12/22/2023

Lecture XIII

EEEG 215

Today’s Lecture
 DC Motor
1. Motor Principles
2. Types
3. Construction and output characteristics of different motors
4. Speed Control
5. Starting
6. Applications
7. Losses and Efficiency
8. Introduction to brushless DC motors
9. Testing of DC machines
10. Reversing and Braking

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DC Motor- Introduction
 Machine that converts sc power into mechanical power
 Current carrying conductor placed in magnetic field 
conductor experience force F.
 Direction of force given by Fleming’s left hand rule.

3 Reversibility of a dc machine (a) Generator (b) Motor

DC motor –Working principle

 DC voltage is applied to the armature of the motor while field is also excited.
(i) the field magnets are excited developing alternate N and S poles;
(ii) the armature conductors carry currents. All conductors under N-pole carry currents in one
direction while all the conductors under S-pole carry currents in the opposite direction.

 Applying Fleming’s left hand rule, it is clear that force on each conductor is tending to rotate the
armature in anticlockwise direction.
 All these forces add together to produce a driving torque which sets the armature rotating.
 When the conductor moves from one side of a brush to the other, the current in that conductor is
reversed and at the same time it comes under the influence of next pole which is of opposite
polarity.
 Consequently, the direction of force on the conductor remains the same.

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Back or counter EMF

 EMF induced in armature winding as armature conductor rotates due to driving
torque in magnetic flux.
 induced e.m.f. acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage V(Lenz’s law)
and in known as back or counter e.m.f. Eb.
 Eb(= P f ZN/60 A) is always less than the applied voltage V.
 V has to force current through the armature against the back e.m.f. Eb.

electric work done in overcoming and causing the current to flow against Eb is converted into
mechanical energy developed in the armature.

energy conversion in a d.c. motor is only possible

due to the production of back e.m.f. Eb.

Back EMF contd...

 V and Ra are usually fixed

 Eb will determine the current drawn by the motor.
 If the speed of the motor is high, then back e.m.f. , Eb (= P fZN/60 A) is large and
hence the motor will draw less armature current and viceversa.

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Back EMF contd...

presence of back e.m.f. makes the d.c. motor a self-regulating machine  it makes the
motor to draw as much armature current as is just sufficient to develop the torque
required by the load.

Voltage equation of a DC motor

 back e.m.f. Eb acts in opposition to the applied voltage V, the net voltage across the
armature circuit is V- Eb. The armature current Ia is given by;

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Power Equation

Condition for maximum power

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Condition for maximum power.....

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DC Motor Types

 DC Shunt Motor
 DC Series Motor
 DC Compound Motor (i) Cumulative compound (ii) Differential
compound (iii) Short shunt compound (iv) Long shunt compound

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DC motor types....

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Numerical
 13.1: The counter emf of a shunt motor is 227V, the field resistance is
160 Ohm and field current is 1.5A. If the line current is 39.5A, find
the armature resistance. Also find the armature current when motor is
stationary.
 13.2: A 20kW, 250V dc shunt generator has armature and field
resistance of 0.1 Ohm and 125 Ohm respectively. Calculate the total
armature power when running (i) as generator delivering 20 kW
output ii) as a motor taking 20 kW input.
 13.3: A 250V shunt motor on no load runs at 1000 rpm and takes 5A.
The total armature and shunt field resistances are 0.2 Ohm and 250
Ohm respectively. Calculate the speed when loaded and taking current
of 50A if armature reaction weakens the field by 3%.

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Armature torque of dc motor

Torque is the turning moment of a force about an axis and is measured by the product of force (F)
and radius (r) at right angle to which the force acts .

 sum of the torques due to all armature conductors is known as gross or armature
torque (Ta).

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Armature torque contd....

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Armature torque contd...

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Shaft torque, Tsh

 torque available at the motor shaft for doing useful work is
known as shaft torque.
 shaft torque Tsh that produces the useful output

 Lost torque

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Brake horse power (BHP)

 horse power developed by the shaft torque is known as brake
horsepower

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Numericals
 13.4: a 100hp, 500V shunt motor has 4 poles and a 2 circuit wave
winding with 492 armature conductors. The flux is 50mWb per
pole and full load efficiency 92%. The armature and commutating
field windings have a total resistance of 0.1 Ohm. The shunt field
resistance is 250 Ohm. Calculate for full load i) speed ii) useful
torque.
 13.5: A 250V 4 pole series motor has a 2 circuit wave wound
winding with 105 slots, each containing 12 conductors. The gap
flux per pole is 0.02 Wb when the motor is on full load and taking
a current of 45A. The armature and field resistances are 0.2 Ohm
and 0.1 Ohm respectively and iron and frictional losses are 700W.
Calculate speed and b.h.p

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Speed of a dc motor

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Speed relation

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Speed regulation of dc motor

 The speed regulation of a motor is the change in speed from full-load
to no-load and is expressed as a percentage of the speed at full-load i.e.

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Armature reaction in dc motor

 Armature reaction in a d.c. generator weakens the flux at leading pole

tips and strengthens the flux at trailing pole tips while the armature
reaction in a d. c. motor produces the opposite effect.
 With no commutating poles used, the brushes are given a forward lead in
a d.c. generator and backward lead in a d.c. motor.
 in a d.c. motor, the commutating poles must have the same polarity as
the main poles directly back of them.This is the opposite of the
corresponding relation in a d.c. generator.

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Losses in a dc motor
losses cause
(a) an increase of machine temperature and
(b) reduction in the efficiency of the d.c. motor.

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Efficiency of a dc motor

efficiency of a d.c. motor will be maximum when:

Proven in DC
generator in
earlier classes

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Numerical
 13.6:A100kW , 500V shunt generator was run as a motor on no load at its
rated speed and voltage. The total current taken was 9.5A including a shunt
field current of 2.5A. The resistance of armature circuit is 0.1 Ohm. Calculate
the efficiency of generator at i) full load ii) half full load.
 13.7 : A 200V series motor takes a current of 100A and runs at 1000 rpm.
The total resistance of motor is 0.1 Ohm and the field current is unsaturated.
Calculate: a) percentage change in torque and speed if the load is so changed
that motor current in 500A b) motor current and speed if the torque is
halved.
 13.8: find a) no load speed b) full load speed and c) speed regulation for a 4
pole 220V, 24 hp shunt motor having filed current =5A, armature resistance
= 0.04 Ohm, flux per pole = 40mWb, armature conductors =160, 2 circuit
wave connection, full load current =95A, no load current=9A. Neglect
armature reaction.

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Thank you

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