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Lecture 4 Arithmetic and Logi Unit and Assembly Language

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Lecture 4 Arithmetic and Logi Unit and Assembly Language

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sk8621489
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Microprocessors (0630371)

Fall 2010/2011 – Lecture Notes # 4

Outline of the Lecture


 Arithmetic and logic Unit (ALU).
 Assembly Language programming
programming-Introduction.
 Description of Instruction Set

Arithmetic and logic Unit (ALU)

The basic operations are implemented in hardware level. ALU is having collection
collect of two
types of operations:

 Arithmetic operations
 Logical operations

Consider hypothetical ALU having 4 arithmetic operations and 4 logical operations.


operations

 Four arithmetic operations. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.


 Four logical operations: OR, AND, NOT & XOR.

To identify any one of these four logical operations or four arithmetic operations, two
control lines are needed. Also to identify the any one of these two groups
groups- arithmetic or
logical, another control line is needed. So, we need three control lines.
We need three control lines to identify any one of these operations. The input
combination of these control lines are shown below:
Control line ଶ is used to identify the group: logical or arithmetic, i.e.
ଶ  0:: arithmetic operation ଶ  1: logical operation.
Control lines ଴ and ଵ are used to identify any one of the four operations in a group.
One possible combination is given here.

A 3X8 decode is used to decode the instruction. The block diagram of the ALU is shown
in figure
Block Diagram of the ALU
The ALU has got two input registers named as A and B and one output storage register,
named as C. It performs the operation as:
C=A op B
The input data are stored in A and B, and according to the operation specified in the
control lines, the ALU perform the operation and put the result in register C.
As for example, if the contents of controls lines are, 000, then the decoder enables the
addition operation and it activates the adder circuit and the addition operation is
performed onn the data that are available in storage register A and B . After the completion
of the operation, the result is stored in register C.
We should have some hardware implementations for basic operations. These basic
operations can be used to implement some complicated operations which are not feasible
to implement directly in hardware.

Assembly Language programming


programming-Introduction

Assemble, Link and Run a Program


The following summarizes the process required to assemble, link and run an assembly
language program.
Step 1:: Edit the program using Editor (save file as *.asm)
Step 2:: Assemble the program (*.asm) using MASM or TASM, you will get (*.obj).
(
Step 3: Link the program (*.obj
*.obj) using LINK or TLINK you will get (*.exe*.exe)
 “.asm” file is the source file created with an editor or a word processor.
 “.obj” assembler (e.g.TASM) converts .asm file’s Assembly language instructions
into machine language.
 “.exe” TLINK is the program to produce the executable file.

Assembly Language program


am consists of series of lines of Assembly language instructions.
instructions
Instruction format
 An assembly language instruction consists of four fields,
[label:] mnemonic [operands] [;comments]
[;comments
Label (optional)
Instruction mnemonic (required)
Operand(s) (usually required)
Comment (optional)
Brackets indicate that the field is optional. Brackets are not typed.
 The label field allows the program to refer to a line of code by name.
 In a line of assembly language program there can be mnemonic (instruction) and
operand(s).
Ex: ADD AL, BL
MOV AX, 6764H
 The comment field begins with a “;”.
 Alternatively, instead of these two fields there can be directives. Directives are
used by the assembler to organize the program as well as other output files.
SEGMENT, DB, ENDS, ASSUME, END, and ENDP are examples of
directives. Directives are statements that give directions to the assembler about
how it should translate the assembly language instructions into machine code.

Description of Instruction Set

8086 has 117 instructions, 8086 instruction set consists of the following instructions:
 Data transfer instructions---- MOV, PUSH
 Arithmetic - add, subtract, increment and decrement -----ADD, SUB, MUL,
DIV, INC.
 Logic instructions – NOT, AND, OR, XOR.
 Control transfer –
o Conditional, unconditional program branch---- LOOP, LOOPE, LOOPZ.
o Conditional, unconditional call subroutines--- CALL, JMP, JA, JNBE.
 Enabling/disabling interrupts---- INT, INTO, IRET.
 Stack operations----PUSH, POP.
 Simple Input and Output port transfer instructions----IN, OUT
 Special Address transfer instructions ------LEA, LDS
 Setting/Clearing flag bits--- STC, CLC, STD, CLD
 String Instructions ------MOVS, MOVSB, MOVSW.
 External Hardware Synchronization instructions---- HLT, WAIT, NOP

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