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4 views

Statistics Notes

Uploaded by

asnaarmeenayaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics

 Definition: A set of methods and principles for collecting and analyzing numerical
data to draw conclusions and make decisions.

Types of Statistical Methods

1. Descriptive Statistics: Methods to collect, present, and describe data.


2. Inferential Statistics: Methods to estimate characteristics of a population based on
sample data.

Limitations of Statistics

1. Only applies to quantitative data.


2. Cannot study individuals (only groups).
3. Can be misused if not applied correctly.

Data Collection

 Need for Data:


o To understand phenomena, measure performance, make decisions, and explore
causes and effects.
 Primary Data: Collected firsthand, offering more control and flexibility but requiring
more resources.
 Secondary Data: Collected by others, useful for reference.

Methods for Collecting Primary Data

1. Observation: Recording behavior or phenomena directly.


2. Personal Interviews: Asking questions directly to respondents.

Population vs. Sample

 Population: The entire group of interest.


 Sample: A subset of the population used for study when the population is too large.

Sampling Methods

1. Random Sampling: Each individual has an equal chance of being selected.


2. Systematic Sampling: Selecting every nth person.
3. Multistage Sampling: Selecting samples in stages.
4. Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups and sampling from
each.
5. Cluster Sampling: Sampling entire clusters (e.g., households) rather than individuals.

Presentation of Data

 Tables: Simple, complex, summarized, original, and derived tables.


 Frequency Distribution: Organizing data by the number of occurrences.
 Charts: Graphs and diagrams to simplify and compare data.

Attitude Measurement

 Quantitative Research: Collecting and analyzing numerical data to find patterns and
make predictions.
 Scales: Tools like semantic differential scales, graphic rating scales, and Stapel scales
to measure attributes.

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