Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2021, pp. 1129~1141

ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i3.1909  1129

The impact of integration of solar farms on the power losses,

voltage profile and short circuit level in the distribution system

Abdallah R. Alzyoud1, Ali S. Dalabeeh2, Ayman Y. Al-Rawashdeh3, Anwar Almofleh4,

Ahmad S. Allabadi5, Tamadher Almomani6, Ayman Hindi7
1,2,3,4,5,6Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan
7
College of Engineering, Najran University, Saudi Arabia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This paper introduces a study of utilizing solar energy farm that is integrated
with the national grid based on intensive data availability of solar energy in
Received Oct 21, 2020 Jordan. The study discusses the impact and the ability of integrating solar
Revised Dec 20, 2020 farms into the national grid of Jordan. The study considerd different cases
Accepted Mar 27, 2021 and, various power system studies for connection points of solar farms to
medium voltage networks. Among these studies are short circuit level,
voltage profile and power losses. The main objective of the study is to
Keywords: analyze impacts of integration of solar farms on distribution systems of the
chosen areas. Photovoltaic (PV) system with varying penetration levels are
Distribution network integrated at different locations (connection points) into the distribution
Power losses network. Calculations are performed and models are built using actual data
Renewable energy obtained from the Jordanian power grid with PV interconnection. The effect
Short circuit level of the short circuit level, voltage profile and power losses in the distribution
Solar system system are also analyzed. Finally, the most suitable method of connecting the
Voltage profile solar farm to the national power network is recommended.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Ayman Y. Al-Rawashdeh
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering Techonology
Al-Balqa Applied University
Amman, 11134, Jordan
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The imported fossil fuels support 88% of electricity production in Jordan, while 2% of the demand
is fulfilled by the local production of fossil fuels. Therefore, the search for alternative sources of energy has
become an imminent issue in Jordan [1]-[5]. Accordingly, Jordan is extensively burdened by the import of
fossil fuels, because it consumes approximately 40% of the country’s total budget [6]. The ever-changing
political situation of the Middle-East is a constant threat to the energy security of Jordan. These threats
disturbed the importing process of oil from Iraq as wel as natural gas from Egypt via Sinai and Syria through
the Arab gas pipeline (AGP). This reflects dramatically on the decline in gas import in Jordan is due to the
political instability in Syria and Sinai. Therfore, gas import has decreased from 89 to 17 billion cubic feet [7],
[8]. Jordan energy sector is encouraging the implemtation of distributed generation in the power system by
introducimg solar and wind power plants. This would reduce the reliance on external energy sources by
creating feasible alternatives that reduce the total energy usage without any adverse effects on the local
community or the energy efficiency [9].

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The interconnected transmission system in conventional large electric power system is fed by the
central generators through step-up transformers and power that is extracted from high voltage networks.
These networks go through different transformers to reach the distribution network and fulfill the client’s
demands. Power losse is minimized by positioning distributed generation (DG) near the demand side,
whereas the reactive power compensation improves nearby nodal voltages [10]-[12].
Across the world, mainly in United States and China, there are 20 utility-scale plants of over
100 MW capacities according to international energy agency (IEA). There is an increased participation of
vendors to renovate the technology of converting wind potential or solar radiation to useful electrical energy
[8]. The vendors are increasingly encouraged by the competitive market to look for continuous development
of their products and enhance the quality of electrical power output and conversion efficiency. Different
technology providers tend to exhibit different operational performances. The connection suitability of
photovoltaic (PV) or wind plant to the electrical grid is ensured by the provider as well as the grid operator.
Similar to the transmission system operator (TSO) across the world, TSO in Jordan faces technical issues that
can be attributed to renewable energy plants (REPs) ability to connect to the grid. Grid code defines such
requirements in a separate connection agreement [8]. The technical performance of REP is simulated and
tested to comply with relevant technical requirements in the design or pre-design phase, which further avoids
costly design variations after its installation. The modelling of the REP and the electrical grid is characterized
by special simulation software that observes the plant’s performance before on-site testing that would take
place in the commissioning phase [13]-[16].
Several studies have been conducted on the role of PVP under different circumstances. For instance;
a study investigated the influence of solar panels on power quality of various transformers and distribution
networks. Residential rooftops and solar firms of transformers and distribution networkers were modeled as
per the instructions provided by the Canadian Utility data. The overall harmonic currents and distortions
occurred on both sides of the transformers were continuously monitored under distinct working conditions.
System performance was tested by employing a three-phase transformer and single-phase inverter. Findings
of the study indicated that solar power influenced the performance of transformers and distribution networks
to a limited extent [17]. Another study focused on the influence of failures of the PVP plants on the PVP
energy balance through maintenance data flow and real operations plant specifically in Spain and Italy.
Findings indicated a low influence of PVP failures of energy losses. The overall loss of solar field energy
was only limited to 4.26% from all failure energy losses [18]. E. Mulenga [19] examined the influence of
integrating solar power in the distribution power grid. The distribution grids were modelled with or without
solar PVP in power simulation software. The modelling aimed to examine the steady state influence on the
distribution grids. Findings indicated that the integration of solar PVP for the distribution grids significantly
increased the voltage level profile. Also, it caused a significant decrease in voltage losses, drop and
improvements in the stability of the state voltage of the studied grids. Considering the aforementioned, the
current study aims to examine the impact of connecting large-scale PV plants (PVP) on the grid power losses,
voltage profile and short circuit current levels of the national grid in Jordan. ETAP software is used to carry
out the studies related to short circuit and load flow. Contributions of the study are important as, according to
the researcher’s knowledge none of the previous study has focused on the influence of connecting large scale
PVP plants specifically on the voltage profile, short circuit current levels and grid power losses in Jordanian
power system.

2. NATIONAL GRID OF JORDAN

It is known that 400 kV and 132 kV national grid interconnects Jordan. A long interconnection is
formed by 400 kV lines extended between Aqaba in South and Irbid in North. The routes of the 400 kV lines
are shared by 132 kV lines; however, its divergence is increased in order to reach further areas in Jordan. In
the central area, the demand of electricity reaches up to >50%, with congested substations. Approximately,
25% of the demand is from the North, 20% from the South, and 5% from the East. The daily load curves on
specific days for winter, spring, and summer of the year 2015 are shown in Figure 1 [20]. The figure clearly
shows the minimum load value before sunrise that achieves morning peak at mid of the day, and after sunset
shows an evening peak.

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Figure 1. Daily load curves of Jordan power system

3. RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIALS

Jordan is capable of generating at least 1000 GWh per year, as it is located at the solar belt [21]. The
low cost of electricity generated by concentrating solar power (CSP) can be as low as $0.14/kWh, with
storage period of <6 hours [22]. The cost $0.13/kWh for conventional natural gas burning combustion turbine
is compared to offshore wind turbines with cost of $0.20/kWh and advanced nuclear with cost of $0.1/kWh
[23]. The reliance of Jordan on renewable energy is feasible by pairing the low cost of solar power generation
with the solar potential of Jordan [24]. Notably, a relatively high solar radiation is available in Jordan that
exceeds 2000 kWh/m2/yr in the eastern area and 2200 kWh/m2/yr in the southern area [25]. Electric power
with competitive levelized cost of energy is likely to be produced by Utility-scale PVPs under specific
climatic conditions, considering system costs and costs of capital. Remarkable interest has been achieved by
the wind speed potential in Jordan that reaches an average value of 5-7 m/s (at 100 m height) in majority of
the areas. These areas include the southern and eastern areas of Jordan. The eastern and southern areas are
mostly fit in terms of solar radiation, land availability, and wind speed. The Solar radiation map of Jordan is
shown in Figure 2 [26].

Figure 2. Solar radiation map of Jordan

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In this study, two scenarios with identical PV systems but with different connection points to the
distribution network have been discussed. The first connection scenario was to 33 kV Ma’an substation bus,
whereas the second to 11 kV bus. The different scenarios have been simulated using energy technology
assistance program (ETAP), and then the effects of integration the solar farms into the grid have been
analyzed and evaluated.

4. RESEARCH METHOD
Potential effects of the grid-connected photovoltaic systems on the distribution systems sources of
renewable energy, particularly the PV systems, have become highly important sources. Nevertheless,
connecting large PV systems to utility grids can result in many operational problems for the distribution
networks. Severity of these problems significantly depends on geography of the installation site and the
percentage of PV penetration. Thus, knowledge of the potential effects of large grid-connected PV systems
on the distribution networks helps in making informaed and practical decisions before installation and
operation of the integrated systems [27].

4.1. Effects of photovoltaic plants on the voltage profile

Power is fed with highest voltage level and it is consumed at the lowest voltage level in traditionally
designed electricity distribution systems. Due to this, the line voltage generally decreases in proportion to the
distance from the voltage source at which the loads are encountered and the measurement is taken. However,
there is a need to maintain voltage in the specific range stipulated by guidelines and standards for safety of
machinery and appliances. The power utility companies implement numerous technology countermeasures
for controlling the voltage within the set range.
On the other hand, the extra power is likely to flow back to the grid, when the power generated by a
PV system is more as compared to the electricity consumed at the use point. In such cases, voltage increases
and the electric current flow inverts its direction heading towards the end. This issue is not important in urban
grids that possess strong networks with limited PV capacities but high grid impedance. However, the voltage
can surpass the upper limit if there is an increase in PV penetration or the number of PV systems are
integrated with rural grid of lower impedance. If efforts are made to optimize the positioning, when
connecting PV with a distribution network, then the voltage profile might be enhanced. This is especially
important for feeders of substantial length where drops in voltage are critical [28], [29]. A system with short
transmission line (Z=R+jX), receiving end voltage (V2), sending end voltage (V1), and connection of a load
(P, Q) is considered at the receiving end, known as a two-port system, to explain the concept of voltage
profile. The concepts of system behavior in terms of voltage profile and voltage stability is derived using the
two-port system. The representation of two-port system is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Two-port system

In (1) is derived from analysis of Figure 3 for the voltage relationship between bus 1 and bus 2;

V1=V2+IZ (1)

The magnitude of the voltage at the receiving bus can be determined as;

|V2|=|V1|-((RP+XQ)/|V1| (2)

In (2) shows the expression of voltage magnitude level and profile (|V2|) for a particular loading and
operating condition at bus 2. The voltage drop is expressed through the third term. The line parameters
(R and X) produces voltage drop (ΔV). Whereas, load active and reactive power are consumed at the
receiving bus 2. In (3) is expressed as shown in [30];

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Voltage drop:

∆V=(RP+XQ)/|V1| (3)

Figure 3 showing the two-port grid is integrated with a solar PV power at the load bus as shown in
Figure 4. The modification of two-port grid allows the inclusion of a solar PV plant at bus 2 by inserting
active power into the bus with a power factor of 1.

Figure 4. Two-port grid integrated with PV GEN at load bus

Figure 4 shows the modification of two port equations for voltage profile and voltage drop for
including solar PV power resulting in (4) and (5).

|V2|=|V1|-((R(P-P_PV)+XQ)/|V1| ) (4)

∆V=(R(P-P_PV)+XQ)/|V1| (5)

It is noted that implemintation of the solar PV power at bus 2 causes an increase in the voltage level at this
bus and reduces the voltage drop along the line.

4.2. Effects of photovoltaic plants on power losses

In various cases, large amount of energy is lost when power is transmitted and distributed to the
loads, and when the large power plants are built miles away from the point-of-demand. There is a
proportionality loss and distance of power travelling in line, which depends on the regional conditions. Power
at the points-of-use and depending on availability of solar radiation is produced by the PV systems which
offers minimal loss of power. Land is not needed because PV unit can be integrated with, or mounted on, the
building demanding electricity. This results in the enhancement of value of the PV system to the grid. The
value of on-site generation of the PV output at the point-of-demand is used by majority of the members of
IEA. There is significant reduction in the transmission and distribution losses if power is produced at the
point-of-use. In (6) and (7) show the active and reactive losses of the line based on the representation in
Figure 1 [30].

P_LOSS=|I|^2 R=((P^2+Q^2)/|V2|^2)R (6)

Q_LOSS=|I|^2 X=((P^2+Q^2)/|V2|^2)X (7)

Figure 4 shows the modification of two port equations for power losses for including solar PV
power integration resulting as shown in (8) and (9).

P_LOSS=|I|^2 R=(((P-P_PV)^2+Q^2)/|V2|^2)R (8)

Q_LOSS=|I|^2 X=(((P-P_PV)^2+Q^2)/|V2|^2)X (9)

Introducing PV units in the distributed posts brings forth decreased flow of current in the lines. The
losses are decreased by the load compensation performed by the integrated PV. As the power losses in the
electrical netowks elements are proportional to the square of the current. This effect is particularly clear
during the peak loads. There is a marked reduction in active power losses and active component of the line
current due to reduction in the active power, which causes total losses.

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4.3. Impact of the photovoltaic plant on the short-circuit level

In general, PV grid-connected systems do not significantly contribute to the short-circuit faults
which occur at the distribution network side [27], due to the fact that the short-circuit current of a PV array is
self-limited, ideally 10.0-20.0% higher than the maximum rated power current. However, the impact of fault
should be reassessed, when the controls are functioning in weak networks, or the controls of the inverters are
changed to achieve other functions like voltage support. In any case, suitable coordination of different
protection methods (customers’ sites, PV-DG, and network) is an important issue to ensure short-circuit
protection at varied fault levels.

5. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION MODEL

The system configuration model was built using ETAP software and it’s shown in Figure 5. The
system is composed of electrical grids and PV solar plant. The output of the PV panels is a DC, which is then
converted into AC using an inverter connected to the AC bus to which the electrical load is connected.

Figure 5. System model configuration

5.1. Solar data for the selected site

The obtained from Ma’an region data is shown in Table 1 and is illustrated in Figure 6. The average
solar radiation is about 6.2 kWh/m² per day that is quite high and suitable for electrical power generation.

Table 1. The monthly average of global horizontal irradiation and air temperature for the considered site in
Ma’an region
Month Ghm Ghd Dhd T24
Jan 115 3.70 1.10 6.5
Feb 134 4.77 1.36 7.9
Mar 193 6.21 1.60 11.4
Apr 213 7.10 2.10 16.6
May 249 8.04 2.08 20.6
Jun 263 8.77 1.73 23.3
Jul 264 8.52 1.65 24.7
Aug 242 7.82 1.76 24.7
Sep 204 6.80 1.57 22.5
Oct 164 5.28 1.56 18.9
Nov 122 4.07 1.18 13.1
Dec 102 3.28 0.95 8.4
Year 2265 6.20 1.55 16.6
Ghm: Monthly sum of global irradiation [kWh/m2]; Ghd: Daily sum of global irradiation [kWh/m2]; Dhd: Daily sum of diffuse
irradiation [kWh/m2]; T24: Daily (diurnal) air temperature [°C].

5.2. PV system description

The solar module was chosen for modeling since it is well suited for the applications of photovoltaic
systems in Jordan [31]. The key specifications are shown in Table 2. This PV solar system consists of 18 PV

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arrays. Each array contains 6969 solar panels, with an output of 239.7 watt for each panel connecting 23 solar
panels in series, called string, to get 704.95 V and 303 in parallel to get 1670 kW DC and 2369.46 A current.
These data are used in the SMA central inverter with 2000 KVA and unity power factor output. Table 3
shows the technical data for the inverter. The inverters are connected to 33 kV bus bar which is suitable to
their output voltage. The PV-power plant with output 30 MVA at unity power factor is connected to the
national power grid to 33 kV Ma’an substation.

Figure 6. The monthly averages of global horizontal irradiation and air temperature for the site in Ma’an

Table 2. SunivaPanel characteristics (Suniva ART245-60-3-1PV panel data sheet)

UNIT VALUES THE SUN IVAART 245-60-3-1PV DATA
Nominal power [Pnom] 239.7 W
Voltage at Nominal Power [Vmpp] 30.65 V
Current at Nominal Power [Impp] 7.82 A
Open-circuit Voltage [Voc] 37.08 V
Short-circuit Current [Isc] 8.33 A
Voltage Temperature Coefficient -0.332 % /C
Current Temperature Coefficient 0.036 % /C
Module Efficiency 14.9 %
Length 165.3 cm
Width 98.2 cm
Area 1.62 cm2

Table 3. Technical data for MV power station 2000 sc

UNIT VALUES THE SMA CENTRAL INVERTER DATA
kW 2244 Max. DC power
V 1000 Max. input voltage
V 688 Rated input voltage
A 3270 Max. input current
KVA 2000 Output rated power
kV 6.6 to 35 Nominal AC voltage
Hz 50 Ac power frequency
A 6 Max. output current at 20 KV
% 97.6 Max. efficiency

5.3. Distribution system description

The distribution network of Ma’an is fed from the power grid of 132 kV through three 16 MVA step
down transformers (132/33 kV) to supply the town’s load.

6. SIMULATION USING ETAP

Energy technology assistance program (ETAP) has been used to simulate the PV solar system
integrated with the grid [32]. ETAP is the most comprehensive analysis platform for the design, simulation,
operation, and automation of generation, distribution, and industrial power systems. In this paper three cases
are studied and analyzed.

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6.1. Case I: electrical distribution system without PV solar system

Case I, presents Ma’an electric distribution system which is supplied from the transmission lines
operated by NEPCO [33]. The single line diagram of electric distribution system is shown in Figure 7 and the
load flow of the distribution system is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 7. Single line diagram of Ma’an distribution network

Figure 8. Load flow of the distribution network of Ma’an

6.2. Case II: PV solar system is connected to 33kv bus bar at average load
Case II, presents the distribution system with the solar PV connected to 33 kV bus. The single line
diagram of this case is shown in Figure 9. While, the load flow for the transformers and distribution lines is
shown in Figure 10.

6.3. Case III: PV solar system is connected to 11kv bus bar at average load
Case III, presents the distribution system with solar PV connected to 11 kV bus.The single line
diagram of this case is shown in Figure 11. And the load flow for the transformers and distribution lines is
shown in Figure 12.

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Figure 9. ETAP single line diagram for case II

Figure 10. ETAP load flow diagram for case II

Figure 11. ETAP single line diagram for case III

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Figure 12. ETAP load flow diagram for case III

7. IMPACT OF PV SYSTEM ON POWER LOSSES VALUES

The overloads on highly loaded distribution feeders and release of capacity on these feeders and
substation transformers are alleviated through large penetration of distributed PV solar generation. This favor
deferring of capital investments to other areas by distribution planners. There is a minimization of total
distribution power losses [34], [35].
According to the analysis of simulated results, the total power losses through the branches for the
three cases are shown in Table 4. When connecting solar PV to the 33 kV bus, the power losses moderatly
decrease in comparison with the normal system power losses, while connecting the solar PV on 11 kV bus,
the losses decrease in comparison with the losses of the normal system. Figure 13 illustrates the power losses
versus the penetration rate of the solar PV system.

Table 4. Power losses of the power network for different cases

Penetration rate Active power 33kV connection point [MW] Active power losses 11kV connection point [MW]
0 55.68 55.68
16 55.518 55.496
33.3 55.37 55.34
50 55.236 55.21
66.6 55.115 55.106
83 55.007 55.028
100 54.912 54.978

ACTIVE POWER LOSSES

active power losses ,33kv connection point [MW]

active power losses ,11kv connection point [MW]

55,8
55,6
MW LOSS

55,4
55,2
55
54,8
0 50 100 150
PENTRATION RATE

Figure 13. Active power losses versus penetration rate of PVs

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7.1. Impact of PV system on voltage variation

The high penetration of solar PV system poses a major concern to the distribution network in high
steady state voltage generation. Depending on the network characteristics and the location of the PV system,
the effect of the voltage varies [36]-[38]. In this paper, a load flow analysis of the distribution network has
been performed for three cases. Table 5 shows bus voltages in percentage of the distribution network for the
selected cases. Figure 14 illustrates the voltage profile versus the penetration rate of the solar PV system.

Table 5. Bus voltages in percentage of the distribution

network for different cases
Load bus Voltage % Load bus Voltage %
Penetration
33kV connection 11kV connection point
rate
point [MW] [MW]
0 96.890 96.890
16 97.209 97.491
33.3 97.506 97.980
50 97.78 97.360
66.6 98.032 98.629
83 98.261 98.791
100 98.468 98.842

Figure 14. Voltage profile with various PV

installation capacities

7.2. Impact of the installed PV system on the short circuit current level
Electrical systems with distributed generation of solar PV sources are exposed to some protection
problems such as variations in the short circuit current levels, fault currents magnitudes and directions [39]-
[40]. The peak and steady state values of three phase short circuit current are determined on the basis of short
circuit calculations. The results are shown in Tables 6 and 7 in the studied cases. According to the finidngs, a
significant increase in the nominal and peak value is observed, while a decrease in steady state at 33 kV was
found. While, at 11 kV a significant increase in the peak values is observed in comparison with nominal kV
and steady state KA. Figures 15 and 16 illustrate the short circuit current levels before and after connecting a
PV system on 33 kV and 11 kV buses.

Table 6. the short circuit current levels before and after PV system connection (33 kV shorted bus)
Bus ID Nominal kV Peak Value[kA] Steady State [kA]
Original system Ma’an Bus 33KV 33 13.706 5.527
Adding solar farm 33kv connection point Ma’an Bus 33KV 33 13.617 5.638
Adding solar farm 11kv connection point Ma’an Bus 33KV 33 14.139 5.917

Table 7. The short circuit current levels before and after PV system connection (11 kV shorted bus)
Bus ID Nominal kV Peak Value[kA] Steady State [kA]
Original system Bus 3 11 19.003 7.56
Adding solar farm 33kv connection point Bus 3 11 18.993 7.647
Adding solar farm 11kv connection point Bus 3 11 19.502 8.435

STEADY STATE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT, [KA] STEADY STATE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT, [KA]
6
5,9
5,8
9
5,7 8,5
5,6 8
5,5 7,5
5,4 7
5,3 Original system After adding solar After adding solar
Original system After adding solar After adding solar farm ,33kv farm ,11kv
farm ,33kv farm ,11kv connection point connection point
connection point connection point

Figure 15. The short circuit current levels before Figure 16. The short circuit current levels before and
after PV system connection to 33 and 11 kV and after
PV system connection on 33 kV buses (fault point at
33 kV bus) (fault point at 11 kV bus)

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8. CONCLUSION
This paper has discussed electricity production in Jordan by using or integrating renewable energy
resources in the distributed generation systems. The system was designed and simulated using ETAP
software. The study has also investigated the impact of connecting large scale solar PV energy plants with the
national grid of Jordan by conducting load flow analysis. Moreover, there was evaluation of the effect of
increasing the penetration levels of solar PVs, during normal conditions and power losses caused by faults.
Integration of photovoltaic solar system marginally reduces the power losses. It provides a better distribution
system voltage profile on the network elements, mainly when the photovoltaic solar system is connected to
the power system near the center of loads. This improves the voltage stability of the system, especially under
heavy inductive loads. The addition of PV system reduces the chance of voltage collapse. The short circuit
current levels are slightly increased in the grid.and should be considered for protection settings.

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The impact of integration of solar farms on the power losses… (Abdallah R. Alzyoud)