Python Date & Time Modules:

In Python, date, time and datetime classes provides a number of functions to deal
with dates, times and time intervals.

Epoch
The Epoch is the point in time in Python from which time is measured. It is
labelled 12:00AM, Jan 1, 1970. It is the beginning of an era.

The datetime classes in Python are categorized into main 5 classes.

date ==> Month, Day, Year
time ==> Hour, Minute, Second, Microsecond
datetime ==> Combination of Time & Date
timedelta==> A duration of time used for manipulating dates
tzinfo==> An abstract class for dealing with time zones

What is Tick?
The floating-point numbers in units of seconds for time interval are indicated by
Tick in python.

Example
import time
ticks = time.time()
print("Number of ticks since 12:00am, January 1, 1970:", ticks)

Daylight Saving Time

US begins DST at 2:00 a.m. on the second Sunday in March and reverts to standard
time on the first Sunday in November. DST-Benjamin Franklin.

In the European Union, Summer Time begins and ends at 1:00 a.m. Universal Time
(Greenwich Mean Time). It begins the last Sunday in March and ends the last Sunday
in October.

Struct_Time Structure
Index Attributes Values
0 tm_year 2020
1 tm_mon 1 to 12
2 tm_mday 1 to 31
3 tm_hour 0 to 23
4 tm_min 0 to 59
5 tm_sec 0 to 61 (60 or 61 are leap-seconds)
6 tm_wday 0 to 6 (0 is Monday)
7 tm_yday 1 to 366 (Julian day)
8 tm_isdst -1, 0, 1, means library determines DST

Example:
#!/usr/bin/python
import time;
localtime = time.localtime(time.time())
print("Local current time :", localtime)
How to Use Date & DateTime Class
Before you run the code for datetime, it is important that you import the date time
modules.

Example:
from datetime import date
td=date.today()
print("Today is: ",td)
day=td.day
print("Day is: ",day)

Example:
from datetime import date
td=date.today()
print(td.month)
print(td.year)
print(td.weekday())
print(date.weekday(td))

How to Format Time Output

1 We used the "strf time function" for formatting.
2 This function uses different control code to give an output.
3 Each control code resembles different parameters like year,month, weekday and
date
[(%y/%Y – Year), (%a/%A- weekday), (%b/%B- month), (%d - day of month)] .

Example:
from datetime import datetime
x=datetime.now()
print(x.strftime("%y"))
print(x.strftime("%Y"))
print(x.strftime("%a"))
print(x.strftime("%A"))
print(x.strftime("%b"))
print(x.strftime("%B"))
print(x.strftime("%A %d %B,%y"))
print(x.strftime("%A %D %B,%Y"))

With the help of "Strftime" function we can also retrieve local system time, date
or both.
%c- indicates the local date and time
%x- indicates the local date
%X- indicates the local time

Example:
from datetime import datetime
DFormat=datetime.now()
print(DFormat.strftime("%a"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%A"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%b"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%B"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%c"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%C"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%d"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%D"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%F"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%y"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%Y"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%A %d %B,%y"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%A %D %B,%Y"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%x"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%X"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%I:%M:%S %p"))
print(DFormat.strftime("%I:%M %p"))

Example:
from datetime import datetime
x=datetime.now()
print(x.strftime("%c"))
print(x.strftime("%x"))
print(x.strftime("%X"))

The "strftime function" allows you to call the time in any format 24 hours or 12
hours.

Example:
from datetime import datetime
x=datetime.now()
print(x.strftime("%I:%M:%S %p"))
print(x.strftime("%H:%M %p"))

How to use Timedelta Objects

With timedelta objects, you can estimate the time for both future and the past. In
other words, it is a timespan to predict any special day, date or time.

Example:
from datetime import datetime
from datetime import timedelta
print(timedelta(days=365,hours=8, minutes=15))
print("ToDay is: ", datetime.now())

Example:
from datetime import timedelta
print(timedelta(days=345,hours=14,minutes=15))
#345 days, 14:15:00
print(timedelta(days=35,minutes=15,hours=14))
#35 days, 14:15:00
print(timedelta(days=35,minutes=15,hours=14,seconds=123))
#35 days, 14:17:03

The time Module

There is a popular time module available in Python which provides functions for
working with times and for converting between representations. Here is the list of
all available methods:
Getting formatted time
You can format any time as per your requirement, but simple method to get time in
readable format is asctime().
Example:
import time
lt=time.asctime(time.localtime(time.time()))
print(lt)
dst=time.asctime(time.localtime(time.daylight))
print(dst)

Python Calendar Module:

It allows you to output calendars like the Unix cal program. By default, these
calendars have Monday as the first day of the week, and Sunday as the last.

iterweekdays() method
It returns an iterator for the weekday numbers that will be used for one week. The
first number from the iterator will be the same as the number returned by
firstweekday().

Syntax
iterweekdays()

Example:
import calendar
cal= calendar.Calendar(firstweekday=0)
for x in cal.iterweekdays():
print(x)

itermonthdays() method
It returns an iterator of a specified month and a year. Days returned will simply
be day numbers. The method is similar to itermonthdates().

Syntax:
itermonthdays(year, month)

Example:
import calendar
cal= calendar.Calendar()
for x in cal.itermonthdays(2016, 5):
print(x)

itermonthdays2() method
It is used to get an iterator for the month in the year similar to
itermonthdates(). Days returned will be tuples consisting of a day number and a
week day number.

Syntax
itermonthdays2(year, month)

Example:
import calendar
cal=calendar.Calendar(firstweekday=0)
for x in cal.itermonthdays2(2020,1):
print(x)

NOTE: Do the task of the folloing calendar methods:

1. itermonthdays3()
2. itermonthdays4()

itermonthdates() method
It returns an iterator for the month (1-12) in the year. This iterator will return
all days for the month and all days before the start of the month or after the end
of the month that are required to get a complete week.

Syntax
itermonthdates(year, month)

Example:
import calendar
cal=calendar.Calendar(firstweekday=0)
for x in cal.itermonthdates(2020,1):
print(x)

monthdatescalendar() method
It is used to get a list of the weeks in the month of the year as full weeks.
Weeks are lists of seven datetime.date objects.

Syntax
monthdatescalendar(year, month)

Example:
import calendar
cal= calendar.Calendar()
print(cal.monthdatescalendar(2017, 5))

Python TextCalendar
formatyear() method
It is used to get a m-column calendar for an entire year as a multi-line string.

Syntax
formatyear(theyear, w=2, l=1, c=6, m=3)

year Year for which the calendar should be generated.

w The width between two columns. Default value is 2.
l Blank line between two rows. Default value is 1.
c Space between two months(Columnwise). Default value is 6
m Number of months in a row. Default value is 3.

Example:
import calendar
cal=calendar.TextCalendar(firstweekday=0)
print(cal.formatyear(2020,10))

Example:
import calendar
cal=calendar.TextCalendar(firstweekday=0)
print(cal.formatyear(2020,10,3,2,10,4))

Python HTMLCalendar Class:

formatmonth() method
It is used to get a month's calendar as an HTML table.

Syntax
formatmonth(theyear, themonth, withyear=True)

Example:
import calendar
cal=calendar.HTMLCalendar(firstweekday=0)
print(cal.formatmonth(2020,2))

More Calendar Methods:

isleap() method
It returns True if the year is a leap year, otherwise False.

Syntax
isleap(year)

Example:
import calendar
print(calendar.isleap(2016))
print(calendar.isleap(2020))
print(calendar.isleap(2019))

leapdays() method
It is used to get the number of leap years in a specified range of years.

Syntax
leapdays(y1, y2)

Example:
import calendar
print(calendar.leapdays(2015, 2018))
print(calendar.leapdays(2015, 2020))
print(calendar.leapdays(2000, 2020))
print(calendar.leapdays(2000, 2024))

weekheader() method
It is used to get a header containing abbreviated weekday names.

Syntax
weekheader(n)

Example:
import calendar
print(calendar.weekheader(3))

Display a specific Year Calendar

Example:
import calendar
Year=int(input("Enter Any Year: "))
Data=calendar.calendar(Year)
print(Data)

Example:Specific Month in a Year

import calendar
Year=2021
Month=1
Data=calendar.month(Year,Month)
print(Data)

calendar() method
It is used to get a 3-column calendar for an entire year as a multi-line string
using the formatyear() of the TextCalendar class.

Syntax
calendar(year, w=2, l=1, c=6, m=3)

Example:
import calendar
print(calendar.calendar(2017))

month() method
It is used to get a month’s calendar in a multi-line string using the formatmonth()
of the TextCalendar class.

Syntax
month(theyear, themonth, w=0, l=0)

Example:
import calendar
print(calendar.month(2017,5))
Example:
while True:
print("Options: ")
print("Enter 'Yes' to Display Calendar: ")
print("Enter Quit to End Program: ")
user_input=input(":")
if user_input=="Quit":
break
elif user_input=="Yes":
import calendar
Y=int(input("Enter Year: "))
M=int(input("Enter Month: "))
print(calendar.month(Y.M))

Q3 Measure the execution time of small bits of Python code with the "timeit" module
>>> import timeit
>>> timeit.timeit('"-".join(str(n) for n in range(100))',
number=10000)
0.3412662749997253
>>> timeit.timeit('"-".join([str(n) for n in range(100)])',
number=10000)
0.2996307989997149
>>> timeit.timeit('"-".join(map(str, range(100)))',
number=10000)
0.24581470699922647