Unit 07
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Mizanur rahmanUnit 07
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Mizanur rahmanmij †`vjb MwZ BDwbU
Simple Harmonic Motion 7
f~wgKv (Introduction)
†h MwZ GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi e¨eav‡b cybive„Ë nq Zv‡K ch©ve„Ë MwZ ejv nq|
m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K MÖ‡ni, Nwoi KuvUvi ev N~Y©vqgvb ˆe`y¨wZK cvLvi MwZÑG‡`i cÖwZwUi MwZB nj ch©ve„Ë MwZ| G‡`i
MwZi GKwU ˆewkó¨ nj: cÖwZwU e¯‘B GKwU wbw`©ó e„ËvKvi ev Dce„ËvKvi c_ evievi AwZµg K‡i Ges cÖ‡Z¨Kevi
AwZµg Ki‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó mgq †bq| G‡`i g‡a¨ Dce„ËvKvi c‡_ MÖn¸wji MwZ nj Dce„Ëxq ev KvwÿK ch©ve„Ë
MwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ MwZ¸wj n‡jv N~Y©b ev PµvKvi ch©ve„Ë MwZ| Ab¨w`‡K, GKwU mij †`vj‡Ki eewU‡K Zvi
mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K GKw`‡K mvgvb¨ †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j ‡mwU mvg¨ve¯’vb AwZµg K‡i wecixZ w`‡K P‡j hvq| Zvic‡i
Avevi mvg¨ve¯’vb AwZµg K‡i †h we›`y †_‡K eewU Qvov n‡qwQj †mB we›`y‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| A_©vr, eewU GKwU
wbw`©ó c_ evievi AwZµg K‡i| †`Lv hvq, GB wbw`©ó c_wU AwZµg Ki‡Z eewU cÖ‡Z¨Kevi GKB mgq †bq| GB
†`vj‡bi we¯Ívi Aí n‡j a‡i †bIqv hvq, eewUi MwZ mij‡iLv eivei m¤úbœ nq| ZvB GB MwZ‡K ˆiwLK ch©ve„Ë
MwZ (linear periodic motion) ejv nq| GKwU w¯’wZ¯’vcK w¯cÖs‡qi MwZ ev †Kv‡bv †gvUi Mvwoi Bwćbi
wmwjÛv‡ii g‡a¨ wc÷‡bi MwZI ˆiwLK ch©ve„Ë MwZ| GKwU `„p Avj¤^ we›`y †_‡K SzjšÍ GKwU w¯cÖs Gi wb‡P GKwU
fvix e¯‘‡K AvU‡K w`‡q fviwU‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j hw` w¯cÖs Gi w¯’wZ¯’vcK mxgv‡K Qvwo‡q bv hvq
Z‡e w¯cÖswU ch©vqµ‡g `yj‡Z _v‡K| w¯cÖs Gi GB †`vjbI ˆiwLK ch©ve„Ë MwZ| `ywU `„p Aej¤^‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU
Zvi‡K UvbUvb K‡i AvU‡K w`‡q ZviwU‡K j¤^fv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv GKw`‡K mvgvb¨ ‡U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j †mwU mvg¨ve¯’v‡bi
`yw`‡K Kw¤úZ n‡Z _v‡K| ZviwUi Ici Aew¯’Z †h‡Kv‡bv we›`yi K_v we‡ePbv Ki‡j Gi K¤úbI ˆiwLK ch©ve„Ë
MwZ| G BDwb‡U Avgiv wewfbœ cÖKvi ch©ve„Ë MwZ I mij †`vjb MwZ I cÖK…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| Avgiv †`Le
†h, mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ e¯‘¸‡jv we‡kl wKQy wbqg †g‡b P‡j| Avi GB wbq‡g Pjvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i‡K e¨envi
K‡i ˆ`bw›`b A‡bK ARvbv‡K Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi| †hgb, †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb, cvnv‡oi D”PZv,
Lwbi MfxiZv GgbwK f~-Af¨šÍ‡i we`¨gvb Kqjv, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, cÖvK…wZK LwbR †Zj BZ¨vw`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wba©viY
Ki‡Z cvwi|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 7.1 : mij ‡`vjb MwZ
cvV - 7.2 : mij ‡`vjb MwZi AšÍiK mgxKiY I Zvi mgvavb
cvV - 7.3 : mij ‡`vjb MwZi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ivwk Ges e„ËvKvi MwZi mv‡_ mij †`vjb MwZi m¤úK©
cvV - 7.4 : mij ‡`vjb MwZi kw³
cvV - 7.5 : mij ‡`vjb MwZi D`vniY
cvV - 7.6 : e¨envwiK -6 GKwU w¯úªs Gi w¯úªs aªæeK wbY©q
cvV - 7.7 : e¨envwiK -7 GKwU w¯úªs‡K †`vjK wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i `ywU f‡ii Zzjbv
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-7.1 mij ‡`vjb MwZ
Simple Harmonic Motion
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
mij †`vjb MwZ Kx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mij †`vjb MwZ mswkøó ivwk mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mij †`vjb MwZi †ÿ‡Î e‡ji cÖK…wZ I ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
7.1.1 mij †`vjb MwZi ag© (Characteristics of SHM)t
†`vjb ev K¤ú‡bi mnRZg iƒcwUB nj mij †`vjb MwZ| ïaygvÎ mij †`vjb MwZi ag©¸wj Rvbv
_vK‡jB †h‡Kv‡bv RwUj †`vjb ev K¤ú‡bi we‡kølY Kiv m¤¢e nq| KviY †`vj‡bi †h †Kv‡bv NUbv‡KB `ywU ev
eûmsL¨K mij †`vjb MwZi mgwó wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨B mij †`vjb MwZi Av‡jvPbv AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| F=0
cÖZ¨vqbx ej (Restoring force)t †Kv‡bv K¤úbkxj e¯‘KYv hLb mvg¨ve¯’vb x=0 F
x
O-†Z _v‡K ZLb Zvi Ici wµqvkxj evwn¨K jwä ej k~b¨ nq [wPÎ 7.1]| †hgbt C O x D B
GKwU mij †`vj‡Ki mvg¨e¯’v‡b eewUi wbgœgyLx IRb Ges eewUi Ici my‡Zvi wPÎ 7.1
EaŸ©gyLx UvbÑGB `ywU ej mgvb I wecixZgyLx nq, A_©vr jwä ej k~b¨ nq| e¯‘KYv‡K Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K
mvgvb¨ wePz¨Z Ki‡jB jwä ejwU Avi k~b¨ _v‡K bv, eis Ggb GKwU jwä e‡ji D™¢e nq hv KYvwU‡K Zvi
mvg¨ve¯’v‡b wdwi‡q Avbvi †Póv K‡i| G‡KB cÖZ¨vqbx ej ejv nq| †h‡nZz ej GKwU †f±i ivwk, ZvB GB
cÖZ¨vqbx e‡ji gvb I AwfgyL `yBB Av‡Q| GB gvb I AwfgyL wbgœwjwLZ kZ© `ywU c~iY Ki‡jB H KYvi MwZ‡K
mij †`vjb MwZ ejv nq|
kZ© `ywU n‡jv t
1| cÖZ¨vqbx e‡ji AwfgyL me mgq mvg¨ve¯’v‡bi w`‡K _vK‡e|
2| cÖZ¨vqbx e‡ji gvb mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K KYvi mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK n‡e|
7.1 bs wP‡Î ˆiwLK ch©ve„Ë MwZ‡Z K¤úbkxj e¯‘KYv †h mij‡iLv eivei MwZkxj _v‡K Zvi GKwU w`K‡K X-
Aÿ I mvg¨ve¯’vb O-†K g~jwe›`y (x = 0) wn‡m‡e a‡i †bIqv n‡jv| aiv hvK, KYvwUi MwZc‡_i Ici †h‡Kv‡bv
GKwU we›`y D Gi ¯’vbv¼ n‡jv x
1 bs kZ©vbyhvqx, D we›`y‡Z KYvwUi Ici wµqvkxj cÖZ¨vqbx ej F n‡j, F x
Avevi 1 bs kZ©vbyhvqx, F ejwU mvg¨ve¯’vb AwfgyLx nIqvq, x abvZ¥K n‡j (†hgbt OD miY n‡jv abvZ¥K) F
FYvZ¥K nq (†hgbt F wµqv Ki‡Q DO Awfgy‡L)|
myZivs, F x
ev, F kx ………… …… ……… …… ………… ................ ........… …… ….(7.1)
GLv‡b, k n‡jv GKwU aªæeK hv‡K ej aªæeK (force constant) ejv nq| ¯úóZ GKK mi‡Yi Rb¨ Drcbœ
cÖZ¨vqbx ejB n‡jv ej aªæeK| Gi GKK Nm 1 |
e¯‘KYvi fi m Ges Z¡iY a n‡j F ma nq| AZGe (7.1) bs mgxKiY †_‡K cvIqv hvq,
ma kx
k
ev, a x
m
ev, a 2 x ........ .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ...... (7.2)
232 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
k
GLv‡b, | (7.1) bs I (7.2) bs mgxKiY `yBwUi †h‡Kv‡bvwU‡KB mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY ejv nq|
m
G‡`i iƒc Awfbœ nIqvq ejv hvq, mij †`vjMwZi †ÿ‡Î e¯‘KYvi Z¡i‡Yi ag© I cÖZ¨vqb e‡ji ag© Awfbœ| Z¡i‡Yi
GB ag©¸wj D‡jøL K‡iB mij †`vjb MwZi msÁv wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
myZivs, K¤úbkxj †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Z¡iY mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K KYvwUi mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK Ges me©`vB mvg¨ve¯’vb
AwfgyLx n‡j, IB KYvi MwZ‡K mij †`vjb MwZ ejv nq|
Ab¨ fv‡e ejv hvq, hw` †Kv‡bv ch©ve„Ë MwZ m¤úbœ e¯‘i Z¡iY Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK Ges
wecixZgyLx A_©vr me©`v mvg¨ we›`y AwfgyLx nq Z‡e H e¯‘i MwZ‡K mij †`vjb MwZ e‡j|
jÿ¨Yxq †h, mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYvi Z¡iY‡K a 2 x AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq| wecixZµ‡g,
†Kv‡bv KYvi Z¡iY hw` a 2 x mgxKiYwU †g‡b P‡j, Zvn‡jB ejv hvq †h KYvwUi MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ|
7.1.2 mij †`vjb MwZi ˆewkó¨mg~n (Properties of SHM)t
mij †`vjb MwZi KZ¸wj wbw`©ó ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q| GB ˆewkó¨mg~n w`‡q †Kv‡bv KYvi MwZ mij †`vjb
MwZ wKbv Zv wba©viY Kiv nq| wb‡P mij †`vjb MwZi ˆewkó¨mg~n †`qv n‡jv t
1| mij †`vjb MwZ n‡jv GK ai‡bi ˆiwLK ch©ve„Ë MwZ| A_©vr †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYv GKB mg‡q evievi GKwU wbw`©ó
mij‡iLvsk eivei Gw`K-Iw`K hvIqv-Avmv K‡i|
2| mij †`vjb MwZ wewkó KYvi Z¡iY me©`v Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb AwfgyLx nq|
3| KYvwUi Z¡iY mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK|
4| KYvwU ‡h gyn~‡Z© mvg¨ve¯’vb AwZµg K‡i †mB gy n~‡Z© MwZ‡eM m‡e©v”P nq| mi‡Yi †kl mxgvq MwZ‡eM gyn~‡ Z©i
Rb¨ k~b¨ nq Ges Zvic‡iB KYvwU wecixZ w`‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
5| mij †`vjb MwZi ch©vqKvj Zvi we¯Ív‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj bq| wewfbœ evwn¨K Kvi‡Y we¯Ívi n«vm †c‡Z _vK‡jI
ch©vqKvj AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
6| mij ‡`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi ¯ú›`b mxgv mvg¨ve¯’vb ‡_‡K Dfq w`‡K mgvb `~‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i|
7| mij ‡`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi miY mvBb ev †KvmvBb A‡cÿK Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, mij †`vjb MwZ n‡jv ch©ve„Ë MwZi we‡kl iƒcgvÎ| ch©ve„Ë MwZ (K) hw` ˆiwLK nq Ges (L)
KYvi Z¡iY hw` mvg¨ve¯’vb AwfgyLx I mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK nq, ïaygvÎ Zvn‡jB Zv‡K mij †`vjb
MwZ ejv P‡j| Nwoi KuvUvi MwZ ev MÖn-DcMÖ‡ni MwZ nj ch©ve„Ë MwZ, wKš‘ Dc‡ii (K) Ges (L) kZ© `ywU c~iY
bv nIqvq GB ai‡bi MwZ‡K mij †`vjb MwZ ejv P‡j bv| myZivs ejv hvq, me mij †`vjb MwZB ch©ve„Ë MwZ,
wKš‘ me ch©ve„Ë MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ bq|
7.1.3 †`vjb MwZ m¤^Üxq K‡qKwU ivwk (Some Quantities Related to Oscillation) t
1| †`vjb ev K¤úb (Oscillation or Vibration) t ch©ve„Ë MwZwewkó †Kv‡bv KYv hw` evievi
GKB c_ w`‡q Avmv hvIqv K‡i Z‡e Zvi MwZ‡K †`vjb ev K¤úb ejv nq| x
myZivs, †h‡Kv‡bv †`vjb ev K¤úbB ch©ve„Ë MwZ wKš‘ me ch©ve„Ë MwZ †`vjb C O D B
ev K¤úb bq| wPÎ 7.2(K)
2| c~Y©‡`vjb (Complete Oscillation) t †Kv‡bv K¤úbkxj e¯‘KYvi, Zvi MwZc‡_i Dcwiw¯’Z †Kv‡bv
we›`y‡Z †Kv‡bv w`‡K MwZkxj †_‡K Avevi †mB we›`y‡Z †mB w`‡K MwZkxj Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avmvi NUbvwU‡K
c~Y©‡`vjb ev c~Y©K¤úb ejv nq|
7.2(K) wP‡Î KYvwU B we›`y †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i BOC I COB c_ AwZµg K‡i Avevi B we›`y‡Z wd‡i G‡j
ejv nq, KYvwU GKwU c~Y©‡`vjb m¤úbœ K‡i‡Q| jÿ¨Yxq †h, GKwU c~Y©‡`vj‡b KYvwU mgMÖ ˆiwLK c_wU `yevi
AwZµg K‡i| myZivs, KYvwU hw` D we›`y †_‡K C Gi w`‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i DOC, COB I BD c_ AwZµg
mij †`vjb MwZ 233
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
K‡i Avevi D we›`y‡Z wd‡i Av‡m Zvn‡jI ejv nq, KYvwU GKwU c~Y©‡`vjb m¤úbœ K‡i‡Q| c~Y©‡`vjb‡K ch©vqI
(period) ejv n‡q _v‡K|
3| †`vjbKvj (Time Period) t GKwU c~Y©‡`vj‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv KYv †h mgq †bq Zv‡K ch©vqKvj ev
†`vjbKvj (T) ejv nq| Gi gvÎv n‡jv mg‡qi gvÎv T Ges GKK n‡jv †m‡KÛ (s)|
4| K¤úv¼ (Frequency) t GKK mg‡q †Kv‡bv KYv †h KqwU c~Y©‡`vjb m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K K¤úv¼ (f) ejv nq|
1
†h‡nZz T mg‡q 1 wU c~Y©‡`vjb nq ZvB, GKK mg‡q c~Y©‡`vj‡bi msL¨v = |
T
1
A_©vr, f .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .......... ........ ......... (7.3)
T
K¤úv‡¼i gvÎv nj T 1 Ges GKK nvR© (Hz) ejv nq| 1Hz 1s 1
5| †KŠwYK K¤úv¼ (Angular frequency) t mij ‡`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYv GKK mg‡q †h †KŠwYK `~iZ¡
AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K †KŠwYK K¤úv¼ () ejv nq|
†`vjbKvj Ges K¤úv¼ h_vµ‡g T Ges f n‡j,
2
2f .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ........ ....... ........ ...... (7.4)
T
†KŠwYK K¤úv‡¼i GKK rads-1 ev rad/s ev †iwWqvb/†m‡KÛ
x
6| `kv (Phase) t mij ‡`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi Ae¯’vb, †eM, Z¡iY C O D B
BZ¨vw` mvwe©K Ae¯’v eySv‡Z `kv kãwU e¨envi Kiv nq| wPÎ 7.2 G GKwU wPÎ 7.2(L)
KYv COB c‡_ mij ‡`vjb MwZ‡Z ¯ú›`biZ Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| O †_‡K B
Gi w`‡K hvIqvi mgq D Ae¯’v‡b KYvi `kv Ges cieZ©x‡Z B †_‡K O Gi w`‡K hvIqvi mgq D Ae¯’v‡b KYvi
`kv wKš‘ GK bq| KviY KYvwUi Ae¯’vb GKB n‡jI †e‡Mi w`K GK bq| myZivs, hv w`‡q mij ‡`vjb MwZ
m¤úbœ KYvi Ae¯’vb, †eM I Z¡iY BZ¨vw` eySv hvq Zv‡K H KYvi `kv e‡j|
7| K¤úb we¯Ívi (Amplitude) t †Kv‡bv K¤úbkxj KYvi mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K me©vwaK mi‡Yi gvb‡K K¤úb we¯Ívi
(A) ev ms‡ÿ‡c we¯Ívi ejv nq| 7.2 wP‡Î we¯Ívi, A= OB ev OC ¯úóZB we¯Ív‡ii gvÎv nj L Ges GKK m|
jÿ¨Yxq †h, Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq KLbI Ô‡`vjbÕ Avevi KLbI ÔK¤úbÕ kã `ywU e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z, †`vjb,
K¤úb ev ¯ú›`bÑGB kãMywj mvgv_©K| Z‡e mvaviYZ KYvi ch©vqKvj †ewk n‡j (KYvwU ax‡i ax‡i `yj‡j), A_©vr
KYvi K¤úv¼ Kg n‡j KYvi †mB MwZ‡K †`vjb ejv nq| †hgbt mij †`vjK ev w¯’wZ¯’vcK w¯cÖs Gi †`vjb|
Ab¨w`‡K, KYvi ch©vqKvj Kg n‡j (KYvwU `ªæZ `yj‡j) A_©vr KYvi K¤úv¼ h‡_ó †ewk n‡j KYvi †mB MwZ‡K
K¤úb ev ¯ú›`b ejv nq| †hgbt UvbUvb Zvi ev myikjvKvi K¤úb|
mvi-ms‡ÿc :
cÖZ¨vqbx ej t e¯‘KYv‡K Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K mvgvb¨ wePz¨Z Ki‡j Ggb GKwU jwä e‡ji D™¢e nq hv
KYvwU‡K Zvi mvg¨ve¯’v‡b wdwi‡q Avbvi †Póv K‡i| G‡KB cÖZ¨vqbx ej ejv nq|
cÖZ¨vqbx e‡ji AwfgyL me©`v mvg¨ve¯’v‡bi w`‡K _vK‡e Ges e‡ji gvb mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K KYvi mi‡Yi
mgvbycvwZK n‡e|
mij †`vjb MwZ t K¤úbkxj †Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi Z¡iY mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K KYvwUi mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK Ges
me©`vB mvg¨ve¯’vb AwfgyLx n‡j, H KYvi MwZ‡K mij †`vjb MwZ ejv nq|
†`vjb ev K¤úb t ch©ve„Ë MwZwewkó †Kv‡bv KYv hw` evievi GKB c_ w`‡q Avmv hvIqv K‡i Z‡e Zvi
MwZ‡K †`vjb ev K¤úb ejv nq|
234 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
c~Y© †`vjb t †Kv‡bv K¤úbkxj e¯‘KYvi, Zvi MwZc‡_i Dcwiw¯’Z †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z †Kv‡bv w`‡K MwZkxj †_‡K
Avevi †mB we›`y‡Z †mB w`‡K MwZkxj Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avmvi NUbvwU‡K c~Y©‡`vjb ev c~Y©K¤úb ejv nq|
†`vjbKvj t GKwU c~Y©‡`vj‡bi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv KYv †h mgq †bq Zv‡K ch©vqKvj ev †`vjbKvj ejv nq|
K¤úv¼ t GKK mg‡q †Kv‡bv KYv †h KqwU c~Y©‡`vjb m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K K¤úv¼ ejv nq|
†KŠwYK K¤úv¼ t mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYv GKK mg‡q †h †KŠwYK `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K
†KŠwYK `~iZ¡ e‡j|
`kv t mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi Ae¯’vb, †eM, Z¡iY BZ¨vw` mvwe©K Ae¯’v eySv‡Z `kv kãwU e¨envi Kiv
nq|
we¯Ívi t †Kv‡bv K¤úbkxj KYvi mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K me©vwaK mi‡Yi gvb‡K we¯Ívi ejv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.1
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. mij †`vjb MwZwewkó KYvwUi-
i. Z¡iY me©`v Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb AwfgyLx nq|
ii. Z¡iY mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK|
iii. †h gyn~‡Z© mvg¨ve¯’vb AwZµg K‡i †mB gyn~‡Z© MwZ‡eM m‡e©v”P nq|
†KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
2. ch©vq Kvj I K¤úv‡¼i g‡a¨ m¤úK© n‡jv-
1 2 2
K. T f L. T M. f N. T
f T f
3| ch©vq Kvj n‡jv-
K. mvg¨ we›`y †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GK cÖv‡šÍ †h‡Z †h mgq jv‡M|
L. GK w¯’i we›`y †_‡K Aci w¯’i we›`y‡Z †h‡Z †h mgq jv‡M|
M. GKwU c~Y© †`vjb w`‡Z †h mgq jv‡M|
N. mvg¨ we›`y †_‡K GK w¯’i we›`y †cŠuwQ‡q Avevi mvg¨ we›`y‡Z †h‡Z †h mgq jv‡M|
4. mij †`vjb MwZi mvg¨ve¯’v‡b-
i. cÖZ¨vqbx ej k~b¨ nq;
ii. ej aªæeK m‡e©v”P nq;
iii. MwZkw³ m‡e©v”P nq;
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
mij †`vjb MwZ 235
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-7.2 mij †`vjb MwZi AšÍiK mgxKiY I Zvi mgvavb
Differential Equation of SHM and its Solution
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
mij †`vjb MwZi AšÍiK mgxKiY cÖwZcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
x Asin( t ) †h mij †`vjb MwZi AšÍiK mgxKi‡Yi GKwU mgvavb Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
7.2.1 mij †`vjb MwZi MvwYwZK we‡kølY (Mathematical Analysis of SHM) t
1| mij †`vjb MwZi AšÍiK mgxKiY (Differential Equation of SHM) t
hw` †Kv‡bv ch©ve„Ë MwZm¤úbœ e¯‘i Z¡iY Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK Ges wecixZgyLx A_©vr me©`v
mvg¨ we›`y AwfgyLx nq Z‡e H e¯‘i MwZ‡K mij †`vjb MwZ e‡j| myZivs, G‡ÿ‡Î KYvi Dci wµqvkxj ejI
mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK Ges wecixZgyLx n‡e|
g‡b Kwi, mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z ¯ú›`biZ GKwU KYvi fi m| MwZ Kv‡ji t mg‡q Gi mvg¨ Ae¯’v †_‡K miY x
dx dv d dx d 2 x
n‡j KYvwUi H gyn~‡Z©i †eM, v Ges Z¡iY, a 2 |
dt dt dt dt dt
mij †`vjb MwZi msÁv †_‡K cvB, F kx
d 2x
wbDU‡bi wØZxq MwZm~Î †_‡K Avgiv cvB, F ma m
dt 2
d 2x d2x k
myZivs, m 2 kx ev, 2 x 0
dt dt m
2
k d x
2 ai‡j, 2 x 0 ....... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... (7.5)
m dt 2
(7.5) bs mgxKiYwU mij †`vjb MwZi AšÍiK mgxKiY| ¯úóZB GwU n‡jv wØZxq NvZ AšÍiK mgxKiY|
7.2.2 mij †`vjb MwZi e¨eKjbxq mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb (Solution of the Differential
Equation of SHM)t
d2x
mij Qw›`Z MwZi AšÍiK mgxKiY, 2 2 x 0 | mgxKiYwU‡K †jLv hvq,
dt
d dx 2
x 0
dt dt
dv
ev, 2x 0
dt
dx dv
ev, 2 x
dt dx
ev, vdv 2 xdx
mgxKiYwU †hvMRxKiY Ki‡j, 2
vdv xdx
v2 x2
ev, 2 c GLv‡b c GKwU †hvMRxKiY aªæeK|
2 2
236 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
hLb, v 0 ZLb, x A , A_©vr, x we¯Ívi, GB kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ,
A2 A2
0 2c ev, c 2
2 2
v2 x2 A2
AZGe, 2 2
2 2 2
ev, 2 2
v A x 2 2
ev, v A x 2 2
dx
ev, A2 x 2
dt
dx
ev, dt
A2 x 2
cybivq †hvMRxKiY K‡i cvB,
dx
ev, dt
A2 x 2
x
ev, sin 1 t GLv‡b = †hvMRxKiY aªæeK|
A
ev, x Asin( t ) ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...... ...... ...... ..(7.6)
hLb, t = 0 ZLb, x A sin
GLv‡bn‡jv e¯‘KYvi Avw` `kv ev cÖviw¤¢K `kv | hw` Avw` `kv ev cÖviw¤¢K `kv 0 nq Z‡e, hLb t = 0
ZLb x 0 n‡e A_©vr mg‡qi MYbvi †h gyn‡~ Z© ïiæ Kiv nq, ZLb KYvwU Zvi MwZc‡_i mvg¨ Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K|
(7.6) bs mgxKiY n‡jv mij †`vjb MwZi AšÍiK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb| GUvB n‡jv mij †`vjb MwZi miY-
wb‡`©kK mvaviY mgxKiY|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.1 : †h mij †`vjb MwZi we¯Ívi 4 cm, cÖviw¤¢K `kv 12 Ges 1 min-G 120 evi K¤úb
nq †mB mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY wjLyb|
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, = 2 f †`qv Av‡Q,
we¯—vi, A = 4 cm
AZGe, 2 2 4rads1 Ges 12
180 15 Avw` `kv, 12
Avevi, x Asin( t ) 120
K¤úv¼ , f 2Hz
60
gvb emv‡j, x 4sin 4 t
15
DËi: x 4sin 4 t
15
mvi-ms‡ÿc :
d2x
2
2 x 0 n‡jv mij †`vjb MwZi AšÍiK mgxKiY|
dt
v 2 A 2 x 2 n‡jv mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYvi †e‡Mi mgxKiY|
x Asin( t ) n‡jv mij †`vjb MwZi e¨eKjbxq mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb|
mij †`vjb MwZ 237
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.2
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. GKwU KYvi mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY, x 4sin 4 t n‡j Gi `kv n‡e-
15
K. 4 t L.
15 15
M. 4 t N. 4
2. GKwU KYvi mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY, x 10sin t n‡j Gi Avw` `kv n‡e-
3 12
K. t L.
3 12 12
M. N. 10
12
3. GKwU mij †`vjb MwZ x1 5sin
t Gi mv‡c‡ÿ Ab¨ GKwU mij †`vjb MwZ x2 10sin t Gi `kv
cv_©K¨ KZ?
K. L.
2
M. N. 0
238 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
cvV-7.3 mij †`vjb MwZi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ivwk Ges e„ËvKvi MwZi mv‡_ mij
†`vjb MwZi m¤úK©
Relation between SHM and Circular Motion
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
x Asin( t ) mgxKiYwUi wewfbœ ivwk e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
mij †`vjb MwZ I e„ËvKvi MwZi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
7.3.1 mij †`vjb MwZ m¤^Üxq K‡qKwU ivwk (Some Quantities Related to SHM) t
miY (Displacement) t
(7.6) bs mgxKiY †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb, mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYvi miY wb‡`©kK mvaviY mgxKiYwU nj,
x Asin( t ) ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ......... (7.7)
we‡kl †ÿÎ t x
C O D B
(K) KYvwU Zvi MwZc‡_i cÖvšÍwe›`y [wPÎ 7.3] Gi B ev C we›`y †_‡K hvÎv
ïiæ Ki‡j, wPÎ bs-7.3
x A cost ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... ........ ............... ............. ..............(7.8)
(L) KYvwU mvg¨ve¯’vb [wPÎ bs 7.3 -Gi O we›`y] †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡j,
x Asin t ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ........ .........(7.9)
†eM (Velocity)t
mij †`vjb MwZi miY wb‡`©kK mvaviY mgxKiY, x Asin( t )
GLv‡b, x = t mg‡q KYvi miY, A = KYvi we¯Ívi, †KŠwYK †eM Ges = Avw` `kv ev cÖviw¤¢K `kv|
myZivs, mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvwUi †eM,
dx d
v A sin t
dt dt
ev, v Acos( t ) ....... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... ..... ..... ........ ....(7.10)
ev, v A 1 sin 2 t †h‡nZz, cos t 1 sin t
ev, v A2 A2 sin 2 t
myZivs, v A2 x 2 .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....... ...... ...... .....(7.11)
GB mgxKiY †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, KYvi †e‡Mi gvb mi‡Yi gv‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i|
we‡kl †ÿÎ t
1| hLb x = 0, A_©vr KYvwU hLb mvg¨ve¯’v‡b Av‡m, ZLb, v A | GwUB †e‡Mi m‡e©v”P gvb|
A_©vr vmax = A
2
2| hLb x A , A_©vr KYvwU hLb cÖvšÍwe›`y‡Z Av‡m, ZLb, v A2 A 0 GwUB †e‡Mi me©wbgœ
gvb| A_©vr vmin = 0
mij †`vjb MwZ 239
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
myZivs, mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ KYvi †eM Zvi MwZc‡_i wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b wewfbœ nq| mvg¨ve¯’v‡b †e‡Mi gvb
m‡e©v”P nq Ges mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K cÖvšÍwe›`yi w`‡K hvIqvi mg‡q †e‡Mi gvb µgk Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges cªvšÍwe›`y‡Z
KYvwU gyn~‡Z©i Rb¨ w¯’i nq, A_©vr †eM k~b¨ nq|
Z¡iY(Acceleration)t
(7.10) bs mgxKiY †_‡K cvB mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvwUi MwZ‡eM,
v Acos( t )
dv d
myZivs, Z¡iY, a Acos(t )
dt dt
2
ev, a A sin( t )
ev, a 2 x .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...... .... ...... ......(7.12)
GB mgxKiY †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, KYvi Z¡i‡Yi gvb mi‡Yi gv‡b Dci wbf©i K‡i|
we‡kl †ÿÎ t
(1) hLb x = 0, A_©vr KYvwU hLb mvg¨ve¯’v‡b Av‡m, ZLb a = 0| GwUB Z¡i‡Yi me©wbgœ gvb|
(2) hLb x A , A_©vr KYvwU hLb cÖvšÍwe›`y‡Z Av‡m, ZLb a ω 2 A | GwUB Z¡i‡Yi m‡e©v”P gvb|
wecixZ wPý †evSvq †h, Z¡iY I miY wecixZgyLx|
myZivs, mij †`vjbMwZ m¤úbœ KYvi Z¡iY Zvi MwZc‡_i wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b wewfbœ nq| mvg¨ve¯’v‡b Z¡i‡Yi gvb
me©wbgœ (k~b¨) nq Ges cÖvšÍwe›`y `ywU‡Z Z¡iY m‡e©v”P nq|
cÖm½Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨, (7.7) bs mgxKi‡Yi cwie‡Z© (7.8) bs ev (7.9) bs mgxKiY e¨envi Ki‡jI †eM I
Z¡iY wb‡`©kK (7.11) bs I (7.12) bs mgxKiY `ywU GKB nq|
ch©vqKvj I K¤úv¼ (Time period and frequency) t
aiv hvK, mij †`vjb MwZi miY wb‡`©kK mgxKiY x Asin( t ) |
GLv‡b, x = t mg‡q KYvi miY, A = KYvi we¯Ívi, †KŠwYK †eM Ges = Avw` `kv ev cÖviw¤¢K `kv|
2
g‡b Kwi, mgq‡K Gi n (hLb n = 0, 1, 2, 3 ........) ¸wYZK cwigvY e„w× Kiv n‡jv| Zvn‡j mij †`vjb
2
MwZi miY wb‡`©kK mgxKiY‡K †jLv hvq, x A sin n t
ev, x A sin 2 n (t )
ev, x Asin(t ) [†h‡nZz sin 2 sin ]
2
GLvb †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, mgq cici †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi miY I MwZi cybive„wË N‡U|
2
myZivs †`vjb MwZi ch©vq Kvj, T .. ... ... ... ... ... .... .... .... .... .... ....... ....... ..... .......(7.13)
k k
Avevi, Avgiv Rvwb, 2 ev,
m m
m
(7.13) bs mgxKi‡Y Gi gvb emv‡j, T 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....... .......(7.14)
k
(7.13) bs I (7.14) bs mgxKiY `ywU mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi ch©vqKv‡j wfbœ iƒc|
GKK mg‡q hZwU c~Y© †`vjb (c~Y© ch©vq) m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K mij †`vjb MwZi K¤úv¼ f ejv nq|
240 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
1
myZivs, K¤úvsK, f ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....... ......(7.15)
T
(7.13) bs mgxKiY †_‡K T Gi gvb emv‡j,
f .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .........(7.16)
2
Avevi, (7.15) bs mgxKi‡Y (7.16) bs mgxKi‡Yi gvb emv‡j,
1 k
f .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ....(7.17)
2 m
(7.16) bs I (7.17) bs mgxKiY `ywU mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi K¤úv‡¼i wfbœ iƒc|
we¯Ívi (Amplitude) t
†Kv‡bv GKwU K¤úgvb e¯‘ Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb n‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv GK w`‡K me©vwaK †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K H K¤úgvb
e¯‘i we¯Ívi e‡j|
7.3 bs wP‡Î mij †`vjb MwZi we¯Ívi = OB = OC| †h‡nZz †h‡Kv‡bv †KvmvBb ev mvBb A‡cÿ‡Ki m‡e©v”P gvb
n‡jv 1 , ZvB †`vjb MwZi miY wb‡`©kK mgxKiY x Asin( t ) †_‡K cvIqv hvq,
miY x Gi m‡e©v”P gvb = we¯Ívi = A 1 A A | myZivs, OB A Ges OC A
A_©vr mij †`vjMwZ‡Z mvg¨ve¯’v‡bi `yB w`‡KB we¯Ívi mgvb nq| (7.13), (7.14), (7.16) Ges (7.17) bs
mgxKiY¸wj †_‡K GUvI †evSv hvq †h, mij †`vjb MwZi ch©vqKvj I K¤úv¼ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB we¯Ívi A-Gi Dci
wbf©ikxj bq| ZvB †Kv‡bv mij †`vj‡Ki we¯Ívi evZv‡mi evavi Rb¨ ax‡i ax‡i Kg‡Z _vK‡jI ch©vqKvj
AcwiewZ©ZB †_‡K hvq| GRb¨ mij †`vjb MwZ‡K mgKvj MwZ (Isochronous Motion) ejv nq|
`kv (Phase) t
mij †`vjb MwZ wewkó KYvi †h‡Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z©i MwZi Ae¯’v‡K `kv ejv nq| MwZi Ae¯’v ej‡Z ‡mB gyn~‡Z©
KYvwUi miY, †eM, Z¡iY BZ¨vw` †evSvq|
miY-wb‡`©kK mgxKiY, x Asin( t )
aiv hvK, t ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ........ ....... ........ (7.18)
myZivs, mgxKiY †_‡K cvIqv hvq,
miY, x A sin
‡eM, v A2 x 2 cos
Z¡iY, a 2 x 2 A sin
†h‡nZz Ges A Df‡qB aªæeK, ZvB †h †Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z© KYvwUi miY, †eM I Z¡iY m¤ú~Y© fv‡eB †KvYwUi Ici
wbf©i K‡i| (7.18) bs mgxKiY Øviv wb‡`©wkZ GB †KvY‡KB mij †`vjb MwZi `kv †KvY (phase angle) ejv
nq| †mB mgxKiY †_‡K †`Lv hvq, `kv †KvY mgq t- Gi Ici wbf©ikxj| d‡j mg‡qi mv‡c‡ÿ mij †`vjb
MwZm¤úbœ KYvi `kv µgvMZ cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K|
we‡kl †ÿÎ t
1| = 0 n‡j, x A sin 0 0 ; A_©vr KYvwUi Ae¯’vb nj O we›`y‡Z [wPÎ bs-7.3]| -i gvb e„w× †c‡q
90 n‡j, x A sin 90 A ; A_©vr KYvwUi Ae¯’vb nj B-we›`y‡Z| myZivs KYvwU O †_‡K B we›`y‡Z
†M‡j `kvi cwieZ©b = 90 = |
2
2| = 270 n‡j, x A sin 270 A ; A_©vr KYvwUi Ae¯’vb nj C-we›`y‡Z| myZivs, KYvwU B ‡_‡K C -
†Z †M‡j `kvi cwieZ©b =270- 90 = 180 = | G‡ÿ‡Î B I C Ae¯’vb `ywU nj wecixZ `kvm¤úbœ|
mij †`vjb MwZ 241
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
3| = 450 = 360 + 90 n‡j, x A sin 450 A sin 90 A ; A_©vr KYvwUi Ae¯’vb nj B we›`y‡Z|
myZivs KYvwU B ‡_‡K hvÎv ïiy K‡i C we›`y ch©šÍ wM‡q Avevi B we›`y‡Z wd‡i G‡j `kvi cwieZ©b = 450 -
90 = 360 = | G‡ÿ‡Î cÖv_wgK I AwšÍg Ae¯’vb `ywU nj mg`kvm¤úbœ|
Avw` `kv ev cÖviw¤¢K `kv (Epoch) t
mij †`vjMwZm¤úbœ KYvi hvÎvi ïiæ‡Z ( A_©vr t = 0 mg‡q) †h `kv _v‡K, Zv‡K Avw` `kv, cÖviw¤¢K `kv ev `kv
aªæeK (phase constant) ejv nq|
‡hgb, mij †`vjb MwZi miY-wb‡`©kK mgxKiY, x Asin(t ) n‡j, `kv †KvY, t | GB
mgxKi‡Y t = 0 ewm‡q cvIqv hvq, (Avw` `kv) = |
we‡kl †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e, KYvwU MwZi cÖvšÍwe›`y †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡j (7.6) bs mgxKiY †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb,
x A cos t A sin t ;
2
GLv‡b `kv †KvY t | GLb t = 0 emv‡j cvIqv hvq, BcK,
2 2
Avevi, KYvwU mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡j (7.9) bs mgxKiY †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb, x Asint GLv‡b `kv
†KvY t emv‡j cvIqv hvq, Avw` `kv, 0 |
`kv cv_©K¨ (Phase difference) t
mij †`vjb MwZwewkó `ywU e¯‘KYvi †ÿ‡Î, †h‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó gy n~‡Z© hw` cÖ_g KYvwUi `kv †KvY 1 Ges wØZxq
KYvwUi `kv †KvY 2 nq, Zvn‡j KYv `ywUi `kv cv_©K¨ 2 1 | `ywU mij †`vjb MwZi ch©vqKvj, K¤úv¼
I we¯Ívi m¤ú~Y© Awfbœ n‡jI Zv‡`i `kv c„_K n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb (7.3) bs wP‡Î cÖ_g KYvwU †h gyn~‡Z© C we›`y‡Z
†cuŠ‡Qvq, hw` †mB gyn~‡Z©B wØZxq KYvwUi Ae¯’vb nq B we›`y, Zvn‡j `kv cv_©K¨,
= 2 ̶ 1 = 2700 ̶ 900 = 1800 =
miY,†eM I Z¡i‡Yi m¤ú‡K© (Relation among Displcement, Velocity and Acceleration)t
aiv hvK, wPÎ 7.4 Abymv‡i mij †`vjb MwZ wewkó GKwU KYv cÖvšÍwe›`y B
T A A
†_‡K hvÎv ïiy K‡i| ch©vqKvj T n‡j KYvwUmg‡q mvg¨ve¯’vb O -†K x
4 C O B
T 3T wPÎ bs-7.4
AwZµg K‡i, mg‡q cÖvšÍwe›`y C -†Z †cuŠQvq, mg‡q Avevi
2 4
mvg¨ve¯’vb O -†K AwZµg K‡i Ges T mg‡q Avevi B we›`y‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| v A2 x 2 Ges a 2 x
mgxKiY `ywU e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ mg‡q miY, †eM I Z¡iY‡K wbgœwjwLZ mviwYi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
mviwY 7.1t miY, †eM I Z¡iY
mgq (t) 0 T T 3T T
4 2 4
miY (x) A 0 A 0 A
†eM (v) 0 A 0 A 0
Z¡iY (a) A2
0 A2
0 2A
242 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
mg‡qi m‡½ miY I †e‡Mi †jLwPÎ 7.5 bs wP‡Î Ges miY I Z¡i‡Yi †jLwPÎ 7.6 bs wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv nj|
miY-mgq †jL †eM-mgq †jL
+A
A
miY
2 T
†eM
O
T 3T 5T 3T
4 4 4 2
-A
-A
wPÎ bs-7.5
miY-mgq †jL Z¡iY-mgq †jL
+ 2A
A
T
Z¡iY
miY
2 T
O 3T 5T
T 3T
4 4 4 2
-A
- 2A
wPÎ bs-7.6
mi‡Yi m‡½ †eM I Z¡i‡Yi `kv cv_©K¨ t
miY †`vjb MwZ‡Z,
miY, x A sin t
dx
†eM, v A cost A sin t
dt 2
dv
Z¡iY, a 2 A sin t 2 A sin t
dx
myZivs, †eM I mi‡Yi `kvi cv_©K¨ 90 Ges Z¡iY I mi‡Yi `kvi cv_©K¨ 180
2
7.3.2 mij †`vjb MwZ I mge„ Ëxq MwZi m¤úK© (Relation between SHM and
Uniform Circular Motion)
mij †`vjb MwZ I mge„Ëxq MwZi m¤úK© (Relation between SHM and Uniform Circular Motion)
wP‡Îi gva¨‡g cÖgvY t
ˆiwLK ch©ve„Ë MwZi mnRZg iƒc n‡jv mij †`vjb MwZ| Avevi, PµvKvi ch©ve„Ë MwZi mnRZg iƒc nj mge„Ëxq
MwZ| mge„Ëxq MwZ I mij †`vjMwZi g‡a¨ GKwU m¤úK© Av‡Q hv GKwU hvwš¿K `„óv‡šÍi gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
g‡b Kwi, O we›`y‡K †K›`ª K‡i GKwU PvKv mg`ªæwZ‡Z AveZ©b Ki‡Q ( wPÎ 7.7)| XY GKwU Aÿ `Û| X cÖvšÍ
PvKvi cwiwa‡Z Ges Y cÖvšÍ GKwU †Pv‡Oi ga¨w¯’Z wc÷b P-Gi nvZ‡ji m‡½ hy³| PvKvwU N~Y©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_
mij †`vjb MwZ 243
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
wc÷bwU †Pv‡Oi g‡a¨ PjvPj Ki‡e| g‡b Kiv hvK, †Kv‡bv GK mgq X we›`ywU M we›`y‡Z Aew¯’Z| d‡j PvKvwUi
M †_‡K N ch©šÍ MwZi Rb¨ P wc÷bwU †Pv‡Oi g‡a¨ C †_‡K B Ae¯’v‡b †cuŠQvq| Avevi, PvKvwUi N †_‡K M
ch©šÍ MwZi Rb¨ P wc÷bwU †Pv‡Oi g‡a¨ B †_‡K C Ae¯’v‡b wd‡i X C B
Av‡m| ZvB PvKvwU evievi Nyi‡Z _vK‡j wc÷bwUI CB I BC c‡_
evievi hvZvqvZ K‡i| jÿ¨ Kiæb, PvKvwU evievi Nyi‡Z _vK‡j X M X1 O N
we›`yi cÖ‡ÿc X1 we›`yI MN I NM c‡_ evievi hvZvqvZ K‡i| Y P
PvKvwUi MwZ hw` mge„Ëxq MwZ nq Zvn‡j wc÷bwUi MwZ ev X1 Gi wPÎ -7.7
MwZ n‡e mij †`vjb MwZ| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ e„Ëc‡_i †h‡Kv‡bv e¨v‡mi Ici mge„Ëxq MwZi Awf‡ÿcB nj mij †`vjb
MwZwewkó|
R¨vwgwZK cÖgvY t
g‡b Kwi, GKwU e¯‘KYv O †K›`ª Ges r e¨vmva©wewkó e„ËvKvi c‡_ mg‡KŠwYK †e‡M ABCD eivei ZxiwPwýZ
w`‡K µgvMZ Nyi‡Q [wPÎ 7.8]| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e, e¯‘KYvi Ae¯’vb †_‡K DOB e¨v‡mi Ici j¤^ Uvb‡j j‡¤^i
cv`we›`y IB e¨vm eivei mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z PjvPj Ki‡e| Gi cÖgvY wb‡P †`Iqv nj|
e¯‘KYv e„‡Ëi cwiwa eivei mg‡KŠwYK †e‡M Nyi‡Q e‡j DOB e¨v‡mi Ici P we›`y †_‡K AswKZ j‡¤^i
cv`we›`y N Gi Ae¯’vb µgvMZ e`jv‡e| e¯‘KYv †h mg‡q A we›`y †_‡K
Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i B, C, D we›`y¸wj n‡q cybivq A we›`y‡Z A
arsin
wd‡i Av‡m, †mB mg‡q j‡¤^i cv`we›`y N we›`ywU O we›`y †_‡K hvÎv ïiy OP = r
P
ar
K‡i h_vµ‡g B, O, D we›`y¸wj n‡q cybivq O we›`y‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| ON = x
†h‡nZz e¯‘KYv mg‡KŠwYK †e‡M Nyi‡Q ZvB e„Ëc‡_ GKevi c~Y© AveZ©b D B X
O N
Ki‡Z e¯‘KYvwUi GKwU wbw`©ó mgq jv‡M| †ZgbB j‡¤^i cv`we›`ywU O
we›`y †_‡K B, O, D we›`y¸wj n‡q cybivq O we›`y‡Z wd‡i Avm‡Z †mB
GKB wbw`©ó mgq †bq| A_©vr cv`we›`ywUi ch©vqKvj wbw`©ó| myZivs, N
we›`yi MwZ nj ˆiwLK ch©ve„Ë MwZ| Abyiƒcfv‡e, P we›`y †_‡K AOC C
e¨v‡mi Ici j¤^ Uvb‡j †mB j‡¤^i cv`we›`yI AOC e¨vm eivei ˆiwLK wPÎ 7.8
ch©ve„Ë MwZ m¤úbœ Ki‡e|
†h‡nZz KYvwU mg‡KŠwYK †e‡M Nyi‡Q Ges e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© r AZGe KYvwUi `yªwZ, v = r
v2
P we›`y‡Z KYwUi PO eivei ‡K›`ªgyLx Z¡iY, ar 2 r [†h‡nZz v = r]
r
g‡b Kwi, †Kv‡bv GK mgq OP e¨mva©wU Y-A‡ÿi mv‡_ †Kv‡Y Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q Ges P we›`yi cv`we›`y N Gi
miY x
Zvn‡j, ON x OP sin r sin
Avevi, DOB e¨vm eivei Awf‡K›`ª Z¡iY ar Gi Dcvs‡ki gvb, A_©vr IB gyn~‡Z© N we›`yi Z¡iY n‡jv,
a ar sin 2 r sin 2 x [GLv‡b, wPÎvbymv‡i Z¡iY n‡jv mi‡Yi wecixZ AwfgyLx]
myZivs, N we›`yi Z¡iY mi‡Yi mgvbycvwZK I wecixZ AwfgyLx |
ar Gi ïaygvÎ DOB e¨vm eivei DcvskwU N we›`yi MwZi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| ¯úóZB, KYvwU P we›`y‡Z _vK‡j N
we›`yi Ici wµqvkxj IB DcvskwU memgqB O we›`y AwfgyLx A_©vr mvg¨ve¯’vb AwfgyLx n‡e| myZivs, N we›`yi
MwZ nj mij †`vjb MwZ|
AZGe †Kv‡bv KYv e„Ëc‡_ mg‡KŠwYK †e‡M Nyi‡Z _vK‡j IB e„‡Ëi †h‡Kv‡bv e¨v‡mi Ici D³ KYvi Ae¯’vb
†_‡K Aw¼Z j‡¤^i cv`we›`yi MwZ‡K mij †`vjb MwZ ejv nq|
244 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.2 : GKwU mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY x 10 sin t | mKj ivwk SI c×wZ‡Z
3 12
cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB †`vjb MwZi (i) we¯Ívi, (ii) ch©vqKvj, (iii) m‡e©v”P †eM, (iv) m‡e©v”P Z¡iY, (v)
cÖviw¤¢K `kv Ges (vi) hvÎv Avi‡¤¢i 1s c‡i †eM wbY©q Kiæb| †`qv Av‡Q,
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, x A sin( t ) mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY,
cÖ`Ë x 10 sin t mgxKiY‡K D‡jøwLZ mgxKi‡Yi mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡j,
x 10 sin t
3 12 3 12
(i) we¯Ívi, A = 10 m
2 3
(ii) | myZivs ch©vqKvj, T 2 = 6 s
3
3.14
10.47 ms-1-2
(iii) m‡e©v”P †eM, v A 10 10 =
10.47ms
3 3
2 2
3.14 -2
(iv) m‡e©v”P Z¡iY, a A 10
2
10 = 10.97 ms
3 3
(v) cÖviw¤¢K `kv, 15
12
(vi) hvÎv Avi‡¤¢i 1s c‡i mi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Y t 1ewm‡q cvB,
1
x 10 sin 10 sin 600 150 10 sin450 10 5 2 m
3 12 2
Avgiv Rvwb, v A2 x 2
3.14
myZivs. v
3
2
10 2 5 2 50
3 3
50 7.4 ms-1-1
= 7.4ms
DËi: we¯Ívi, A = 10 m; ch©vqKvj, T 6s ; m‡e©v”P †eM, v 10.47 ms 1 ;
m‡e©v”P Z¡iY, a = 10.97 ms-2; cÖviw¤¢K `kv, 15 ; hvÎv Avi‡¤¢i 1s c‡i †eM, v 7.4 ms 1
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.3 : mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ GKwU KYvi †`vjbKvj 2 s Ges we¯Ívi 5 cm | KYvwUi (i)
m‡e©v”P †eM, (ii) m‡e©v”P Z¡iY Ges (iii) mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K 4cm `~i‡Z¡ †eM I Z¡iY wbY©q Kiæb|
2 2 3.14
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, 3.14 †`qv Av‡Q,
T 2
we¯—vi, A = 5 cm
(i) m‡e©v”P †eM, v = A = 3.145 = 15.7 cms-1
†`vjb Kvj, T = 2 s
(ii) m‡e©v”P Z¡iY, a = 2A = 3.1425 = 49.3 cms-2
(iii) hLb x = 4 cm = 410-2 m
ZLb †eM, v A2 x 2
ev, v 3.14 52 4 2 3.14 25 16
ev, v = 3.143 = 9.42 cms-1
Z¡iY, a = 2x = 3.1424 = 39.44 cms-2
DËi: i) 15.7 cms-1; ii) 49.3 cms-2; iii) 9.42 cms-1 I 39.44 cms-2
mij †`vjb MwZ 245
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.4 : mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ GKwU KYv hLb mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K 6 cm I 8 cm `~i‡Z¡ _v‡K
ZLb Zvi †eM h_vµ‡g 20 cm/s I 15 cm/s | KYvwUi we¯Ívi I ch©vqKvj wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, †eM, v A2 x 2 †`qv Av‡Q,
Zvn‡j, v1 A2 x1 2 cÖ_g miY, x1 = 6 cm
wØZxq miY, x2 = 8 cm
ev, 20 A2 6 2 ...... (i)
x1 Ae¯’v‡b †eM, v1 = 20 cms-1
Ges v2 A2 x2 2 x2 Ae¯’v‡b †eM, v2 = 15 cms-1
ev, 15 A2 8 2 ........(ii)
20 A2 6 2
AZGe,
15 A2 82
4 A2 36
ev,
3 A2 64
4 2 A2 36
ev,
32 A2 64
16 A2 36
ev,
9 A2 64
ev, 16 A 2 1024 9A 2 324
ev, 7 A 2 700
ev, A 2 100 ev, A = 10 cm
(i) bs mgxKi‡Y gvb emv‡j,
20 100 36 8
20 5 2 5
ev, ev,
8 2 T 2
4 4 3.14
ev, T 2.51s
5 5
DËi: myZivs KYvwUi we¯Ívi 10 cm Ges ch©vq Kvj 2.51s |
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.5 : mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ GKwU KYvi †`vjbKvj I we¯Ívi h_vµ‡g 10 s I 12 cm |
KYvwU mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K 4cm `~‡i †M‡j Zvi †eM KZ n‡e †ei Kiæb|
2 †`qv Av‡Q,
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, †`vjbKvj, T = 10 s
T
2 3.14 we¯—vi, A = 12 cm
AZGe, 0.628 rads-1-1
0.628rads
= miY, x = 4 cm
10
Avevi, v A2 x 2
ev, v 0.628 12 2 4 2 0.628 128
ev, v = 7.1 cms-1 = 7.1 10 2 ms 1
DËi: 7.1 10 2 ms 1
246 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.6 : mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z _vKv GKwU KYvi MwZi mgxKiY x 5sin 4t | miY 3 cm
6
n‡j †eM KZ n‡e †ei Kiæb?
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, v A2 x 2 †`qv Av‡Q,
x 5sin 4t
cÖ`Ë mgxKiY, x 5sin 4t †K x Asin(t ) Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv 6
6 x = 3 cm
K‡i cvB, A = 5 cm
= 4 rads-1
v 4 5 2 32
ev, v = 16 cms-1
DËi: 16 cms-1
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.7 : mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ w¯cÖs-Gi m‡½ hy³ GKwU e¯‘i mi‡Yi mgxKiY
x 2 102 cos t m | KZ mg‡q e¯‘wU cÖ_gevi m‡e©v”P MwZ‡eM jvf Ki‡e?
mgvavb : cÖ`Ë mgxKiY, x 2 102 cos t m
†`qv Av‡Q,
dx
myZivs †eM, v 2 102 sin t ms -1 x 2 102 cos t m
dt
†e‡Mi gvb m‡e©v”P n‡e hLb sin t 1 n‡e, A_©vr, hLb v vmax ZLb t ?
t , , .............
2 2 2
cÖ_gevi m‡e©v”P MwZ‡e‡Mi Rb¨ t
2
1 1
myZivs t 0 .5 s
2 2
DËi: 0.5 s
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.8 : c„w_ex‡K mylg Nb‡Z¡i †MvjK we‡ePbv K‡i †`Lvb †h, c„w_exi †h‡Kv‡bv e¨vm eivei myo½
c‡_ e¯‘i MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ| Gi ch©vqKv‡ji ivwkgvjv wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, f~-c„ô †_‡K h MfxiZvi †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z †Kv‡bv e¯‘i AwfKl©R Z¡iY-
4
ga G R h h
3
GLv‡b, R = c„w_exi e¨vmva©,
h = f‚-c„ô †_‡K H we›`yi MfxiZv, = c„w_exi Mo NbZ¡, r R
Ges R –h n‡”Q c„w_exi †K›`ª †_‡K H we›`yi `~iZ¡|
4
awi, c„w_exi †K›`ª †_‡K H we›`yi `~iZ¡ x R h , Zvn‡j, ga G x
3
mij †`vjb MwZ 247
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
d2x 4
myZivs, 2
Gx
dt 3
Z¡iY c„w_exi †K›`ª †_‡K mi‡Yi wecixZgyLx nIqvq wPý FYvZ¥K n‡q‡Q|
d 2x 4
e¯‘i fi m n‡j Gi Dci wµqvkxj ej, F m 2
mGx
dt 3
d2x 4
ev, Gx 0
dt 2 3
4 d2x
awi, 2 G Zvn‡j, 2
2x 0
3 dt
GwU GKwU mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY| myZivs c„w_exi †h‡Kv‡bv e¨vm eivei myo½ c‡_ e¯‘i MwZ mij †`vjb
MwZ|
4
Avevi †h‡nZz, 2 G
3
2
2 4 2
ev, G †h‡nZz
T 3 T
2
4 4
ev, 2
G
T 3
4 2 3
ev, 2
T
4
G G
3
3
ev, T
G
GwUB c„w_exi †h‡Kv‡bv e¨vm eivei myo½ c‡_ e¯‘i ch©vq Kv‡ji mgxKiY|
mvi-ms‡ÿc :
mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYvi miY wb‡`©kK mvaviY mgxKiYwU nj, x Asin( t )
mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi MwZ‡eM, v A2 x 2 | hLb x = 0 A_©vr KYvwU hLb mvg¨ve¯’v‡b
Av‡m, ZLb v A | GwUB †e‡Mi m‡e©v”P gvb; A_©vr vmax = A| hLb x A A_©vr KYvwU hLb
2
cÖvšÍwe›`y‡Z Av‡m, ZLb v A2 A 0 GwUB †e‡Mi me©wbgœ gvb; A_©vr vmin = 0|
mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi Z¡iY a 2 x | hLb x = 0 A_©vr KYvwU hLb mvg¨e¯’v‡b Av‡m, ZLb
a = 0| GwUB Z¡i‡Yi me©wbgœ gvb| hLb x A A_©vr KYvwU hLb cÖvšÍwe›`y‡Z Av‡m, ZLb a 2 A
GwUB Z¡i‡Yi m‡e©v”P gvb| wecixZ wPý †evSvq †h, Z¡iY I miY wecixZgyLx|
2 k
mij †`vjb MwZi ch©vq Kvj, T 2
m
k
mij †`vjb MwZi ‡KŠwYK K¤úv¼,
m
248 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
mij †`vjb MwZi K¤úv¼, f
2
`kv t mij †`vjb MwZ wewkó KYvi †h‡Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z©i MwZi Ae¯’v‡K `kv ejv nq|
we¯Ívi t †Kv‡bv GKwU K¤úvgvb e¯‘ Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb n‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv GK w`‡K me©vwaK †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i
Zv‡K H K¤úgvb e¯‘i we¯Ívi e‡j|
Avw` `kv ev cÖiw¤¢K `kv t mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ KYvi hvÎvi ïiæ‡Z †h `kv _v‡K, Zv‡K Avw` `kv ev
cÖiw¤¢K `kv ejv nq|
`kv cv_©K¨ t mij †`vjb MwZwewkó `ywU e¯‘ KYvi †ÿ‡Î, †h‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó gyn~‡Z© hw` cÖ_g KYvwUi `kv
†KvY 1 Ges wØZxq KYvwUi `kv †KvY 2 nq, Zvn‡j KYv `ywUi `kv cv_©K¨ 2 1 |
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.3
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. GKwU mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ KYvi mi‡Yi mv‡c‡ÿ Z¡i‡Yi `kv cv_©K¨-
K. L.
4 2
3
M. N.
2
2. mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ †KvbwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq-
K. cÖZ¨vqbx ej L. gnvKl©
M. w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv N. RoZv
A
3. GKwU KYv x A †_‡K x A Gi g‡a¨ mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ Ki‡Q| x 0 †_‡K x †h‡Z mgq
2
A
jv‡M T1 †m‡KÛ Ges x †_‡K x A †h‡Z T2 †m‡KÛ mgq jvM‡j-
2
K. T1 T2 L. T1 T2
M. T1 T2 N. T1 2T2
mij †`vjb MwZ 249
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-7.4 mij †`vjb MwZi kw³
Energy of SHM
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
mij †`vjb MwZi †ÿ‡Î wefe kw³ I MwZ kw³ wnmve Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
†jLwPÎ e¨envi K‡i mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ e¯‘i †gvU hvwš¿K kw³i msiÿYkxjZv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
7.4.1 mij †`vjb MwZi kw³ (Energy of SHM) t
aiv hvK,mij †`vjb MwZwewkó GKwU e¯‘KYvi fi = m | GB MwZi we¯Ívi =A Ges chv©qKvj =T|
MwZc‡_i cÖvšÍwe›`y Qvov Ab¨Î KYvi MwZ‡eM _vKvq MwZkw³ _v‡K| Avevi, mvg¨ve¯’vb Qvov Ab¨Î KYvi Ici
cÖZ¨vqbx ej wµqv K‡i; d‡j IB e‡ji weiæ‡× KYv‡K miv‡Z †h Kvh© Ki‡Z nq Zv KYvi g‡a¨ wefekw³ wn‡m‡e
mwÂZ _v‡K|
7.4.2 MwZkw³ (Kinetic energy) t
‡Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z© KYvwUi miY x n‡j ZLb KYvwUi MwZ‡eM v A2 x 2 |
1
Avgiv Rvwb, MwZkw³ Ek mv 2
2
myZivs, gvb emv‡j H gyn~‡Z© KYvi MwZkw³,
Ek
1
2
m A2 x 2
2
1
ev, Ek m 2 A2 x 2 …… …… …… … …… …… …… …… ……… … ....…(7.19)
2
we‡kl †ÿÎ t
1| KYvwU ‡h gyn~‡Z© mvg¨ve¯’vb‡K AwZµg K‡i ZLb x 0 ,
1 1
Zvn‡j, IB gyn~‡Z© MwZkw³ Ek m 2 A2 0 m 2 A2 | GwUB nj MwZkw³i m‡e©v”P gvb|
2 2
1 1 2 k
myZivs, mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z Av‡›`vwjZ KYvi m‡e©v”P MwZkw³, Emax m2 A2 kA2 m
2 2
2| hLb KYvwU MwZc‡_i †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ we›`y‡Z †cuŠQvq ZLb x A
1
Zvn‡j, IB gyn~‡Z© KYvi MwZkw³ Ek m 2 A 2 A2 0 GwUB nj MwZkw³i me©wbgœ gvb|
2
AZGe, mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z Av‡›`vwjZ KYvi me©wbgœ MwZkw³, Emin = 0
myZivs, mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi mvg¨ve¯’v‡b MwZkw³ m‡e©v”P nq I we¯Ív‡ii Dfq cÖvšÍwe›`y‡Z k~b¨ nq|
7.4.3 wefekw³ (potential energy) t
mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z Av‡›`vwjZ KYvi mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K x mi‡Yi Rb¨ Z¡iY a 2 x |
Zvn‡j, KYvwUi Ici cÖZ¨vqbx ej, F ma m 2 x |
250 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
Gici KYvwUi Lye ÿz`ª dx miY NUv‡j, GB dx mi‡Yi Rb¨ K…ZKvh©,
dW Fdx m 2 xdx | GLv‡b, FYvZ¥K wPý ej ev Z¡iY, mi‡Yi wecixZ w`‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
AZGe, mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K x mi‡Yi Rb¨ K…ZKvh© A_©vr ‡mB Ae¯’v‡b KYvi w¯’wZkw³,
x x
2 x2
2
E p dW m xdx m
0 2 0
1
ev, E p m 2 x 2 0
2
1
ev, E p m 2 x 2 ...... ........ ....... ......... .......... .......... …… …… ……(7.20)
2
we‡kl †ÿÎ t
(1) KYvwU ‡h gyn~‡Z© mvg¨ve¯’vb‡K AwZµg K‡i ZLb x 0 ,
1
Zvn‡j, †mB gyn~‡Z© wefekw³, E p m 2 0 0 | GwUB nj wefekw³i me©wbgœ gvb|
2
myZivs, mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z Av‡›`vwjZ KYvi me©wbgœ wefekw³, Emin = 0
(2) hLb KYvwU MwZc‡_i †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ we›`y‡Z †cuŠQvq ZLb x A
1 1
Zvn‡j, †mB gy n~‡Z© KYvi wefekw³, E p m 2 A2 m 2 A2 GwUB nj wefekw³i m‡e©v”P
2 2
gvb|
1 1 2 k
myZivs, mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z Av‡›`vwjZ KYvi m‡e©v”P wefekw³, Emax m2 A2 kA2 m
2 2
AZGe, mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYvi mvg¨ve¯’v‡b wefekw³i k~b¨ nq Ges we¯Ív‡ii Dfq cÖvšÍwe›`y‡Z
m‡e©v”P nq|
7.4.4 †gvU hvwš¿K kw³ (Total mechanical energy) t
mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ KYvi †h †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡b †gvU hvwš¿K kw³,
1 1
E Ek E p
m 2 A2 x2 m 2 x 2 |
2 2
1
ev, E m 2 A2 …… ……… …… ………… …… …… ……… …….......… (7.21)
2
1
ev, E kA2 ……… …… …… ……… …… ……… ……… ……… ………(7.22)
2
†h‡nZz m I aªæeK †m‡nZz we¯Ívi A AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j E = aªæeK; A_©vr KYvi †gvU kw³ mi‡Yi Ici wbf©i
K‡i bv| myZivs mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ †h‡Kv‡bv e¯‘KYvi MwZi m‡½ m‡½ Zvi MwZkw³ I wefekw³Ñ Df‡qB
cwiewZ©Z n‡jI †gvU hvwš¿K kw³ AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| A_©vr mij †`vjb MwZ kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î †g‡b P‡j| †Kv‡bv
evwn¨K Kvi‡Y (†hgb evqyi evavi Rb¨) †`vjb MwZi we¯Ívi Kg‡Z _vK‡j †gvU kw³I Kg‡Z _v‡K| †m‡ÿ‡Î
e¯‘KYvwUi kw³ cvwicvwk¦©K Ab¨ e¯‘‡Z (†hgb wewfbœ evqyKYvq) ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ †Kv‡bv e¯ÍKYvi mi‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ MwZkw³ I wefekw³ Kxfv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq
Zv wbgœwjwLZ mviwY‡Z †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| GB mviwYi gvb¸wj‡K e¨envi K‡i MwZkw³ I wefekw³i cwieZ©b‡K
†jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡gI cÖKvk Kiv hvq [wPÎ 7.9]|
mij †`vjb MwZ 251
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
mviwY 7.2t miY,MwZkw³ I wefekw³
†gvU kw³ E
miY MwZkw³ wefekw³
kw³ E
(x) (Ek ) (Ep) E wefekw³ Ep
+A 0 1 2
MwZkw³ Ek
m 2 A 2
2
A A A A
A 1 1 miY x
2 m 2 A2 m 2 A2 2 0 2 A
4 4
0 1 0 wPÎ-7.9
m 2 A 2
2 A
A 1 1 GB mviwY †_‡K †`Lv hvq, KYvi miY hLb x ZLb,
2 m 2 A2 m 2 A2 2
4 4
1 1 1 1
-A 0 1 MwZkw³ = wefekw³ = m 2 A 2 m 2 A2 E ....(7.23)
m 2 A 2 4 22 2
2
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.9 : mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ GKwU KYv hLb Zvi ga¨ Ae¯’vb †_‡K 2 cm `~‡i, ZLb MwZkw³
wefekw³ 3 ¸Y| KYvwUi we¯Ívi wbY©q Kiæb|
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb,
1 †`qv Av‡Q,
MwZkw³ Ek m 2 A2 x 2 miY, x = 2 cm
2
1 E k 3E p
wefekw³ E p m 2 x 2
2 we¯Ívi, A = ?
1 1
cÖkœvbymv‡i,
m 2 A2 x 2 3 m 2 x 2
2 2
ev, A x 3x
2 2 2
ev, A 2 4x 2
ev, A 2 x 2 2 4cm
cm
DËi: 4 cm
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.10 : mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ K‡i Giƒc GKwU KYvi †gvU kw³ 3 J| Gi Ici me©vwaK †h
ej wµqv K‡i Zvi cwigvY 1.5 N, †`vjMwZi ch©vqKvj 2s Ges cÖviw¤¢K `kv 30 n‡j IB mij †`vjb MwZi
mgxKiY cÖwZôv Kiæb|
1 †`qv Av‡Q,
mgvavb : †gvU kw³ E m 2 A2 3 JJ †gvU kw³, E 3JJ
2
ej, F 1.5N N
me©vwaK ej F ma m 2 A 1.5 NN
ch©vqKvj, T 2ss
1 2 2
E 2 m A 3 cÖviw¤¢K `kv, 30 0
myZivs, 2
2
F m A 1 .5
1
ev, A 2
2
ev, A 4mm
252 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
2 2
Avevi rads-11
rads
T 2
cÖviw¤¢K `kv, 30 30 rad rad
rad rad
180 6
Avgiv Rvwb, mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY, x Asin( t )
gvb emv‡j, x 4sin t
6
DËi: x 4sin t
6
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.11 : mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ GKwU e¯‘KYv hLb Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K 2 cm `~‡i ZLb Zvi
MwZkw³ wefekw³i wظY| mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K KZ `~i‡Z¡ Zvi wefekw³ MwZkw³i wظY n‡e ?
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb,
1 †`qv Av‡Q,
MwZkw³ Ek m 2 A2 x 2 hLb miY x 3cm
cm
2
1 ZLb, ej, Ek 2 E p
wefekw³ E p m 2 x 2
2 `~iZ¡, x = ?
1 1
cÖkœvbymv‡i,
m 2 A2 x 2 2 m 2 x 2
2 2
ev, A x 2 x
2 2 2
ev, A2 3 x 2 3 2 2 12
wØZxq †ÿ‡Î,
1 1
m 2 x 2 2 m 2 A2 x 2
2 2
ev, x 2 A x 2
2 2
ev, 3x 2 2 A 2
2 2
ev, x 2 A2 12 8
3 3
ev, x 8 2.828cmcm
DËi: 2.828 cm
mvi-ms‡ÿc :
1
MwZkw³ t mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi MwZkw³, Ek m 2 A2 x 2 | KYvwU ‡h gyn~‡Z© mvg¨ve¯’vb‡K
2
1 1 1
AwZµg K‡i ZLb x 0 , IB gyn~‡Z© MwZkw³ Ek m 2 A2 0 m 2 A2 kA2 | GwUB nj
2 2 2
MwZkw³i m‡e©v”P gvb| hLb KYvwU MwZc‡_i †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ we›`y‡Z †cuŠ‡Qvq ZLb x A | IB gyn~‡Z©
mij †`vjb MwZ 253
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
1
KYvi MwZkw³ Ek m 2 A 2 A2 0 GwUB nj MwZkw³i me©wbgœ gvb|
2
1
wefekw³ t mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi wefekw³, E p m 2 x 2 | KYvwU ‡h gyn~‡Z© mvg¨ve¯’vb‡K
2
1
AwZµg K‡i ZLb x 0 , IB gyn~‡Z© MwZkw³, E p m 2 0 0 | GwUB nj wefekw³i me©wbgœ
2
gvb| hLb KYvwU MwZc‡_i †h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ we›`y‡Z †cuŠQvq ZLb x A , †mB gyn~‡Z© KYvi wefekw³
1 1 1
m 2 A m 2 A2 kA2 | GwUB nj wefekw³i m‡e©v”P gvb|
2
Ep
2 2 2
1 1
†gvU kw³ t mij †`vjb MwZm¤úbœ KYvi †h †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡b †gvU kw³, E m 2 A2 kA2 †h‡nZz
2 2
m I aªæeK †m‡nZz we¯Ívi A AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j, E = aªæeK; A_©vr KYvi †gvU kw³ mi‡Yi Ici wbf©i
K‡i bv|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.4
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b |
1| mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYvi †gvU kw³ E | H KYvi miY hLb we¯Ív‡ii A‡a©K ZLb Gi MwZkw³i
cwigvY-
3E E E 3E
K. L. M. N.
4 2 4 4
2| mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi miY hLb we¯Ív‡ii A‡a©K ZLb Zvi w¯’wZkw³ 2.5J H KYvi †gvU kw³i
cwigvY-
K. 4.5J L. 7.5J M. 8.5J N. 10.5J
3| GKwU KYv x1 I x2 `ywU we›`yi g‡a¨ mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ Ki‡Q| wb‡Pi †KvbwU Gi wefekw³i †jLwPÎ?
EP EP
K. L. EP M. N. EP
x1 O x2 x1 O x2 x1 O x2 x1 O x2
254 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
cvV-7.5 mij †`vjb MwZi D`vniY
A Few Examples of SHM
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Dj¤^ w¯úªs Gi MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Abyf~wgK w¯cÖs-Gi MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Aí we¯Ív‡i MwZkxj GKwU mij †`vj‡Ki MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ iƒ‡c e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
7.5.1 Dj¤^ w¯ús Gi MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ (Oscillation of a Vertical Spring) t
w¯cÖs‡qi GK cÖvšÍ `„p Aej¤^‡b AvUwK‡q Aci cÖv‡šÍ GKwU fi Szwj‡q mvgvb¨ †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j Zv Dci-wb‡P
`yj‡Z _v‡K| Avgiv GLb †`Le †h, GB f‡ii MwZ mij
†`vjb MwZ|
7.10 K wP‡Î `„p Aej¤^b †_‡K bMY¨ f‡ii w¯cÖs
†Svjv‡bv Av‡Q|
F = kx
F = kx
F=0
7.10 L wP‡Î w¯cÖs‡qi wb‡P m f‡ii GKwU e¯‘ hy³ Kiv
n‡jv| aiv hvK Gi d‡j w¯cÖswU e cwigvY cÖmvwiZ n‡jv|
m
myZivs w¯úªswUi ej aªæeK n‡jv, e
x
k GKK ˆ`N©¨ e„w×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ej, O m
K L x M N
mg m
ev, k … …… ……… ……(7.24)
e
wPÎ-7.10
GB Ae¯’vq O we›`y‡Z e¯‘wU mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q|
Gevi m fiwU‡K Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb O ‡_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K x cwigvY †U‡b †Q‡o †`qv n‡jv ( wPÎ 7.10 M)| fiwU O-
†K ga¨ve¯’v‡b †i‡L A we¯Ívi wb‡q Dci wb‡P `yj‡Z _vK‡e| aiv hvK, †Kv‡bv GK mgq t-†Z ga¨ve¯’vb †_‡K
fiwUi miY x (wPÎ 7.10 N)| w¯cÖs‡qi w¯’wZ¯’vcK mxgv Qvwo‡q bv †M‡j, w¯cÖswUi g‡a¨ cÖhy³ e‡ji mgvb I
wecixZ cÖwZwµqv ej, F kx Gi D™¢e n‡e| GB ejB cÖZ¨vqbx ej wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
d 2x d 2x
GB e‡ji wµqvq m f‡ii e¯‘wUi Z¡iY a n‡j, cÖ
Z ¨vqbx ej, F m
dt 2 dt 2
d 2x
myZivs, m kx
dt 2
d 2x k
ev, 2
x
dt m
d 2x k
ev, x 0 ……… …… …… …… …… …… ……… …… …… ...…(7.25)
dt 2 m
mij †`vjb MwZ 255
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
d 2x
GwU GKwU mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY| KviY (7.25) bs mgxKiYwU mij †`vjb MwZi 2x 0
dt 2
mgxKiYwUi Abyiƒc|
myZivs Dj¤^ w¯úªs Gi MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ|
7.5.2 Dj¤^ w¯úªs Gi K‡qKwU e¨envi (Some uses of a Vertical Spring) t
1| Dj¤^ w¯úªs Gi MwZ mij †`vjb MwZi ch©vq Kvj wbY©q t
Avgiv Rvwb, mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY n‡jv,
d 2x
2
2 x 0 …… …… …… … … ….… … … ….… …… … … ….… (7.26)
dt
(7.26) bs mgxKi‡Yi mv‡_ (7.25) bs mgxKi‡Yi Zzjbv Ki‡j,
k
2
m
k
ev,
m
2 k
ev,
T m
m
ev, T 2 ……… ……… …… ……… ……… ……… ……… ….………(7.27)
k
†h‡nZz evg c‡ÿi mKj ivwk aªæeK ‡m‡nZz ch©vqKvj T GKwU aªæe ivwk|
(7.27) bs mgxKi‡Y (7.24) bs mgxKi‡Yi gvb emv‡j,
m
T 2
mg e
e
ev, T 2 …… …… …… ……… …… ……… ……… ………… ………(7.28)
g
GLv‡b e n‡jv w¯úªs‡q m fi †Svjv‡bvi d‡j w¯úªs‡qi cÖv_wgK ˆ`N©¨ e„w×|
2| Dj¤^ w¯úªs Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b g Gi gvb wbY©q t
(7.28) bs mgxKiY †_‡K †jLv hvq,
e
T 2 4 2
g
256 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
e
ev, g 4 2 …… … …… …… …… …… …… … …… … ….…… …….(7.29)
T2
w¯úªs‡q m fi †Svjv‡bvi d‡j w¯úªs‡qi cÖv_wgK ˆ`N©¨ e„w× cwigvc K‡i †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b _vgv Nwoi mvnvh¨ ch©vqKvj
wbY©q K‡i (7.29) bs mgxKi‡Y emv‡j H ¯’v‡b g Gi gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
3| Dj¤^ w¯úªs Gi w¯úªs aªæeK k wbY©q t
(7.27) bs mgxKiY‡K eM© K‡i cvB
m
T 2 4 2
k
m
k 4 2 2 …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… ......……(7.30)
T
w¯úªs‡q †Svjv‡bv fi m cwigvc K‡i Ges †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b _vgv Nwoi mvnvh¨ ch©vqKvj wbY©q K‡i (7.28) bs
mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ w¯cÖs aªæeK k wbY©q Kiv nq|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.12 : GKwU 0.1 Nm-1 w¯cÖs aªæeK wewkó finxb w¯cÖs‡K Dj¤^ fv‡e Szwj‡q Aci cÖv‡šÍ 400 g
fi Pvwc‡q wb‡Pi w`‡K GKUz †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j w¯cÖswU mij †`vj MwZ‡Z `yj‡Z _v‡K| Gi ch©vq Kvj wbY©q Kiæb|
m
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, T 2 †`qv Av‡Q,
k w¯cÖs aª“eK, k = 0.1 Nm-1
0.4 fi, m = 400 g = 0.4 kg
gvb emv‡j, T 2 3.14
0.1 ch©vq Kvj, T ?
ev, T 2 3.14 2
ev, T = 12.56 s
DËi: 12.56 s
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.13 : 1 kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘‡K GKwU finxb w¯cÖs‡qi GK cÖv‡šÍ Sywj‡q Aci cÖvšÍ GKwU `„p
Aej¤^‡bi mv‡_ AvUKv‡bv n‡jv| w¯cÖswU‡K GKUz †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û GK evi `yj‡Z _v‡K w¯cÖswU
w¯cÖs aªæeK wbY©q Kiæb|
m
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, T 2
k
1 1 k
ev, f †`qv Av‡Q,
T 2 m
fi, m = 1 kg
1 k
ev, f 2 2 K¤úvsK, f = 1 Hz
4 m
w¯cÖs aª“eK, k ?
ev, k 4 2 mf 2
Nm-1-1
ev, k 4 9.87 1 12 39.48Nm
DËi: 39.48 Nm -1
mij †`vjb MwZ 257
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.14 : 1 kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘‡K GKwU finxb w¯cÖs‡qi GK cÖv‡šÍ Sywj‡q Aci cÖvšÍ GKwU `„p
Aej¤^‡bi mv‡_ AvUKv‡bv n‡j w¯cÖswU‡K 0.3 m cÖmvwiZ nq| w¯cÖswU‡K GKUz †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j mij †`vj MwZ‡Z
`yj‡Z _v‡K| Gi †`vjbKvj wbY©q Kiæb|
e
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, T 2 †`qv Av‡Q,
g fi, m = 1 kg
0.3 cÖmviY, e = 0.3 m
gvb emv‡j, T = 23.14
9.8 †`vjbKvj, T ?
ev, T = 23.140.175
ev T 1.1s
DËi: T 1.1s
7. 5.3 mij †`vjK (Simple Pemdulum)
7.5.3.1 mij †`vjK (Simple Pemdulum)t
GKwU †Qv‡Uv fvix e¯‘ P -†K GKwU j¤^v my‡Zvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv Aej¤^b O †_‡K Sywj‡q GKwU †`vjK ˆZix Kiv
n‡jv (wPÎ-7.11)| my‡ZvwU Djø¤^fv‡e _vK‡j fvix e¯‘ywU wbgœZg Ae¯’vb O-†Z _v‡K| GB Ae¯’vb AO-wU‡K
†`vjKwUi w¯’i Ae¯’vb ev mvg¨ve¯’vb (equilibrium position) ejv nq| fvix e¯‘ P-†K †`vj‡Ki ee (bob)
ejv nq| †h Aej¤^b O ‡_‡K eewU †Sv‡j Zv‡K Avj¤^ ev j¤^b we›`y (point of
suspension) ejv nq| eewU‡K Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb A ‡_‡K wKQyUv mwi‡q B ‡_‡K O
†Q‡o w`‡j †mwU BAC Ges CAB e„ËPvc eivei `yj‡Z _v‡K| A_©vr †`vjKwUi
Ae¯’vb OB ‡_‡K OC ch©šÍ ch©vqµ‡g cwiewZ©Z nq| GB Gw`K Iw`K
†`vjvqgvb MwZwU nq ch©ve„Ë MwZ| Z‡e ev¯Íe AwfÁZvq †`Lv hvq, evqyi evav
Ges j¤^b we›`y‡Z Nl©‡Yi Rb¨ †`vjb ax‡i ax‡i Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges Ae‡k‡l B C
A x P
†`vjKwU Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb OA-†Z G‡m w¯’i nq(wPÎ 7.11)| mg sin
†`vjK welqK MvwYwZK Av‡jvPbvi myweavi Rb¨ GKwU Av`k© mij †`vj‡Ki Kíbv mg cos
mg
Kiv nq| GKwU mij †`vjK‡K Av`k© ejv nq hw` t
K) my‡ZvwU fvinxb nq, wPÎ-7.11
L) †Kv‡bvfv‡eB my‡ZvwU ˆ`‡N©¨ n«vm-e„w× bv nq, A_©vr my‡ZvwU Am¤úªmviYkxj nq,
M) †`vj‡Ki eewU †`vj‡bi mgq Nl©YRwbZ evav bv cvq,
N) †`vj‡Ki eewU KYv m`„k nq|
DwjøwLZ kZ©¸wj †g‡b GKwU Av`k© mij †`vjK ‰Zwi Kiv ev¯Í‡e m¤¢e bq| ZvB cixÿvMv‡i GKwU ÿz`ª fvix avZe
e¯‘‡K GKwU j¤^v nvjKv my‡Zvi mvnv‡h¨ `„p Aej¤^b †_‡K Szwj‡q e¨envwiK mij †`vjK ‰Zwi Kiv nq|
msÁv: GKwU `xN©, finxb I Am¤úmviYkxj my‡Zvi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU `„p Aej¤^b †_‡K GKwU †Qv‡Uv fvix e¯‘‡K
Szwj‡q hw` gy³fv‡e †`vjv‡bv m¤¢e nq Z‡e m~Zvmn fvix e¯‘wU‡K mij †`vjK ejv nq|
7.5.3.2 mij †`vjK m¤^Üxq K‡qKwU ivwk (Some Quantities Related to Simple
Pendulum) t
1| †`vjb Zj t m~Zvmn eewU †h Z‡j `yj‡Z _v‡K Zv‡K †`vjb Zj e‡j| wP‡Î OBAC †h Z‡j Aew¯’Z †mwUB
†`vjb Zj|
258 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
2| Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ t Avj¤^ we›`y †_‡K e‡ei fvi‡K›`ª ch©šÍ `~iZ¡‡K †`vj‡Ki Kvh©Ki ˆ`N©¨ e‡j| r e¨vmv‡a©i
†MvjKvK…wZ e‡ei fvi‡K›`ªwU e‡ei †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z nq; d‡j my‡Zvi ˆ`N©¨ l n‡j †`vj‡Ki Kvh©Kix ‰`N©¨ L l r |
3| we¯Ívi I †KŠwYK we¯Ívi t mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv w`‡K e‡ei me©vwaK miY‡K we¯Ívi ejv nq| cÖ`Ë wP‡Î,
AB ev AC nj †`vj‡Ki we¯Ívi| we¯Ívi‡K mvaviYZ x w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
e‡ei mvg¨ve¯’vb I me©vwaK mi‡Yi Ae¯’vb j¤^b we›`y‡Z †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K †`vj‡Ki †KŠwYK we¯Ívi ejv
nq| †KŠwYK we¯Ívi‡K mvaviYZ w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î wPÎ 7.11 Abymv‡i †KŠwYK we¯Ívi = AOB = AOC
D‡jøL¨, mij †`v‡Ki †KŠwYK we¯Ívi 4 Gi Kg nIqv DwPZ, hv‡Z CAB e„ËPvcwU cÖvq mij‡iLvi AvKvi aviY
K‡i| ZvB AB ev AC †K wc‡Ûi me©vwaK miY wn‡m‡e aiv nq|
4| †`vjbKvj ev ch©vqKvj t GKevi c~Y© †`vjb w`‡Z †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K †`vjbKvj e‡j| †`vjbKvj‡K T w`‡q
cÖKvk Kiv nq| 7.11 wP‡Î C †_‡K A n‡q B †Z †cŠuwQ‡q Avevi B †_‡K A n‡q C †Z †cŠuQv‡Z †h mgq jv‡M
Zv‡K ch©vqKvj ev †`vjbKvj e‡j|
5| K¤úv¼ t †Kv‡bv K¤úgvb e¯‘ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û hZevi K¤úb ev †`vjb ev cybive„wË NUvq Zv‡K K¤úv¼ e‡j|
K¤úv¼‡K f w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
7.5.3.3 mij †`vj‡Ki MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ (The Motion of a Simple Pendulum
is SHM) t
mij †`vj‡Ki MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ (The Motion of a Simple
Pendulum is SHM) t O
g‡b Kwi, m fi Ges L Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨i OA GKwU mij †`vjK‡K O we›`y‡Z L T
Szjv‡bv Av‡Q| Gi IRb mg mij †`vj‡Ki fvi‡K›`ª A we›`y †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K
x B
wµqvkxj Ges cÖwZwµqv ej T m~Zvi Dci Uvb m„wó K‡i mvg¨ve¯’vq Av‡Q| A mg sin
†`vjKwU‡K `ywj‡q w`‡j, †`vj‡bi †Kv‡bv GK mg‡q mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K †Kv‡Y
mg cos
B Ae¯’v‡b Av‡m| GLb B we›`y‡Z Gi IRb mg †K `ywU j¤^ Dcvs‡k wef³
Kiv hvq| GKwU mg cos hv m~Zvq Uvb m„wó K‡i mgZvq _vK‡e AciwU mg wPÎ 7.12
mg sin hv †`vjKwU‡K c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbevi Rb¨ ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e
(wPÎ 7.12)|
myZivs, cÖZ¨qbx ej,
F mg sin …… …….… … ……… ….… …… …… …… …… ........…(7.31)
†h‡nZz ej mi‡Yi wecixZgyLx ZvB FYvZœK wPý e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB cÖZ¨qbx e‡ji Rb¨ Z¡iY a n‡j,
F ma mg sin
ev, a g sin
Gi gvb Lye Kg n‡j A_©vr 4 n‡j Ges †K †iwWqvb †Kv‡Y cwigvc Kiv n‡j sin c †jLv hvq|
mij †`vjb MwZ 259
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
a g c
e„Ë Pvc AB
ev, e¨vmva© g OA
a g
x
ev, a g (†h‡nZz †KvY †QvU n‡j e„ËPvc I R¨v cÖvq mgvb nq|)
L
d 2x x
ev, 2
g
dt L
d 2x g
ev, x 0 ……… ……. ….…… …….… …… ….…… ……… .........…(7.32)
dt 2 L
d 2x
GwU GKwU mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY, KviY (7.32) bs mgxKiYwU mij †`vjb MwZi 2
2x 0
dt
mgxKiYwUi Abyiƒc|
myZivs mij †`vj‡Ki MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ|
mij †`vj‡Ki ch©vqKvj t
Avgiv Rvwb, mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY n‡jv,
d 2x
2 x 0 ……… ……… ……… ……… …… ........ ........... ............…(7.33)
dt 2
(7.32) bs mgxKi‡Yi mv‡_ (7.33) bs mgxKi‡Yi Zzjbv Ki‡j,
g
L
2 g
ev,
T L
T L
ev,
2 g
L
ev, T 2 …… ............ ............ ............ ............ ........ ...... …..… …… …... (7.34)
g
7.34 bs mgxKiYwU mij †`vj‡Ki ch©vqKv‡ji mgxKiY|
†h‡nZz evg c‡ÿi mKj ivwk aªæeK ‡m‡nZz ch©vqKvj T GKwU aªæe ivwk|
mij †`vj‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b g wbY©q t
L
(7.34) bs mgxKiY‡K eM© K‡i cvB, T 2 4 2
g
260 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
L Y
ev, g 4 2 …… …… ……… ……… …… ……(7.35)
T2
hLb, T = ch©vqKvj, g = AwfKl©R Z¡iY Ges L = Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨| (7.35) bs T 2
mgxKi‡Yi L Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ Ges T ch©vqKvj wbY©q K‡i g wbY©q Kiv hvq|
X
GKwU fvix ÿz`ª ee‡K k³ I miæ myZvi mvnv‡h¨ †eu‡a ÷¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ Szwj‡q w`‡q O L
†`vjK ˆZix K‡i ¯øvvBW K¨vwjcv‡m©i mvnv‡h¨ e‡ei e¨vm wbY©q K‡i e¨vmva© r †ei wPÎ 7.13
Kiv nq| wgUvi †¯‹‡ji mvnv‡h¨ e‡ei ûK mn myZvi ˆ`N©¨ l wbY©q Ki‡j †`vj‡Ki
Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ L = l + r cvIqv hvq| Gevi mij †`vjKwU‡K mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K Ggb fv‡e GK cv‡k¦© GKUz †U‡b
†Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e †hb †`vjKwU Aí we¯Ív‡i `yj‡Z _vK‡e Ges †KŠwYK we¯Ívi 4Gi Kg nq (4|hLb
†`vjKwU mylg MwZ‡Z _vK‡e ZLb _vgv Nwoi mvnv‡h¨ 20 ev 25 †`vj‡bi mgq wbY©q K‡i Zv‡K †`vjb msL¨v
w`‡q fvM K‡i †`vjbKvj T wbY©q nq|
myZvi ˆ`N¨© cwieZ©b K‡i †`vj‡Ki Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ cwieZ©b K‡i Ges cÖwZ Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ Rb¨ †`vjbKvj T wbY©q
L L
Kiv nq | cªwZwU Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨‡K ¯^ ¯^ †`vjbKv‡ji eM© w`‡q fvM K‡i cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î
2
†ei Kiv nq| 2 Gi
T T
L
Mo wbY©q K‡i GB gvb (7.35) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q g Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq| Z‡e L-T2 †jLwPÎ †_‡K 2
T
Gi gvb wbY©q KivB †kªq| †jL KvM‡Ri X A‡ÿ L Ges Y A‡ÿ T2 wb‡q cÖwZwU Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨i mv‡c‡ÿ T2 gvb
ewm‡q †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z nq| (7.35) bs mgxKi‡Y L Gi ¯’‡j x Ges T2 Gi ¯’‡j y emv‡j
x
g 4 2
y
4 2
ev, y x …… ………… …… ………… …… … ……… ......... …..……(7.36)
g
4 2
(7.36) bs mgxKiYwU y = mx + c Gi Abyiƒc| GLv‡b Xvj m Ges c = 0| myZivs (7.36) bs
g
mgxKiYwU GKwU mij †iLvi mgxKiY hv g~j we›`y w`‡q hv‡e| A_©vr mij †`vj‡Ki L T 2 ‡jLwPÎwU GKwU g~j
we›`yMvgx mij †iLv (wPÎ:7.13)| Gevi †jLwP‡Îi †Kv‡bv cQ›`bxq we›`y †_‡K X Ges Y A‡ÿ j¤^ Uvb‡j H
we›`yi mv‡c‡ÿ L Ges T2 Gi gvb cvIqv hv‡e| ‡jLwPÎ †_‡K L Ges T2 Gi gvb (7.35) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q g
Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq|
mij †`vj‡Ki m~Î Ges m~Î †_‡K ch©vqKv‡ji ivwkgvjv wbY©q t
Aí we¯Ív‡i Av‡›`wvjZ †Kv‡bv mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj PviwU m~Î †g‡b P‡j| weÁvbx M¨vwjwjI GB m~Î ¸‡jv
Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| m~θ‡jv wb‡¤œ †`qv n‡jv,
1g m~Î ev mgKvj m~Î t Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ Ges ¯’vb AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j 4 †KŠwYK we¯Ív‡ii g‡a¨ mKj mij †`vj‡Ki
†`vjbKvj aªæe _v‡K|
A_©vr, T k (hLb g Ges L AcwieZ©bxq Ges 4)
mij †`vjb MwZ 261
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
2q m~Î ev ˆ`‡N©¨i m~Î t ¯’vb AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j 4 ‡KŠwYK we¯Ív‡ii g‡a¨ mKj mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj Zvi
Kvh©Kix ˆ`‡N©¨i eM©g~‡ji mgvbycvwZK|
A_©vr, T L (hLb g AcwieZ©bxq Ges 4)
3q m~Î ev Z¡i‡Y m~Î t Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j 4 ‡KŠwYK we¯Ív‡ii g‡a¨ mKj mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj
H ¯’v‡bi AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi eM©g~‡ji e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK|
1
A_©vr, T (hLb L AcwieZ©bxq Ges 4)
g
4_© m~Î ev f‡ii m~Î t Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ Ges ¯’vb AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j 4 ‡KŠwYK we¯Ív‡ii g‡a¨ mKj mij †`vj‡Ki
†`vjbKvj e‡ei fi, AvK…wZ, ev Dcv`v‡bi Nb‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|
mij †`vj‡Ki 2q Ges 3q m~Î †_‡K cvB,
T L (hLb g AcwieZ©bxq Ges 4)
1
Ges T (hLb L AcwieZ©bxq Ges 4)
g
L
GKwÎZ Ki‡j, T
g
L
ev, T k GLv‡b, k GKwU mgvbycvwZK aªæeK|
g
†h ¯’v‡b g Gi gvb Rvbv wewfbœ Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ L wb‡q Zvi mv‡c‡ÿ T Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i Dc‡ii mgxKi‡Y emv‡j
†`Lv hvq k Gi gvb 2 Gi mgvb nq|
Dc‡ii mgxKi‡Y k Gi gvb emv‡j Avgiv cvB,
L
T 2 ……… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… .......... ……(7.37)
g
GUvB mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKv‡ji mgxKiY| GB mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ AwfKl©R Z¡iY g Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq|
7.5.3.4 mij †`vj‡Ki K‡qKwU e¨envi (Some Uses of a Simple Pemdulum) t
1| †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi D”PZv wbY©q t
Avgiv Rvwb, f~-c„‡ô AwfKl©R Z¡iY,
M
g G ……… ……… ………… ……… ……........ ............ ............. ......(7.38)
R2
c„w_exi c„ô †_‡K h D”PZvq A_©vr c„w_exi ‡K›`ª †_‡K (R+h) `~i‡Z¡ AwfKl©xq Z¡iY g n‡j,
M
g G
( R h) 2
262 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
g R h 2
myZivs,
g R2
g Rh
ev, …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… .....…(7.39)
g R
GLb GKwU wbw`©ó Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ L Gi mij †`vj‡Ki c„w _ex c„‡ô Ges c„w_exi c„ô †_‡K h D”PZvq ch©vqKvj
h_vµ‡g T Ges T n‡j, (7.37) bs mgxKiY †_‡K cvB,
L
T 2
g
L
Ges T 2
g
T g
ev, …… …… …… …… ……… …… ……… …… …… …… ……(7.40)
T g
(7.39) bs mgxKi‡Yi gvb (7.40) bs mgxKi‡Y emv‡j,
T R h h
1
T R R
h T
T T
ev, 1
R T T
R
ev, h T T …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… ….… ……(7.41)
T
R Gi gvb Rvbv _vK‡j Ges _vgvNwoi mvnv‡h¨ T Ges T wbY©q K‡i (7.41) bs mgxKi‡Y gvb ewm‡q h Gi gvb
cvIqv hvq|
2| Lwb M‡f©i MfxiZv wbY©q t
g‡b Kwi, GKwU e¯‘ f‚-c„ô ‡_‡K h MfxiZvq Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| G Ae¯’vq c„w_ex †K›`ª †_‡K (R-h) e¨vmva© wewkó
c„w_exi AvqZ‡bi fiUzKz gnvKlx©q e‡j Kvh©Ki n‡e| hw` R-h e¨vmva© wewkó c„w_exi fi M Ges H ¯’v‡bi
AwfKl©xq Z¡iY g nq Z‡e,
M
g' G 2
…… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… ............ …(7.42)
R h
R h e¨vmva© wewkó c„w_exi AvqZb,
4
V R h
3
3
hw` c„w_exi Mo NbZ¡ nq Z‡e (R-h) e¨vmva© wewkó c„w_exi fi,
4
M V ( R h )3
3
c„w_exi fi M Gi gvb (7.42) bs mgxKi‡Y emv‡j,
mij †`vjb MwZ 263
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
4
( R h)3
g' G 3 2
R h
4
ev, g' G ( R h ) …… ……… … …… …… …… …… …… …… ........…(7.43)
3
Avevi c„w_exi Mo NbZ¡ nq Z‡e c„w_exi fi,
4
M V R3
3
(7.38) bs mgxKi‡Y M Gi gvb emv‡j,
4
R3
g G 3 2
R
4
ev, g G R …… …… ……… ……… ……… ……… ……… …… .......(7.44)
3
(7.43) bs mgxKiY‡K (7.44) bs mgxKiY w`‡q fvM Ki‡j,
3
g' 4 G R h R h
g 3 R
GR
4
g' h
ev, 1 …… ……… ……… ……… ……… ……… ……… ......... ....…(7.45)
g R
GLb GKwU wbw`©ó Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ L Gi mij †`vj‡Ki c„w _ex c„‡ô Ges c„w_exi Af¨šÍ‡i h MfxiZvq ch©vqKvj
h_vµ‡g T Ges T' n‡j,
L
T 2
g
L
Ges T' 2
g'
T g'
ev,
T' g
T 2 g'
ev,
T' 2 g
GB mgxKi‡Y (7.45) bs mgxKi‡Yi gvb emv‡j,
T2 h
2
1
T' R
T2
ev, h 1 2 R …… ……… ……… ……… ……… ……… …… ....... ..…..(7.46)
T'
R Gi gvb Rvbv _vK‡j Ges _vgvNwoi mvnv‡h¨ T Ges T' wbY©q K‡i (7.46) bs mgxKi‡Y gvb ewm‡q MfxiZv h
Gi gvb cvIqv hvq|
264 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
3| †m‡KÛ †`vj‡Ki Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ wbY©q t
†h mij †`vj‡Ki ch©vqKvj 2s Zv‡K †m‡KÛ †`vjK e‡j|
Avgiv Rvwb, mij †`vj‡Ki ch©vqKv‡ji mgxKiY,
L
T 2
g
†m‡KÛ †`vj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î, T 2 emv‡j,
L
2 2
g
L
ev, 12
g
g g
ev, L 2
…… ……… ……… ……… …… …… …… ……… ...……(7.47)
9.87
myZivs, †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b g Gi gvb Rvbv _vK‡j (7.47) bs mgxKi‡Y gvb ewm‡q mij †`vj‡Ki Kvh©Kix ‰`N©¨ wbY©q
Kiv hvq|
4| c„w_exi fi wbY©q t
g‡b Kwi, c„w_exi fi M| c„w_ex‡K mylg R e¨vmv‡a©i †MvjK we‡ePbv Ki‡j Ges AwfKl©xR Z¡iY g n‡j,
M
g G
R2
gR 2
ev, M …… ……… …… …… …… …… …… …… ..…… …… ......…(7.48)
G
(7.37) bs mgxKiY †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb, Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ L Gi mij †`vj‡Ki ch©vqKvj,
L
T 2
g
L
ev, g 4 2 2
T
(7.48) bs mgxKi‡Y g Gi gvb emv‡j,
4 2 R 2 L
M 2 …… ……… ……… …… …… …… …… …… ........ …(7.49)
G T
G Ges R Gi Avmbœ gvb h_vµ‡g 6.710-11N m2 kg -2 Ges 6.4106 m
(7.49) bs mgxKi‡Y Avmbœ gvb emv‡j,
4 9.87 (6.4 106 ) 2 L
M 2
6.7 10 11 T
L
M 3.049 10 24 2 …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… .....…(7.50)
T
L
myZivs 2 Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i D³ (7.50) mgxKi‡Y gvb ewm‡q c„w_exi fi wbY©q Kiv hvq|
T
mij †`vjb MwZ 265
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.15 : GKwU mij †`vj‡Ki ˆ`N©¨ 21% e„w× †c‡j Zvi ch©vqKvj kZKiv KZ e„w× cv‡e?
mgvavb : g‡b Kwi, mij †`vj‡Ki Avw` ˆ`N©¨ L |
21
cÖkœvbymv‡i,mij †`vj‡Ki Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ L - Gi e„w× = L 0.21L
100
Zvn‡j ewa©©Z Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ L' L 0.21L 1.21L †`qv Av‡Q,
mij †`vj‡Ki Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ e„w×=21%
Avgiv Rvwb, T L ch©vqKv‡ji kZKiv e„w× = ?
hw`, Avw` I ewa©©Z Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨i ch©vqKvj h_vµ‡g T I T' nq Z‡e,
T L
T L
T 1.21L
gvb emv‡j, 1.21 1.1
T L
ev, T 1.1T
1
AZGe, ch©vqKvj e„w× T T 1.1T T 0.1T T
10
1
ch©vqKv‡ji kZKiv e„w×, T 100% T 10%
10
DËi: ch©vq Kvj 10% e„w× cv‡e|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.16 : P›`ª c„‡ô GKwU mij †`vj‡Ki ˆ`N©¨ KZ n‡e hw` Zvi ch©vqKvj c„w_ex c„‡ô GKwU mij
†`vj‡Ki ch©vqKv‡ji mgvb nq? (c„w_exi fi P‡›`ªi f‡ii 80 ¸Y Ges c„w_exi e¨vmva© P‡›`ªi e¨vmv‡a©i 4 ¸Y
†ewk|)
M
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, g G
R2
Me
c„w_ex c„‡ô AwfKl©R Z¡iY ge G
Re2
†`qv Av‡Q,
M
P›`ª c„‡ô AwfKl©R Z¡iY g m G 2m Me
Rm 80
2
Mm
g M R2 M R 1
myZivs, e e m2 e m 80 5 Re
4
g m M m Re M m Re 4 Rm
L Te Tm
Avevi Avgiv Rvwb, T 2
g L ?
Le
c„w_ex c„‡ô ch©vq Kvj, Te 2
ge
Lm
P›`ª c„‡ô ch©vq Kvj, Tm 2
gm
Le L
AZGe, cÖkœvbymv‡i 2 2 m
ge gm
266 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
Le Lm
ev,
ge gm
Le g e
ev, 5
Lm g m
L
ev, Lm e
5
DËi: P›`ª c„‡ô I c„w_ex c„‡ô GKB ch©vq Kvj wewkó mij †`vj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î P›`ª c„‡ôi Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ c„w_ex c„‡ôi
1
Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨i ¸Y n‡e|
5
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.17 : 1.8 s Ges 2 s ch©vqKvj wewkó `ywU †`vjK‡K GKm‡½ †`vjv‡bv nj| KZ †m‡KÛ c‡i
`ªæZZi †`vjK AciwU A‡cÿv GKwU c~Y©‡`vjb †ewk m¤úbœ Ki‡e? †mB mg‡qi g‡a¨ `ªæZZi †`vjKwU †gvU KqwU
c~Y©‡`vjb m¤úbœ Ki‡e?
mgvavb : g‡b Kwi t †m‡KÛ ci `ªæZZi †`vjKwU GKwU c~~Y© †`vjb †ekx †`q| †`qv Av‡Q,
t
T1=1.8 s
Zvn‡j t †m‡KÛ mg‡q 1.8 s ch©vqKvj m¤úbœ †`vjKwUi †`vjb msL¨v T2=2 s
1 .8
t?
t
Ges t †m‡KÛ mg‡q 2 s ch©vqKvj m¤úbœ †`vjKwUi †`vjb msL¨v n?
2
t t
myZivs, cÖkœvbymv‡i, 1
1 .8 2
2t 1.8t
ev, 1
3 .6
ev, 0.2t 3.6
ev, t =18 s
18
Avevi, 18 †m‡K‡Û 1.8 s ch©¨vq Kvj m¤úbœ †`vjKwU †`vjb †`q 10 wU|
1 .8
DËi: 18 †m‡KÛ ci `ªæZZi †`vjKwU GKwU ‡ekx c~Y©‡`vjb m¤úbœ Ki‡e Ges BwZ g‡a¨ 10wU †`vjb m¤úbœ
Ki‡e|
MvwYwZK D`vniY 7.18 : GKwU m ÿz`ª †MvjK‡K †Uwe‡j ivLv R eµZv e¨vmv‡a©i cv‡Î AeZj c„‡ô ivLv n‡jv
†MvjKwU‡K Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K mvgvb¨ mwi‡q †Q‡o †`Iqv nj| hw` †Mvj‡Ki miY AeZj c„‡ôi eµZv
e¨vmv‡a©i Zzjbvq AwZ ÿz`ª nq Z‡e †`Lvb †h †MvjKwU mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ K‡i (ZjwU‡K Nl©Ynxb we‡ePbv
Kiæb)|
mgvavb : m fi wewkó ÿz`ª †MvjKwU‡K Zvi mvg¨ve¯’vb A †_‡K mvgvb¨ mwi‡q †Q‡o †`Iqv n‡jv| GKwU wbw`©ó
gyn~‡Z© †MvjKwU B Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Q Ges AeZj c„‡ôi eµZv †K›`ª O| AO = R n‡jv cv‡Îi e¨vmva© Ges GLv‡b
†`vj‡Ki Kvh©Kix ˆ`‡N©¨i b¨vq KvR Ki‡Q| Ges AOB = (aiv hvK)|
B we›`y‡Z †Mvj‡Ki IRb mg ‡K `ywU j¤^ Dcvs‡k wefvwRZ Kiv hvq| GKwU mg cos AeZj c„‡ôi m‡½
j¤^fv‡e wµqv K‡i| AciwU mg sin AeZj c„‡ôi ¯úk©K eivei wµqv K‡i|
mg cos Dcvsk ejwU AeZj c„‡ôi j¤^ cÖwZwµqv ej T -†K cÖkwgZ K‡i Ges mg sin DcvskwU
†MvjKwU‡K mvg¨ve¯’v‡b Avb‡Z †Póv K‡i|
mij †`vjb MwZ 267
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
d 2x
AZGe, m mg sin [FYvZ¥K wPý †`Iqv n‡jv KviY miY I ej wecixZgyLx]
dt 2 O
2
d x
ev, g [ Lye ÿz`ª e‡j sin ]
dt 2 T
d 2x x d 2x g R
ev, 2 g ev, 2 x 0 x B
dt R dt R
2 mg sin
d x g
ev, 2 2 x 0 [ GLv‡b, 2 ] A mg cos
dt R
AZGe, m fi wewkó ÿz`ª †MvjKwU mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ Ki‡Q| (cÖgvwYZ) wPÎ-7.14
mvi-ms‡ÿc :
m
w¯úªs Gi mij †`vjb MwZi ch©vq Kvj, T 2 | GB †`vjbKvj AwfKl© Z¡i‡Yi Dci wbf©kxj bq|
k
mij †`vjK t GKwU `xN©, fvinxb I Am¤úªmviYkxj my‡Zvi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU `„p Aej¤^b †_‡K GKwU †QvU
fvix e¯‘‡K Szwj‡q hw` gy³fv‡e †`vjv‡bv m¤¢e nq Z‡e m~Zvmn eewU‡K mij †`vjK ejv nq|
Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ t Avj¤^ we›`y †_‡K e‡ei fvi‡K›`ª ch©šÍ `~iZ¡‡K †`vj‡Ki Kvh©Ki ˆ`N©¨ e‡j| r e¨vmv‡a©i
†MvjKvK…wZ e‡ei fvi‡K›`ªwU e‡ei †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z nq; d‡j my‡Zvi ˆ`N©¨ l n‡j,
†`vj‡Ki Kvh©Kix ‰`N©¨ = myZvi ˆ`N©¨ + e‡ei e¨vmva©| A_v©r, L l r |
†`vjb Zj t myZvmn eewU †h Z‡j `yj‡Z _v‡K Zv‡K †`vjb Zj e‡j|
we¯Ívi t mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv w`‡K e‡ei me©vwaK miY‡K we¯Ívi ejv nq|
†KŠwYK we¯Ívi t e‡ei mvg¨ve¯’vb I me©vwaK mi‡Yi Ae¯’vb j¤^b we›`y‡Z †h †KvY Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K
†`vj‡Ki †KŠwYK we¯Ívi ejv nq|
ch©vq Kvj t GKevi c~Y© †`vjb w`‡Z †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K ‡`vjb Kvj e‡j|
K¤úv¼ t †Kv‡bv K¤úgvb e¯‘ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û hZevi K¤úb ev †`vjb ev cybive„wË NUvq Zv‡K K¤úv¼ e‡j|
L
mij †`vj‡Ki mij †`vjb MwZi ch©vq Kvj, T 2
g
mij †`vj‡Ki m~Î t
1g m~Î ev mgKvj m~Î t Kvh©Kix ˆ`N© ¨ Ges ¯’vb AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j 4 ‡KŠwYK we¯Ív‡ii g‡a¨ mKj mij
†`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj aªæe _v‡K|
2q m~Î ev ˆ`‡N©¨i m~Î t ¯’vb AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j 4 ‡KŠwYK we¯Ív‡ii g‡a¨ mKj mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj
Zvi Kvh©Kix ˆ`‡N©¨ eM©g~‡ji mgvbycvwZK| A_v©r, T L
3q m~Î ev Z¡i‡Y m~Î t Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j 4 ‡KŠwYK we¯Ív‡ii g‡a¨ mKj mij †`vj‡Ki
1
†`vjbKvj H ¯’v‡bi AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi eM©g~‡ji e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK| A_v©r, T
g
4_© m~Î ev f‡ii m~Î t Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ Ges ¯’vb AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡j 4 †KŠwYK we¯Ív‡ii g‡a¨ mKj mij
†`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj e‡ei fi, AvK…wZ ev Dcv`v‡bi Nb‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i bv|
268 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.5
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ:
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. 100 Nm-1 w¯cÖs aªæeK wewkó GKwU w¯cÖs Gi ˆ`N©¨ 0.01 m e„w× Ki‡Z KZ ej cÖ‡qvRb?
K. 1 N L. 2 N M. 10 N N. 100 N
2. `ywU wfbœ w¯cÖs aªæeK wewkó w¯cÖs Gi †Lvjv cÖv‡šÍ mgvb gv‡bi fi Pvcv‡j G‡`i ch©vq Kv‡j AbycvZ KZ n‡e?
T1 k1 T1 k 2 T1 k T1 k
K. L. M. 1 N. 2
T2 k 2 T2 k1 T2 k2 T2 k1
3. ch©vqKvj wظY Ki‡Z n‡j mij †`vj‡Ki Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ KZ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e?
K. wظY L. Pvi¸Y M. A‡a©K N. GK PZz_©vsk
4. †h ¯’v‡b g = 9.8 ms-2 †mLv‡b GKwU †m‡KÛ ‡`vj‡Ki ch©vq Kvj n‡e-
K. 9.8 m L. 0.993 m M. 1 m N. 1.993 m
5. L T 2 †jLwP‡Îi cÖK…wZ wKiƒc?
K. e„Ë L. mij †iLv M. g~j we›`yMvgx mij †iLv N. Awae„Ë
6. GKwU mij †`vjK Ges GKwU w¯cÖs †`vj‡Ki ch©vq Kvj 2 sec | G‡`i c„w_exi †K‡›`ª wb‡q †M‡j G‡`i ch©vq
Kvj n‡e-
mij †`vj‡Ki w¯cÖs-Gi
ch©vq Kvj ch©vq Kvj
K. 2s 2s
L. 0s 0s
M.
N. 2s
7. GKwU w¯cÖs-G 5 kg fi Szjv‡bv n‡jv| G‡Z ˆ`N©¨ 20 cm e„w× ‡cj| w¯cÖs aªæe‡Ki gvb n‡”Q-
K. 24.5 N/m L. 245 N/m M. 250 N/m N. 2450 N/m
8. Puv‡` mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKvj c„w_exi Zzjbvq †Kgb n‡e?
K. †ewk n‡e L. Kg n‡e M. mgvb n‡e N. A‡a©K n‡e
9. GKwU mij †`vj‡Ki ˆ`N©¨ 1% e„w× Ki‡j Gi †`vjbKvj?
K. 1% e„w× cv‡e L. 0.5% e„w× cv‡e M. 0.5% n«vm cv‡e N. 2% e„w× cv‡e
10. †Kvb mij Qw›`Z ¯ú›`b MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi we¯Ívi 3 cm Gi m‡e©v”P †eM 6.24 cms-1 n‡j, KYvwUi ch©vqKvj
KZ?
K. 310-2 s L. 0.21 s M. 3 s N. 0 (k~b¨)
mij †`vjb MwZ 269
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-7.6 e¨envwiK -6 GKwU w¯úªs Gi w¯úªs aªæeK wbY©q
Determination of Spring Constant of a Spring
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Dj¤^ w¯cÖs-Gi †`vjb cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Dj¤^ w¯cÖs-Gi w¯cÖs aªæeK cwigvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Dj¤^ w¯cÖs-Gi Dci Pvcv‡bv f‡ii cwieZ©‡b w¯cÖs-Gi wKiƒc weK…wZ nq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cixÿ‡Yi bvgt GKwU w¯úªs Gi w¯úªs aªæeK wbY©q (Determination of Spring
Constant of a Spring)t
ZË¡: w¯’wZ¯’vcK mxgvi g‡a¨ GKwU w¯cÖs‡K GKK cwigvY e„w× Ki‡Z †h cwigvY ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K
H w¯cÖs‡qi ej ev w¯úªs aªæeK e‡j|
GKwU w¯cÖs‡qi GK cÖvšÍ †Kv‡bv `„p Aej¤^b †_‡K Szwj‡q Aci cÖv‡šÍ GKwU m f‡ii e¯‘
Szwj‡q wb‡Pi w`‡K mgvb¨ †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j Zv miY †`vj‡Ki b¨vq Dci-wb‡P `yj‡Z _v‡K
(wPÎ: 7.15)| w¯cÖswUi w¯cÖs aªæeK k n‡j Gi †`vjbKvj-
m
T 2
k
m
ev, T 2 4 2
k
2 m
k 4 ……… …… ……… ………… ………(7.51)
T2
m
GLb wewfbœ fi m Gi Rb¨ †`vjbKvj T wbY©q K‡i cÖwZ m f‡ii Rb¨ wbY©q K‡i
T2
m
Gi Mo (7.51) mgxKi‡Y emv‡j k Gi gvb cvIqv hv‡e| ZvQvov cªwZ Pvcv‡bv f‡ii
T2 wPÎ 7.15
Rb¨ cÖvß T 2 gvb wb‡q m T 2 †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiv n‡j †jLwPÎwU g~j we›`yMvgx GKwU
mij †iLv n‡e| †jLwPÎ †_‡K m Gi †h‡Kv‡bv gv‡bi Rb¨ Abymw½K T 2 Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i (7.51) bs
mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q H w¯cÖs‡qi w¯cÖs aªæeK k wbY©q Kiv hvq|
hš¿cvwZ t
GKwU nvjKv w¯cÖs, K‡qKwU Rvbv fi, GKwU _vgv Nwo BZ¨vw`|
Kv‡Ri aviv t
1| cÖ_‡g cixÿvaxb w¯cÖs‡qi GK cÖvšÍ †Kv‡bv `„p Aej¤^b †_‡K †eu‡a Szwj‡q w`‡q Aci cÖv‡šÍ GKwU IRb
aviK hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| cixÿvi Rb¨ Pvcv‡bv fi¸‡jv †QvU n‡Z ïiæ K‡i mg¯Í fi¸‡jv IRb avi‡K Pvcv‡jI †hb w¯cÖswU
w¯’wZ¯’vcK mxgv AwZµg bv K‡i|
270 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
3| GLb IRb avi‡K GKwU m fi Pvwc‡q cixÿvaxb w¯cÖswU w¯’wZ Ae¯’vq Avm‡j fiwU‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K
mvgvb¨ †U‡b †Q‡o †`qv nq, G‡Z fiwU Dci-bxP mij ‡`vj‡Ki b¨vq †`vj †L‡Z _vK‡e|
4| †`vjvqgvb Ae¯’vq fiwU †h †Kv‡bv GK cÖv‡šÍ G‡j _vgv Nwo Pvjy K‡i 20wU c~Y© †`vj‡bi mgq wbY©q
Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| GKB Pvcv‡bv f‡ii Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ wZbevi 20wU c~Y© †`vj‡bi mgq wb‡q Zvi Mo mgq wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
G Mo mgq‡K 20 w`‡q fvM K‡i m f‡ii Rb¨ †`vjbKvj T wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| IRb avi‡Ki Dci Av‡iv GKwU m fi Pvwc‡q GKB c×wZ‡Z †`vjbKvj T wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| GB fv‡e GK GK K‡i me fi¸‡jv IRb avi‡Ki Y
Dci Pvwc‡q GKB c×wZ‡Z cÖwZev‡ii Rb¨
†`vjbKvj T wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
m m
8| cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î 2
†ei K‡i Mo 2 wbY©q Kiv nq Ges
†`vjb Kv‡ji eM©, T2 (s2)
T T N
(7.51) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q w¯cÖs‡qi w¯cÖs aªæeK k P
wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
9| m †K X A‡ÿ Ges T 2 †K Y A‡ÿ ewm‡q †jLwPÎ
A¼b Kiv n‡j g~j we›`yMvgx GKwU mij †iLv cvIqv
hvq (wPÎ-7.16)| G mij †iLvi Dci QK KvM‡Ri
†Kv‡bv ÿz`ª eM©vKvi N‡ii †KŠwYK we›`y w`‡q hvq Ggb
†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU we›`y P wb‡q P †_‡K fzR I KwUi M
X
Dci h_vµ‡g PM I PN j¤^ Uvbv nq| †jLwPÎ †_‡K O
Szjv‡bv fi, m (kg)
fi m = OM Gi Rb¨ T 2 = ON Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv
nq Ges (7.51) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q w¯cÖs‡qi w¯cÖs wPÎ 7.16
aªæeK k wbY©q Kiv nq|
m
wbY©‡qi QK
T2
w¯cÖs‡q 20 †`vj‡bi mgq †`vjbKvj m m
cvV msL¨v
Szjv‡bv T2 Mo
t(s) t T2 T2
T=
fi, m (i) (ii) (iii) Mo 20
kg s s2 Nm–1 Nm–1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
mij †`vjb MwZ 271
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
wnmve t cixÿYxq w¯cÖs‡qi w¯cÖs aªæeK
m m
(K) 2
Gi Mo gvb †_‡K, k = 4 2 2 = ................ N m–1
T T
m
(L) †jLwPÎ †_‡K, k = 4 2 2 = ................ N m–1
T
djvdj t
m
(K) Gi Mo gvb †_‡K cÖvß w¯cÖs‡qi ej aªæeK, k = .................. N m–1
T2
(L) †jLwPÎ †_‡K cÖvß w¯cÖs‡qi ej aªæeK, k = ................... N m–1
mZK©Zv t
1| Pvcv‡bv fi Ggb †bqv n‡jv †hb KL‡bvB Zv w¯cÖs‡qi w¯’wZ¯’vcK mxgv AwZµg bv K‡i|
2| GKB we›`y †_‡K †`vj‡bi msL¨v MYbv n‡jv hv‡Z T Gi gvb fyj bv nq|
3| †`vjvi mgq Pvcv‡bv fiwU hv‡Z Gw`K Iw`K †`vj bv Lvq †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv n‡jv|
4| cÖ ‡Z¨K Pvcv‡bv f‡ii Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ wZbevi K‡i 20 †`vj‡bi mgq wb‡q Mo †`vjbKvj wbY©q Kiv n‡jv|
272 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
e¨envwiK -6 GKwU w¯úªs‡K †`vjK wnmv‡e e¨envi K‡i `ywU f‡ii
cvV-7.7
Zzjbv
Determination of the Ratio of Two Masses Using Spring as a Pendulum
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
Dj¤^ w¯cÖs-Gi †`vjb cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Dj¤^ w¯cÖs-G Pvcv‡bv f‡ii cwieZ©‡b Gi ch©vqKv‡ji cwieZ©b e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Dj¤^ w¯cÖs-Gi Dci Pvcv‡bv f‡ii cwieZ©‡b w¯cÖs-Gi weK…wZ cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ZË¡: GKwU w¯cÖs‡qi GK cÖvšÍ †Kv‡bv `„p Aej¤^b †_‡K Szwj‡q Aci cÖv‡šÍ m f‡ii GKwU e¯‘ Szwj‡q
wb‡Pi w`‡K mgvb¨ †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j Zv Dci-bxP `yj‡Z _v‡K| w¯cÖswUi w¯cÖs aªæeK k n‡j Gi
†`vjbKvj-
m
T 2
k
myZivs m1 I m2 f‡ii Rb¨ †`vjbKvj h_vµ‡g T1 I T2 n‡j Avgiv cvB,
m1
T1 2 I T2 2 m2
k k
T1 m1
myZivs,
T2 m2
2 wPÎ-7.21
m1 T1
ev,
m2 T2 2
m1 : m2 = T12 : T22 ……… …… …… …… ……… ……… ……… .......(7.52)
GLb cixÿvi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ f‡ii Rb¨ †`vjbKvj wbY©q K‡i (7.52) bs mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡`i f‡ii Zzjbv
Kiv hvq|
hš¿cvwZ: `ywU wbw`©ó f‡ii e¯‘, w¯cÖs, _vgv Nwo BZ¨w`|
Kv‡Ri aviv:
1| cÖ_‡g cixÿvaxb w¯cÖs‡qi GK cÖvšÍ †Kv‡bv `„p Aej¤^b †_‡K †eu‡a Szwj‡q w`‡q Aci cÖv‡šÍ GKwU IRb
aviK hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| cixÿvi Rb¨ Pvcv‡bv fi¸‡jv †QvU n‡Z n‡e †hb mg¯Í fi¸‡jv IRb avi‡K Pvcv‡jI w¯cÖswU w¯’wZ¯’vcK
mxgv AwZµg bv K‡i|
3| IRb avi‡K m1 f‡ii e¯‘wU Pvcv‡Z n‡e|
4| GLb fiwU‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K mvgvb¨ †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j fiwU Dci-bxP mij ‡`vj‡Ki b¨vq `yj‡Z _vK‡e|
5| fiwU †h †Kv‡bv GK cÖv‡šÍ G‡j _vgv Nwo Pvjy K‡i 20wU c~Y© †`vj‡bi mgq wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
mij †`vjb MwZ 273
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
6| GKB Pvcv‡bv f‡ii Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ wZbevi 20wU c~Y© †`vj‡bi mgq wb‡q Zvi Mo mgq wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
G Mo mgq‡K 20 w`‡q fvM K‡i m1 f‡ii Rb¨ †`vjbKvj T1 wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| GKB c×wZ‡Z m2 f‡ii Rb¨ †`vjbKvj T2 wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e |
8| (7.52) bs mgxKi‡Y T1 I T2 Gi gvb ewm‡q m1 : m2 wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e |
f‡ii AbycvZ wbY©‡qi QK
20 †`vj‡bi 20 †`vj‡bi †`vjbKvj
cvV msL¨v
e¯‘i fi, mgq mg‡qi Mo t T2 m1 : m2
T =
t t 20
kg s s s s2
1.
m1 2. T 12 =
3.
T 12 : T 22
1.
m2 2. T 22 =
3.
wnmve :
cixÿYxq e¯‘؇qi f‡ii AbycvZ, m1 : m2 = T 12 : T 22 = . . . . . . . . .
djvdj :
cixÿYxq e¯‘؇qi f‡ii AbycvZ, m1 : m2 = . . . . . . . . .
mZK©Zv :
1. Ggb fi Szjv‡bv nq †hb KL‡bvB Zv w¯cÖs‡qi w¯’wZ¯’vcK mxgv AwZµg bv K‡i|
2. †`vj‡bi msL¨v mwVKfv‡e MYbv n‡jv hv‡Z T Gi gvb fyj bv nq|
3. †`vjvi mgq Szjv‡bv fiwU hv‡Z Gw`K Iw`K †`vj bv Lvq †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv n‡jv|
4. cÖ‡Z¨K f‡ii Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ wZbevi K‡i 20 †`vj‡bi mgq wb‡q Mo †`vjbKvj wbY©q Kiv n‡jv|
274 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
K. eû wbe©vPwb cÖkœt
1. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ †KvbwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq-
K. cÖZ¨vqbx ej L. RoZv M. w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv N. gnvKl©
2. GKwU mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi mi‡Yi mv‡c‡ÿ †e‡Mi `kv cv_©K¨-
K. L. M. 0 N.
2 2
3. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi t mg‡q miY y 2sin 0.05t 0.09 w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv n‡j KYvwUi K¤úv¼
KZ?
0 .05 0.09
K. 2 0.05 L. M. 2 0.09 N.
2 2
4. y 5sin t mgxKiYwU GKwU KYvi mij †`vjb MwZ wb‡`©k K‡i| GB MwZi K¤úv¼ n‡e
4
1 2
K. L. M. N.
2
5. GKwU KYvi mij †`vjb MwZi mgxKiY x 10 sin t n‡j Gi Avw` `kv n‡e-
3 12
K. t L. M. N. 10
3 12 12 12
6. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi K¤úvsK f n‡j H KYvi MwZkw³i K¤úv¼-
f
K. L. f M. 2 f N. 4 f
2
7. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYv A we¯Ív‡i `yj‡Q| KYvwUi †eM m‡e©v”P n‡e hLb Gi miY
A A
K. x 0 L. x M. x N. x A
2 2
8. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi we¯Ívi A | ‡Kvb Ae¯’v‡b Gi w¯’wZkw³ MwZkw³ mgvb n‡e?
A A
K. x 0 L. x M. x N. x A
2 2
T
9. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYv A we¯Ív‡i Ges T †m‡KÛ ch©vq Kvj wb‡q `yj‡Q| †m‡KÛ ci mvg¨ve¯’vb
8
†_‡K KYvwUi miY
A A A A
K. x L. x M. x N. x
2 2 2 4 2
10. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi we¯Ívi 2 mm Ges m‡e©v”P MwZ‡eM 4.4 ms-1 | KYvwUi ch©vq Kvj
K. 0.01 s L. 0.1 s M. 1 s N. 10 s
11. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYv mgxKiY y a sin t b cos t n‡j Gi we¯Ívi KZ?
K. a L. b M. a b N. a 2 b2
mij †`vjb MwZ 275
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
12. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYv mgxKiY y a b cos t n‡j Gi we¯Ívi KZ?
K. a L. b M. a b N. a 2 b 2
13. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi miY hLb we¯Ív‡ii A‡a©K ZLb Zvi MwZkw³ KYvi †gvU kw³i KZ Ask?
3 3 2 2
K. L. M. N.
4 5 7 9
14. k ej aªæeK m¤úbœ GKwU w¯cÖs-G T Uvb cª‡qvM Kivq x cwigvb ˆ`N©¨ cÖmvwiZ n‡j mwÂZ w¯’wZkw³i
cwigvb-
T2 T2 2k 2T 2
K. L. M. N.
2K 2x T2 K
15. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi K¤úv¼ 100 Hz n‡j Gi ch©vq Kvj n‡e-
K. 10-1 s L. 10-2 s M. 10-3 s N. 10-3 s
16. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi K¤úv¼ 200 Hz Ges we¯Ívi 0.1 cm n‡j Gi m‡e©v”P †eM-
K. 0.1 ms1 L. 0.4 ms1 M. 4 ms1 N. 40 ms1
17. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi †eM m‡e©v”P n‡e hLb miY -
A A
K. x 0 L. x M. x N. x A
2 2
18. GKwU duvcv avZe †MvjK myZv w`‡q Szuwj‡q GKwU mij †`vjK ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv| GB †Mvj‡Ki g‡a¨ cvwb c~Y©
K‡i wb‡P GKwU †QvU wQ`ª K‡i †`qv n‡jv| GB Ae¯’vq Aí we¯Ív‡i `ywj‡q w`‡j ch©vq Kvj wKiƒc n‡e?
K. ch©vq Kvj AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e L. ch©vq Kvj cÖ_‡g evo‡e c‡i Kg‡e
M. ch©vq Kvj cÖ_‡g Kg‡e c‡i evo‡e N. ch©vq Kvj f‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i bv
DÏxcKwU co–b Ges wb‡Pi 19, 20 I 21 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
GKwU L Kvh©Kix ˆ`N©¨ wewkó miY †`vjK‡K wjd&‡Ui wmwjs‡q Szjv‡bv Av‡Q| Gi ch©vq Kvj KZ n‡e hLb-
19. hLb wjd&wU a Z¡i‡Y Dc‡i DV‡Q|
L L
K. T 2 L. T 2
g ga
L L
M. T 2 N. T 2
ga g a2
2
20. hLb wjd&wU a Z¡i‡Y wb‡P bvg‡Q|
L L
K. T 2 L. T 2
g ga
L L
M. T 2 N. T 2
ga g 2 a2
21. hLb wjd&wU mg‡e‡M wb‡P bvg‡Q|
L L
K. T 2 L. T 2
g ga
L L
M. T 2 N. T 2
ga g a2
2
276 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
22. GKwU KYv x1 I x2 `ywU we›`yi g‡a¨ mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ Ki‡Q| wb‡Pi †KvbwU Gi MwZkw³i †jLwPÎ?
EP EP EP EP
K. L. M. N.
x1 O x2 x1 O x2 x1 O x2 x1 O x2
L. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t
1. 0.15 kg f‡ii GKwU e¯‘ mij †iLv eivei| e¯‘wUi Dci wµhvkxj ej Ges c~Y© †`vj‡bi miY †jLwP‡Î
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv| F
3
2
1
x
-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
K. we¯Ívi Kv‡K e‡j?
L. †jLwPÎwU wK mij †`vjb MwZ wb‡`©k K‡i? Avcbvi Dˇii ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|
M. †jLwU †_‡K e¯‘wUi †KŠwYK K¤úv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
N. †jLwUi Xvj †_‡K e¯‘wUi m‡e©v”P MwZkw³ wbY©q Kiv hvq wKbv hvPvB Kiæb|
2. †Kv‡bv KYvi 0.05 m we¯Ívi Ges 3.14 s ch©vq Kvj wb‡q x P sin Qt mgxKiY Abymv‡i `yj‡Q|
KYvwUi wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b Z¡i‡Y cixÿvjä gvb wb‡P †`qv n‡jv|
Z¡iY a ms2 16 8 0 -8 16
miY x m -4 -2 0 2 4
K. mij †`vjb MwZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. Z¡iY ebvg mi‡Yi †jLwPÎ wKiƒc? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M. cÖ`Ë mgxKi‡Yi P I Q Gi gvb wbY©q Kiæb| 3
N. cÖ`Ë QK †_‡K Z¡iY ebvg mi‡Yi †jLwPÎ AsKY K‡i DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë ch©vq Kv‡j gvb mwVK n‡q‡Q wKbv
hvPvB Kiæb| 4
3. m f‡ii GKwU KYv MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ| KYvwUi mvg¨ve¯’vb †_‡K x1 I x2 `~‡i ‡eM h_vµ‡g v1 I v2 |
K. Avw` `kv ej‡Z wK eySvq? 1
L. Òme mij †`vjb MwZB ch©ve„Ë MwZ, wKš‘ me ch©ve„Ë MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ bqÓ| Dw³wU e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M. KYvwUi ch©vq Kvj wbY©q Kiæb| 3
N. cÖ`Ë DcvË †_‡K Avcwb wKfv‡e KYvwUi †gvU kw³ wbY©q Ki‡eb Zv MvwYwZK fv‡e we‡kølY Kiæb| 4
4. m f‡ii GKwU e¯‘‡K bMb¨ f‡ii GKwU w¯úªs‡qi mv‡_ Szwj‡q w`‡j 2 s ch©vq Kvj wewkó mij †`vjb MwZ‡Z
`yj‡Z _v‡K| Gi fi 2 kg e„w× Ki‡j ch©vq Kvj 1 s e„w× cvq|
K. ch©vq Kvj Kv‡K e‡j? 1
L. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ †Kv‡bv KYvi †h Ae¯’v‡b MwZkw³ m‡e©v”P †m Ae¯’v‡b w¯’wZkw³ me©wb¤œ nq †Kb
e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M. m f‡ii gvb wbY©q Kiæb| 3
N. f‡ii cwieZ©‡bi d‡j e¯‘wUi †gvU kw³i wKiƒc cwieZ©b NU‡e Zv MvwYwZK fv‡e we‡kølY Kiæb| 4
mij †`vjb MwZ 277
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
5. c„w_exi welye AÂj I †giæ A‡j Awfl©R Z¡iY h_vµ‡g 9.78 ms-2 Ges 9.83 ms-2| GKRb QvÎ cixÿ‡Yi
Rb¨ GKwU mij †`vjK I GKwU w¯cÖs †`vjK wb‡q welye AÂj †_‡K †giæ A‡j †Mj| welye A‡j Dfq
†`vj‡Ki ch©vq Kvj 2 †m‡KÛ| finxb w¯cÖs-Gi ˆ`N©¨ 30 cm Ges Gi mv‡_ 0.1 kg fi hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| fi
hy³ Ae¯’vq welye A‡j Gi ˆ`N©¨ nq 39.78 cm Ges †giæ A‡j 39.83 cm| Zv‡`i cÖvß cixÿ‡Y †`Lv †Mj
†h w¯cÖs †`vj‡Ki ch©vqKvj AcwiewZ©Z Av‡Q Ges mij †`vj‡Ki ch©vqKvj cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|
K. †m‡KÛ †`vjK Kv‡K e‡j? 1
k
L. GKwU †m‡KÛ w¯cÖs ‡`vj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î 2 e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
m
M. mij †`vj‡Ki ‰`N©¨ KZUzKz cwieZ©b Ki‡j †giæ A‡j Avevi †m‡KÛ †`vj‡Ki gZ AvPiY Ki‡e †ei
Kiæb| 3
N. w¯cÖs †`vj‡Ki ch©vqKvj AcwiewZ©Z _vKvi Ges ˆ`N©¨ cwieZ©‡bi KviY hyw³ mn we‡kølY Kiæb| 4
M. mswÿß DËi cÖkœ t
1. †Kv‡bv mij †`vjb MwZi †`vjbKvj 2 s, K¤úv¼ KZ, wjLyb|
2. †Kv‡bv mij †`vjb MwZi K¤úv¼ 200 Hz n‡j †`vjbKvj KZ, wjLyb|
3. `kv kã w`‡q wK †evSv‡bv nq, wjLyb|
4. K¤úb I K¤úv‡¼i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK, wjLyb|
5. Puv` c„w_exi Pvwiw`‡K AveZ©b Ki‡Q| GB MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ wK bv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6. F kx mgxKi‡Y FYvZ¥K wP‡ýi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
d2x
7. 2
2 x 0 mgxKi‡Yi cÖwZwU ivwk e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
dt
8. KYvi †eM, v A2 x 2 mgxKiY w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv n‡j cÖgvY Kiæb †h KYvwUi MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ|
9. GKwU mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi mgq-miY †jL A¼b Kiæb|
10. GKwU mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi we¯Ívi A KYvi MwZ c‡_i †Kvb †Kvb we›`y‡Z †eM,I Z¡iY me©vwaK?
Avcbvi DËi e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
A
11. GKwU mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi we¯Ívi A Ges K¤úv¼ f | KYvi MwZ c‡_i mvg¨ we›`y †_‡K `~‡i
2
KZ †eM n‡e wbY©q Kiæb|
12. GKwU mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYv Zvi mvg¨ we›`y †_‡K ‡kl cÖv‡šÍ we›`yi w`‡K hvevi mgq Ges †kl we›`y
†_‡K mvg¨ we›`y‡Z Avmvi mgq †eM I Z¡i‡Yi AwfgyL wKiƒc _v‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
13. †`Lvb †h. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi kw³ msiwÿZ nq|
N. wek` DËi cÖkœ t
1. †Kvb †Kvb k‡Z© mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi w¯’wZkw³ I MwZkw³i m‡e©v”P gvb cvIqv hvq wjLyb|
A
2. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ KYvi mgq ebvg kw³ †jLwPÎ AsKY K‡i †`Lvb †h, mvg¨ we›`y †_‡K `~‡i
2
w¯’wZkw³ I MwZkw³ mgvb nq Ges MvwYwZK fv‡e Zv wekølY Kiæb|
3. †`Lvb †h, Dj¤^ w¯ús Gi MwZ mij †`vjb MwZ|
m
4. Dj¤^ w¯ús-Gi ch©vq Kvj, T 2 | hw` w¯ús-Gi gy³ cÖv‡šÍ m kg fi Pvcv‡j w¯úswU l cm cÖmvwiZ
k
l
nq Z‡e cÖgvY Kiæb †h, Dj¤^ w¯ús-Gi ch©vq Kvj, T 2 w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
g
278 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
c`v_© 1g cÎ BDwbU 7
l
5. GKwU mij †`vj‡Ki ch©vq Kv‡ji mgxKiY T 2 n‡j †`vjKwUi K¤ú‡¼i mgxKiY wKiƒc n‡e?
g
6. GKwU mij †`vjK Ges GKwU w¯cÖs †`vj‡Ki ch©vq Kvj 2 s| c„w_exi †K‡›`ª wb‡q †M‡j G‡`i ch©vq Kvj
wKiƒc n‡e? Avcbvi DËi e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
7. c„w_exi GKwU e¨vm eivei GKwU KvíwbK myo‡½ †Kv‡bv e¯‘‡K †djv n‡j Zvi MwZ KxiKg n‡e, wjLyb|
8. GKwU †`vjK Nwo‡K wbiÿxq AÂj †_‡K †giæ A‡j wb‡q †M‡j NwowU †¯øv hv‡e bv dv÷ hv‡e Zv Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|
9. GKwU wewjqvW© ej gm„Y wewjqvW© †Uwe‡ji GK av‡i j¤^vfv‡e AvNvZ Kij Ges cÖwZwÿß n‡q wd‡i ‡Uwe‡ji
wecixZ w`‡Ki av‡i G‡m AvNvZ Kij| Gfv‡e wewjqvW© ejwU cybtcybt cÖwZwÿß n‡q GKevi Gcv‡k Ges
GKevi Icv‡k hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z jvMj| ejwU wK mij †`vjMwZ wb®úbœ Ki‡Q, wjLyb|
10. GKwU w¯cÖs Gi m‡½ Ave× GKwU e¯‘ mij †`vjMwZ‡Z `yj‡Q| w¯cÖs aªæeKwU evwo‡q †`Iqv n‡j K¤úv‡¼i
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡e wK ? Avcbvi Dˇii c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|
11. GKB w¯cÖs aªæeK wewkó `ywU w¯cÖs-Gi gy ³ cÖv‡šÍ m1 Ges m2 fi †Svjv‡bv n‡j G‡`i K¤úv‡¼i AbycvZ
KZ n‡e †ei Kiæb|
O. MvwYwZK mgm¨v t
1. mij‡iLv eivei Qw›`Z ¯ú›`‡b ¯úw›`Z GKwU KYvi we¯Ívi 5 cm Ges chv©qKvj 20 s| Gi m‡ev©”P `ªæwZ I
Z¡iY wbYq Kiæb||
2. mij Qw›`Z MwZ‡Z Pjgvb GKwU e¯‘i we¯Ívi 2 cm Ges K¤úv¼ 20 Hz| e¯‘wUi 0.05 m mi‡Y †eM KZ?
3. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ GKwU KYvi MwZi mgxKiY y 100sin (t ) , chv©qKvj 20 s Ges Avw`
miY 0.05 m n‡j KYvwUi (i) †KŠwYK K¤úv¼ (ii) Avw` `kv wbY©q Kiæb|
4. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ GKwU KYvi MwZi mgxKiY, x 20sin 31t | mKj ivwk SI c×wZ‡Z
6
cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB †`vjbMwZi (i) we¯Ívi, (ii) K¤úv¼, (iii) †KŠwYK K¤úv¼, (vi) chv©qKvj, (v)
m‡ev©”P †eM, (vi) m‡ev©”P Z¡iY I (vii) Avw` `kv wbY©q Kiæb|
5. mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ GKwU KYvi MwZi mgxKiY, x 12sin t | mKj ivwk SI c×wZ‡Z
5 4
cwigvc Kiv n‡q‡Q| KYvwUi (i) we¯Ívi, (ii) K¤úv¼, (iii) Avw` `kv I (iv) hvÎ ïiæi 1.25 s c‡i †eM
wbY©q Kiæb|
6. †Kv‡bv w¯úªs Gi GK cÖv‡šÍ m f‡ii GKwU e¯‘ Szjv‡j GwU 8 cm cÖmvwiZ nq| e¯‘wU‡K Gici GKUz †U‡b
†Q‡o w`‡j Gi chv©qKvj KZ n‡e?
7. 100 g f‡ii GKwU e¯‘‡K GKwU w¯úªs Gi GK cÖv‡šÍ mshy³ K‡i Nl©Ywenxb †Uwe‡ji Dci †i‡L 5 N ej
cÖ‡qvM Kivq w¯úªswU 0.2 m cÖmvwiZ nq| w¯úªswUi w¯úªs aªæeK, †`vjbKvj I K¤úv¼ wbY©q Kiæb|
8. 1 m Kvh©Kix ˆ`N¨© wewkó GKwU mij †`vjK cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 2 wU †`vjb m¤úbœ K‡i| AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb
wbY©q Kiæb|
9. †hLv‡b AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb 9.8 ms-2, †mLv‡b GKwU †m‡KÛ †`vj‡Ki ˆ`N¨© KZ?
10. †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b `ywU mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjbKv‡ji AbycvZ 3:2 n‡j, G‡`i ˆ`‡N¨©i Zzjbv Kiæb|
11. †Kv‡bv †m‡KÛ †`vj‡Ki ˆ`N¨© 2.25 MyY evov‡j Gi †`vjbKvj KZ n‡e?
12. c„w_ex c„ô †_‡K GKwU †m‡KÛ †`vjK‡K Pvu‡` wb‡q †M‡j †`vjbKvj KZ n‡e? c„w_exi fi I e¨vmva©
h_vµ‡g Pvu‡`i fi I e¨vmv‡a©i 81 MyY I 4 MyY|
mij †`vjb MwZ 279
I‡cb ¯‹zj GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.1 t 1| (N) 2| (L) 3| (N) 4| (M)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.2 t 1| (K) 2| (M) 3| (N)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.3 t 1| (M) 2| (L) 3| (L) 4| (N) 5| (K)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.4 t 1| (K) 2| (N) 3| (M)
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 7.5 t 1| (K) 2| (M) 3| (L) 4| (L) 5| (M) 6| (N)
7| (N) 8| (K) 9| (L) 10| (M)
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t 1| (N) 2| (L) 3| (L) 4| (L) 5| (M) 6| (M)
7| (K) 8| (M) 9| (L) 10| (K) 11| (N) 12| (M)
13| (K) 14| (N) 15| (L) 16| (L) 17| (K) 18| (L)
19| (L) 20| (M) 21| (K) 22| (L)
L. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t-1 wb‡R Kiæb| wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t-2 wb‡R Kiæb| wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t-3 wb‡R Kiæb| wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t-4 wb‡R Kiæb| wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ t-5 wb‡R Kiæb| wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|
O. MvwYwZK mgm¨v t 1| 0.0157 ms-1; 0.00493 ms-2 2| 24.32 ms-1
3| 0.21 rads-1; 9.12 10-3 deg 4| (i) 20 m; (ii) 5 Hz;
(iii) 31 rads-1; (iv) 0.2 s; (v) 620 ms-1; (vi) 19.22 ms-2 (vii) -300
5| (i) 12 m; (ii) 0.1 Hz; (iii) rads-1; (iv) 0 6| 0.57 s
4
7| 25 Nm-1; 0.3975 s; 2.52 Hz 8| 157.92 ms-2
9| 99.29 cm 10| 9:4
11| 3.6 s 12| 4.5 s
280 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
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