12/8/2023

Electrical Machinery
fundamentals (EEEG 215)
-Lecture 11

Last lecture

• DC machine windings
• General equation of a dc machine==follow previous slide= slide no. 9

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E.M.F equation of a DC machine

• When a conductor rotates in a magnetic field, the voltage induced
in it is given by

E = B*l*v

• B = magnetic flux density in Weber per square metre.

• l=length of conductor in metres perpendicular to magnetic field.

• v = linear velocity of conductor relative to magnetic field in metre

per second.

E.M.F equation contd...

• From faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
 magnitude of induced voltage is directly proportional to
the rate of change of flux linkage
E=φ/t
Φ = flux in Weber, Wb
T = time in seconds in which Φ is linked
E = B*l*v = B*l*π*D*N
D= diameter of the armature on which conductor lies
N= rotational speed of armature in revolution per second
v= peripheral speed at which the conductor is moving

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E.M.F equation contd...

• If the number of conductors is Z, then voltage induced on
conductor will be
E = Z* B*l*π*D*N
E = Z* φ*N
B*l*π*D = φ is the flux
Let the flux per pole be φp, and number of poles be P
Then, φ = P* φp
E = Z* P* φp *N

E.M.F equation contd...

• E = P* φp *N  emf generated for one conductor in volts
For lap winding,
• Number of parallel path = A =P
• Number of conductor in series in one path = Z/P

For wave winding,

• Number of parallel path = A =2
• Number of conductor in series in one path = Z/2

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E.M.F equation contd...

• Armature winding in dc machine has certain number of
parallel paths.
• E.M.F generated = E.M.F generated per parallel paths
= (E.M.F /conductor) x number of conductor
in series per parallel path.
Z = total number of conductors
A = number of parallel path

E.M.FE = P* φp *N* (Z/A) in volts

E.M.F equation contd...

• A = P for lap winding
E.M.FE = P* φp *N* (Z/A)
• A=2 for wave winding

• For a dc generator induced e.m.f is called generated e.m.f (Eg).

• When a dc machine operates as a motor the induced e.m.f is
called counter emf or back emf (Eb= E = P* φp *N* (Z/A)

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OR, EMF equation of dc generator

Armature resistance, Ra

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D.C generator types

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DC generator types contd...

1. Separately excited D.C generators

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D.C generator types contd...

1. Separately excited contd...

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D.C generator types contd...

2. Self excited D.C generator

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D.C generator types contd...

2. Self excited D.C generator contd...

Because the armature and field windings are in series with the
load they share the same current. This results in a changing
voltage with a changing load. This type is only useful if the load
remains constant during use or if widely varying voltages are
acceptable to the load.
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D.C generator types contd...

2. Self excited D.C generator contd...

This type of generator will produce a total current

that is divided between the field winding and the
load. The field current is relatively small when
compared to the load current. This type yields a
constant voltage at the output with a changing load.

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D.C generator types contd...

2. Self excited D.C generator contd...

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D.C generator types contd...

2. Self excited D.C generator contd...
Compound contd...

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D.C generator types contd...

2. Self excited D.C generator contd...
Compound contd...

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Brush drop contact

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Numerical 1
1. Calculate the emf generated by a 4 pole wave
wound generator having 65 slots with 12
conductors per slot when driven at 1200
rpm. The flux per pole sis 0.02 Wb.
Ans: 624 Volts

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Numerical 2
2. A 100 kW, 240V shunt generator has a field
resistance of 55Ohm and armature resistance
of 0.067Ohm. Find the full load generated
voltage.
Ans: 268.2V

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Numerical 3
3. A 4 pole dc shunt generator with a wave wound
armature has to supply a load of 500 lamps of
100W at 250V. Allowing 10V for the voltage drop
in the connecting leads between the generator
and the load and drop of 1V per brush, calculate
the speed at which the generator should be
driven. The flux per pole is 30mWb and the
armature and shunt field resistance are
respectively 0.05 Ohm and 65Ohm. The number
of armature conductor is 390.
Ans: 698 rpm

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Numerical 4
4. A separately excited dc generator when
running at 1200 rpm supplies 200A at 125V to
a circuit of constant resistance. What will be
the load current when the speed is dropped to
1000 rpm if the field current is unaltered?
Armature resistance is 0.04 Ohm and total
drop at brushes =2V.
Ans: 166A

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Losses in a dc machine

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Losses contd...

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Losses contd...

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Losses contd...
• Hysteresis loss

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Losses contd...

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Losses contd...
• Eddy current contd...

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Losses contd...

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Losses contd...
• Constant and variable loss

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Power stages

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Power stages contd...

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Condition for maximum efficiency

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Condition for maximum efficiency

contd...

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Condition for maximum efficiency

contd...

Variable losses

Losses
Fixed losses
(W)

IL (ηmax)
Fig.
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Numerical 5
5. A shunt generator supplies 96A at a terminal
voltage of 200V. The armature and shunt field
resistances are 0.1 ohm and 50 ohm
respectively. The iron and frictional losses are
2500 W. Find a) emf generated b) copper loss
c) commercial efficiency
Ans: 210V, 1800W, 81.7%.

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