method of

integratlng factors Solve tho lnltial-valuc problem (8 marls)
**+!=x,l(L)=2.
-Qua6on No 7

a. Sketchthegrrphsoftheelllpccr {+f,=f . ({nerb)

b. Dcscribe the graph ofthe equrtlon (8 nartr)
t'-ax-ey-zs=oend r4rmptoto* (S mrrli)
Slrctch the hyperbolo, rad label thc vcrticeq focl,
l:6*-f'SZr'6Y=57

Page 2 ol 2
 UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB '.,.x.ollNo. in Fig.
B.S. in Computer Science First year : Annual-202i
Subject: Calculus I
'.. Roll No. in Words.
PaPer: 1
\
_ Time:3O Min. Marks: 20..

Attempt this Paper on this Question Sheet onlv.

oivi?ion gf mir
r.Signature of Supdt.:
will

Q.l. Fill in the blanks. (10x2=20)

l. Thegraphofy = 1 f (r - 2)? may bc obtained by shitting the grapb of

!=x2 cnd then shifting thls new graph (up/down)
by. unit(s),
2. Suppose that f and g are continuous functions such that f(Z) = | and
mt/(r) + {gr(*)J = l3.Then g(2) =- .

3. Solve the lirst-order llnear diffsrentiat equation

** ,@ly = q(x)by comploting
the followlng stepsl Calelate the integrating frctorp Multipty both sldes of thc
equation by the lntegrating factor rnd cxprers tbe result as
d-
;T I= Intcgrate both sides of the equation
obtained and solve fory
4, Suppose that the line 2x +-3y = 5 is torgcnt to lhe grypl.of_'y-: ($
!"Y: l( at x = l. The vrlue
iiiri(r)is ,-
tr The local linear approximation of f at x6 uscs the Iine to the graph of
y = (r) at x = to approximato values of for values of x near

6. The graph of y = xz + x is an integr*t eurYe for the function f(x)

If G is a function whose graph is also an intqgral curve for f , and if =G(l) = 5, then
G(x) =
7, If f"(a) exigts and/has an inllection Boint atx = c, then f"(a)
8. A functlon f has a relative maxirnum at r0 if thcre is an open interral containing rs
on which f(x) is f(re) for cYsry x in the interval.
e. Letf(r) = ffi.Given that/'(x) = -6ffif ,f"{x)= ffi .

The relative maximum point on the graph is

10, Suppose that a hyperbola in rtandard position has semi focal axis a, semi conjugate
axis b, and foci (*c,0). Then c mty be obtained fitm a and b by the equation
c= The equations of the asymptotes of this hyperbola are
y=*
 a o aa a taatot t o o t o'a

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UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

aa
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Roll No. ................ :
B.S. in Computer Scier\ce FirstYear: Annual-2021 aaaaaaa aaa t a

Paper:2 Time:2 Hrs.30 Min. Marks:80

Subject: Calculus ll

NOTE: Attempt any FOIIR guesfions. All questions carry equal marks'

Quectlon No 2:
.& find.tboertcrand radlusof tborphere ({ nlrft}
x2 + y2 + L2 - 2x* 4y *8e * \7 = A.
b, Lct f,r and f,2 bo the lineo (8 mrrln)
L1 s x s 1 +'*qY s 5- &t * -1 +5t
L3r x = 2 +8\Y= {-3t,2 = 5 + t
Arc the tinee parallel? Ilo t[e linoc lnterccct?

g An oqueson 2x + 3y + 4z * 1 of a rur{ece tc givon in (8 nrrf,$

rcctangu6r coordlniter, 5'ind rn Gquafon of ths surfsoe in both cylirdrlcd
mordinetos and rpherlcd coordinatco'

Quecdor# 3
&. FInd tho gope of the line ln 2-epae thrt lr reprccontd by the voctor equatbn
r; (1 * zttt - (2 - 38)r. (4urrks)

b. Ftnd en trc length parauretrlzntion ofthccunvg r(t) = etcostt + dsiu tf;

0 S t S rtl?tnit nas tho nm* or{snhtlon as ths glvcn srrrc and for
whicn the rcference Poirt srrspondg to l* 0. (8 mrrlcu)

c" Thegraphofthevwtorquation ! * zcosti + Sslntl(o 5 t 5 ?fr)

ls tUeiltire- Flnd the curviturc of the etlipse at thc endpotrtr of tbc mrfor
and minor axe$. G mrrltr)

Quertbu No {
a. $upposcthatz = *yrx = *rI f
= llsotLoctdr rsleto fnOSadchce.kthe
result by expresing I u r funcllon of t qnd dllfcrentldlug dtru{fy.
({ mar}r)

veluec of
' b. Use Lagrange mulfipllerc to ltnd tle muimum rnd minlmum
Lxz + *f + * o?A'
f(x,!,s) a 3x + 6y * 2z rubfcct to tto vTconstrdut -
*ntn thecc xocme luer {tGctrr.
also, find tbc polntr at
(8 mrkt}

s Ftnd the absdutG oxtrema of the function f(xy) : xd:

xt * eI on t[e
irdlcsbd closed rnd bounded eet & the rectrugular reglon wt& vcr{s (0' 0}'
(0, l), 0; I), rnd (2, 0). (8 mrlrs)

Page 1 ot 2 P.T.O.
Qucrdoa I{o 5
i. Evdurte tLo doubrc I{ rnsnl **fdi orcr t&* rcehnguhr rrglor
r=ffay):-tsr< l,*2 syszI. ({mrr*r)
b' Thcryhcret' + t' *
+ = sF mn bo cxprwod ln cploriml omrdlue& rr
p* c, 8[d &c qphGrfurl'eroctnn$hr conwrrton furfrufru crn &!r !p rrcd to
cxpmcs the rpherc ag tjbc vetor-rrnln*d lhncfior
r(e,O) = csln ecos0t + asln.pshrll + acasg*
vhcrc0 ( p S nard0 { f 5 &r,Ureft*itbncftatolhortirttendlur
vos{r b'rcrud td th irrgsrt ptrrarts Nrtou ec
rybprg (s Grr*r}
Ermlnrtc ths ltcrrtod int!*rr[ (8 marki)

(r'? v
Jr1,,JW dx dy da

Quxtion No 6
t Ftnd &c dlvorgoac and tbo curl of tlc rrytor lldd ({ marla}
f(ay,z) o*fi+2f* +3s*.
b, Evelu*tc ttc llne lntqnrt fic f* *
*ldy wbeir C lg tLc quatr wltt vffis
(0r 0b (t' 0), Or 1), rnd (0t t) or{onH eoun&rdockni*c, by ustrg Grtrn's
Thrortm rnd chock fu rmru ty crrlurffng lt illrcr,tly.
(s mrb)

r- Virlly ths $tokcr' lteortm by arrrturrtng tte llnc tnqml rnd {Lc rur{ac
tBicgrst Accnme thrt &e curfrm har rn upwrld ortcnufiou. fi mjr{E}
(s * ylt + (E + r)r (r + y)Iq
f(r,f,r)= -
rls&c pordon oftheparrlolotds = g * t - fabove&cry-flrna
Qtxflon No 7
& Ure tbe llivcrgoace Ihorrm to Snd tbo cutrrard ttuxof tltvoctor Setd
F(x,y,z) = Zxt * ?yl +szr( across tlp rrit cube {4 marks}

b. ffad tho fiuxof thc.vselor lMtr'*crnl*.r. mrtr) (g

f(x,y,$ = *, + (r + frt - t;cl*thcvcrtlcalrcsng*
0 Sx 5 2,0 *t t * In lhc phney - *1, orfud tr fu nqnftvcydtmcfion.

& Ernrla*to &o curfasc rnqrd IIn *rd$rhsre ck tls part of tho p[*nax+y *s - ,
that lies in ths flrst octrnt {8 marls}

Page 2 ol 2
 ... Roll No. in Fig..,..............,....
UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
B.S. in computer Science FirstYear: Annual-2021
Calculus ll
iil;; il. -.,r", ro'.loll
' Roll No' in wotds.

Attempt this pa .er on this euestion Sheet onl

Q.1. Fill in the btanks.

(10x2=20)
l' r'et's be the grap' ofxz + z2 + 6z = 16 rr 3-spaco.The i,t.rsectron of.iwrtt
tlc
v-plane is a clrcle with center aud radluc
2. (l,2,Ol x (3,0,4)
=
3. Anorualvectorfortheplale4r - Zy + 7z - 11 = Ois
4. liq(cos t,sin) =
.t
5.

6. Slppore that/ (1,0, -1) = Z, and / (r,y,z) is dlfferendlble at (1, O _1)

withP/ (1, Q -1) = (2, l, 1). An
cqusrlotr for the rangent ptane to the levd
*i!rtre. f (x,y,z) = ?ar the poinr (1,0, is -f) and panmetric
equations for the normal llne to the levd rur&ce
ttrough thc point (1, O _1) rre
f= Dar
tF- '
'-
1. The ydume of the solid enctoscd by thc
rurfrce z = f and the roctanglc
v
0<x 54,1S XS e2 ln t[ery-flerc tr
Thelteratedinragral I: l: l: f (x,y,z) d.x dz dy itqratec/ovcr ttc roctalgrlar
boxdetiacd by
9. ff c lc thc uait crrctc cen&rtd et thc orrgla ald orrentcd colntcrcrrockw&g &co
!"tr - y- x) dx + (r3 + x + y)dy =
Suppce that o lr the parrrnetric sur ace r(u, o)
10.
f +vl+(u+v)k, = ui
(0 < uz + vz S 1) and that n ir a puidvc multtplc of 0r x;.Ar
Thcnthc
A
Iluxoff(gy,z) = rt * y J * zkglcroxoh g
=
 UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB '.,..RonNo.inFig.
B.S. in.Computer Science First year : Annual_202,t
Subject: Programming Fuhdamentals 'es'-/'t'4 I '..Roll No. in words.
P"p"r,3-N Time:30 Min. Marks:l5...

\\Signature of Supdt :

Q'1' Encircre the right answer cutting and ovenrvriting

is not aflowed. l10x1tz=15)

I. Is const better than tldefine?

A. Yes B.No
II. Can we crctte trrey of rcference?
A. Yes B.No
ilI. YVhen can we bave two classcc wlth somc name?
A. Wecan't have B. In different wotk space
C. Can havc but in different file D. We can havc in any Scenario
ry. Cen a clrss contaln another class itr lt?

A. Ycs B.No
v. Whrt is the size of void tn C{-+?
A- 2bytes B.4bytcs CUndefined D.0
VI. Cen e fuuction catl itselp

A. Yes B.No
VII. Can a structure conteiu pointer to itselfl

A. Yes B.No
Vm Which operstor has higtcst prcccdence?

A- {+ B.r c.= D.0

IlC Can we have conttructor es Mrtuat?

A. Yes B. No
IL Cau we have pure Vlrtuel Destructor?
A. Yes B.No
 UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB aaoaaoaaaaaataaaataaa
a.
! ...,............ :
ffi B.S, in Gomputer Science Firsf Year
Subject: Programming Fundamentals
: Annuat-2021
Paper:3-N
Roll No.
laaaaa a aaaa a aataaa

Time:2 Hrs.30 Min. Marks:

aa
'a
60

NOTE: Attempt any FOttR guestions. All questfons carry equal marks.
Q.2. Write the output of following code segments: (15)

(a)
clsscale'
t
charGrdc;
intBoms;
public:
Calo()
{ Grade=E;
Bonus=0;
l
void Down(imG)
{
Grade--G;
)
void U(intG)
{
GradE.t_ G;
Bonusr+;
)
voidShow$
{
oout << Grade << '#" << Bonus << endl;
));
intmainQ'
{
CalcC;
C.Dour(2)
C.Shou0;
C.UilA;
C.Show0;
C.Doo'n(2h
C.ShowQ;
)
(b)
intmain$
{
cttar tstting = "welcone';
int *Point, Vatue[J = {10'15,70,19};
Point= Vatue;
cnut {( +Point << SEing << cndli
String't+;
Point++;
cout << tPoint << Strirg << ondl;
)

Page 1 of3 P.T.O.

 i
(c)

#include<iosheam> "1
using ncnespece std;
clasg Test
privete :
int marks = 85;
public:
Tes(int marks)
{
couf<( thls--:mu{rsi
cout<<endl.
)
h
tnt mainO
!
{ I
:
Tcst t(95); t

return 0; I
I
I
) I
i
(d) _._J

#include <iosream>
usingnamcspace std;
iut mainQ
{ int i, x[5J, y, z[5];
for(i=0;i<5;i++;1
x[iJ = 1;
zlil=, + 3;
y= z[i];
x[iJ =y++; ]
for(i-0;i<5;i++1
cout <<x[i] << u o.
retunr 0;
)
(e)
i
i #inoludeciostrcam>
#includxcsoing>
ustng nrmeproe std;
htnainQ
t I
I
I
ch&r *sT"GOODLUCK'; I

fo(itrt i=sclen(s)- 1 ;F*0 j*) !

I
{ I
for(int i=0ii <=iiitt+) I
t-
eout**{ils
I sout<<endl;
,
,
i
)
retum 0; )

Page 2 ol 3 P.T.O.
Write aprogram that displays the following oUpt*tsiryaay loop.

12345432
1234 432
123 32
L2 2

Ouestion # 4:

DdEnc a class Time &at includes tre -

picccs of idormaioa as data mernbcrs hours
(tpe int)" miaures (tyPe ht), s€coD&(tyPc in0. Iftitc aprogramthattakcs two timeas
an input , add the two tim€s and then pint the new timc.
Sampledata:
Bnter l$ timc:
Hours? 15
Miuntes? 35
Seconds? 22
Enter 2d Time :
ltrours? 20
Minutos?20
Seconds?15
}Ic*-fiaaafterJdd.
Oues$on # 5:

Defi6 a fimctioo named montbly-profit which will cdcplatc thc moo&ly profit on the givcn
investmsnt amount. Function will Uk€ fio lloat aryuuentl, P€,tceot ptofit rstc aod investnoqtt
mtourt ed tEturn the monthly pmfit (float). Write firnction pmOtpe, function do,finition ard a
main program to denronshate the functionality.

Note: Uscr can cnter any values thercforc writc generalizcd firnctlon for uscr rrariablor (Not
initialized the variable value).

Oucstlon#6:

Deflne a class Employ€e to storc dre rccords of cmployces. Wc want to storc only Namq age aod
address of cmploycc. Write main program to input lccord of one pcrson aad display 'Young' if
is agc is lcss lhan 20 or 'Old' if thc age is geet than 50 ard 'Mddlc' if ttc agc of percol is
betwcen2l and49.

gsegeg-tzr
Write a program that sort the giv€n data in desoending odcr using bubblc aort tccbnique?
s1520433 1819

Page 3 of 3
A UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
aa a a a a aaaaao
a
t aa aoa a aao

w Ir. Roll No. ...........-.---

IiE;5I
:
B.S. in Computer Science First Year : Annual-2021 . .. . o .... ...'] ll'l'il .:
Subject: Electricity and Magnetism & Basic Electronics Paper:5-N Time: 2 Hrs.30 Min. Marlcs:80

NOTE: Attempt TWO guestions from each Secfion. Atl questions carry equal marks.

Section - I
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Querdon no.2l (r06Hf.20)

r) dsadc dipolc? Fid tb ctlotuis ficH of u stccric dfiolc * e fidd poh p,
Wh6t ig m
b) &pldn &G doCIoomcor of con&ptor in an elcctsic frdtd tmdtr stltb corididm xlith fu

")
m;:ffi E'ldsol ic shorad h a reeioo of nuifcrm docldc fidd ag *ouar h
figua fid fu docria fftn {uutgh tre fioot frcc oftbc cnbo if thedoafio field ia ghrco
by E - G3NIC) I + (61.[/C] r. Also crtcdrtc trF to8l 0tu' thrutgh fto q&a

Quwdon no3: (10{6{5-20)

e) Find Oe magnofc fidd of qnrw cfqrtis stri8|il wirt s d qffi

crrlring rolooid
with thc hGlp of AryGcc's lav.
b) Difttcuictcbctcromeryffiism md clocuomagncdrm"
c) An olootron novins $ 5.6 x td n/s trrr& &rorr& a rmi&ra nrynclic ficld of t.4 T at
dgbtanghs b ihc fidd. How suoogts6c fswths m
m&o doctou?

Qucrfuu no.4: (10+d**.r20)

e) $tric d oryltitr Ganss'g l$v. fid lhc elcpfiic fo$o &$ to En infiiic #a of ohmgs.
b) trrftq rhc proe€rfirs of clcctdc fiGld lim.
cl Coudthr E point cfrcgo qr- *22pC at &G oridn rnd a smnd poid chrgo rB' +l:pe
at a diltaocs L aloog x axis, c/hcre Lr"l5cm. Fidthc poiil P alory tllc x uis xficrc fu
cloctric field is eqtal to zcro.

Section - ll
BASIC ELECTRONICS

Querficn lo.5: 02+8'20)

a) Find the crrrent aad vottagc drcp acrocs ash rcsisnor Sown in figpc.

,q
ts
\
iro{t

b) Disuss vlrious voltagn source$.

Page 1 of 2 P.T.O.
QBGrffm no,6: fiOtl0-80}
r) Drocr&c h6&Ih! dyds, fr$* iho$s Ss r.hmrrui*ic* suso of a Silfuon dods
instod in a cirqrit hfi,&{f r€Ei*trwi& rxiSmcc R" fipd fu Q,pofu m lb 3raeh, lf
rcciwev&r ic doubh4 xlhs isfu !fru$ on loq mdVoo

b
l0i
c'
N.
I'
t.
C,
{.
t,
7.
t
t l t a t t , t tro

b) Xlhd ib a diodc? Duqibo lhc M bfliliry d

rovnsad bi@ af a scmhoo@or
dio& ffier@ ofae;hmxicd{Sfru edbricmy cxptrior

Qucc(u 40. ?: (r0+1H0)

$ Ihscribo rto Wuims ofJVP&rd PJUP rmsimr. Ako &rrr fu dilgrffif thfi fur ie
Ymf& h tctht" rEloo (foryrfi ddG Srrrsd tfusod {nd q&m * nstsae tir} nr
Comnoubam ooufnration, Ako drffi chrrmi*iea qlr'eas ftrirys md qry* dds,
b) Fc tbc fixd bfu c&'cdt, ,rdrg r *liom resMor, ffsd &c rnho of h, b I& ycr ard
Vcu whsn Vwr lzY,8n*240il\ Rc--r"ffilL

,roro
j
t.it

Page 2 of 2
 UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB Roll No. in Fig. ......,..............
B.S. in Computer Science First Year I Annual-2021
subiect: Etectricity and Magnetism & Basic Electronica '. Roll No. in Words. .....;.t....
Paper: 5-N
Time: 30 Min. Marks: 2O'..

Attelnpt this p.aogr gn this euestion Sheet ontv.

Division of -rrFiqEel- in frontofEf,Gstio-il ..Signaturc of Supdt.:

Q.1. Encircle the right answer cutting and ovenrvriting is not allowed. (10x2=201
1) Eloctsic-chrga A aod B io c.ch o{t r, &tic d
?r.yrrd
eloctric charga A ard C are beH clorc toged,cr 6cy
chargc, B c ,?d cact orhrs, if
a)Aruaa wil _ "ait
ottcr.
c)R€pat
b) No effoct d) M&tinfornarionisM€d ro aoswcr

2) ra poht Q c..hugc ic locarod c rlo ceatq of l

rteo fud flru rhrougb olo sfua
cubc
a)Q/eo b)e/2eo c)et6s" OatC;
3) A bsr msS!€t is dividod in two piecoe. Whioh of thc followiag ctatocrtr
is truc?
a) Thc bar.nrry{ is dcmag!$izod"
b) Thc mancds fiold of och sqambd picoo bccomes srroogo.
c) Thcnagnaicpolce aro sqsntod.
d) Two rrcr barnagnAs sGqratcd"

4) Tbo dirccrioo of oleric feld ofa dipolc is

a) From pooitive to negafivo charyc c) Frour ncgadvc to positivo cbupc
b) brkofiront - di nonsof[es€
5) If-a,curcot carryiog cooductorte placcd ia ruiform magnetic fietd panllet
uctd ttco [orGG elperioacod by cooducor will bc
to dircctim of
a) rr.BCor b)tL! c)Zeo
d)roncof6coe
6) Wbco a PNjurctim is rcvcrrabirsod
a) Holcs od olectrro,ns md O cooootrate tonrrdr thejuoction
b) Thcbonierteads A brcatdoum
c) tloleg md elcctons tcnd to mwc aunry trom thcjuoction
d) ttroncofthcaborrc
7) A silicoa diode in o half-wavc ,cctifio
las a barricr potmtial of 0.7 v. rtis hqs tho affict of
a)Rcdncfuctbcdcrqrrvolggebr0rT ol'taooacirgrua"
b) Reepi!8 erdc ouq,utvolugc by0.7v
6ao cfost ' --'-rc
""u*irr"g.by..zv
t) Proccss of lincar{y ircreasing arylit.dc of m chctrical cignrl i! eallcd
a)switoliag h)mplifcetioo d)rcao
"l"tq6,rg
9) lYhich of the following is &c corroct rclarionrhip bctrvceo basc and cmittc qrrem
of a B,xI?
a)Io=pIe b)Ie=Ig c)IB-(p+I)lB d) I6*(p+1;16
l0) Equivalat resietaoco of a series oirsuit is grwtcr th"" lie
_ r€sistaoac of rtat circuit
c) Iaost b) greatost c) srnc d) nonc