SB Key

6
UNIT 1
1 Because
OPENER 2 perhaps because
1 3 That’s why
Sample answer 4 due to
The artist could be trying to show how 5 A simpler explanation is that
interesting ‘ordinary’ people are; that art is 7
all about the experience of being a human;
the public will be more interested in art if Sample answers
they are involved in creating it. Nature sounds: ‘Humans need water. That’s
2 why natural water sounds like rain may be
pleasant to us.’
a Tsiory b Tsiory c Francisco d Francisco
Food sounds: ‘It’s easy to understand why
3 people like food sounds because most people
Francisco: happy – goes camping with his love eating!’
kids; impatient – when he’s stuck in traffic or Sounds of happiness: ‘We love hearing others
when he has to wait for equipment at work feeling happy perhaps because it gives us
Tsiory: excited – a project she is running similar feelings.’
about science education with young people; 8
annoyed – people talking with no purpose or
talking about people Sample answers
4 strongest to weakest evidence: d (‘a great
deal of scientific evidence to show’ – the
Students' own answers evidence is based on plenty of scientific
research); a (‘According to a survey’ - the fact
1A that the survey had 2,000 respondents is an
1 indication that the information is quite
reliable); c (‘is likely to’ – suggests that
1g 2b 3c 4f 5h 6d 7j 8e 9i 10a scientists aren’t 100% sure); b (‘theory
2 suggests … might have’ – vague language,
suggests no real evidence)
Students' own answers
9
3
Sample answers
pleasant sounds include natural sounds, 1B
gentle sounds that make us feel relaxed; 1
annoying sounds include sounds with
negative associations, sounds that 1 :-D happy
accompany bad habits, alarming sounds and :O shock, surprise
other loud noises
))))) very happy
4
>:( angry
sounds mentioned in the article: someone
eating with their mouth open (slapping their D: unhappy
lips while eating) (line 3); someone humming (-_-) stressed
(line 4); a baby crying (line 30); birds singing
(line 55); rain (line 58); thunder (line 60) (T_T) crying, sadness
5 (^^) or ^^ happy
a3 b5 c2 d1 e4 (눈_눈) dissatisfied, unhappy
2 Sample answers: Normally not the nose 4–5
(which is why noses are optional in
Adverbs that make emotions stronger:
emoticons). In Asia more importance is
1 completely 4 really 5 tremendously
placed on the eyes, whilst in Europe it is
7 totally 8 more 9 absolutely
more on the mouth.
Adverbs that make emotions weaker: 2 a bit
3 Students' own answers
3 slightly 6 relatively
2
6
1 F 2T 3F 4T
Sample answer
3
I was really concerned when my aunt had to
1 didn’t 2 means 3 haven’t you 4 Don’t go to hospital last week, but she’s fine now.
5 Who do you smile at?
7–8
4
/ɪ/ thrilled, optimistic, astonished
1 Question 3
/i:/ relieved, pleased
2 Question 1
/eɪ/ impatient
3 Question 4
/aɪ/ delighted
4 Question 2
9
5
Sample answers
1 is 2 don’t 3 Isn’t 4 are 5 designs 6 did
Francisco - confused (‘It took me a few
7 Didn’t
seconds to realize what had happened to
6 me’), shocked (‘I still could not believe my
bad luck’), terrified (‘I tried to breathe and I
surprised
couldn’t’), frustrated (‘I tried to say a few
7 words to let them know I was actually not
dead’), desperate (‘we had to drive around
1c 2b 3a
the village looking for help, a doctor,
8–9 someone’), happy/joy (stated), relief (‘I was
not paralyzed!’ and stated)
Tsiory - nervous (‘I wrote my speech … 50
1C times and repeated it in front of the mirror’),
frightened (‘cold stream running down my
1 back’), surprised (‘When the light turned to
Sample answers red, my mouth opened and words came
out!’), confident (stated), proud (‘I had
1 the people are at a match; a player might overcome one of my biggest fears’)
be about to take a penalty shot
10
2 excited, nervous, scared
1T 2F 3F 4T 5T 6B
2
11
1 petrified 2 concerned 3 impatient
4 thrilled 5 relieved, angry 6 optimistic 1 gets on my nerves
7 astonished 8 motivated 9 furious 2 I couldn’t believe my eyes
3 3 let me down
a thrilled b relieved c optimistic d furious 4 lost his temper
e petrified f astonished g impatient
h motivated i concerned 5 can’t stand
12–14 someone’s point of view, even if you disagree
with it.
5
1D
Sample answers
1 1 You are probably feeling quite angry that
Students' own answers someone has stolen your seat. Is it possible
that they didn’t see you? Or perhaps they
2 were being rude but have had a very bad day.
Sample answers You might be able to politely explain that you
were going to sit there, but there’s a good
Empathy is trying to understand people by chance that the woman isn’t in the mood to
experiencing what they are experiencing. / listen, and you can probably sit somewhere
Empathy is feeling other people’s emotions. / else. If you are able to, though, you could ask
Empathy is really listening to people. / her if she is OK.
Empathy is not the same as sympathizing. /
Empathy is seeing a situation from another 2 Do you show your support for your
person’s point of view. / Empathy takes classmate in the middle of the lesson, by
imagination. / Empathy can be difficult / speaking against the bully? That may seem
uncomfortable. like the right thing to do, but he may not feel
comfortable being the centre of attention.
3 Instead, you could talk to him after the lesson
Sample answers and check he’s OK.
By empathizing with Andrea, you can see the 3 It’s possible that the neighbour didn’t hear
situation from her perspective rather than about the party. It may also be possible to
reacting immediately in a negative way. She enjoy the party but a bit more quietly. The
may be feeling under pressure in her new first thing to do would be to find out why this
role and may feel more valued if she is neighbour in particular is upset.
listened to. It will help build a good working 4 Your flatmate is understandably upset, and
relationship between you, Andrea and the telling her how much cleaner the city will be
rest of the team. If you don’t show empathy, now probably won’t help. But it might help if
this could damage your relationship and you can say how sorry you are that this has
prevent you from resolving the issue/working happened to her. By listening you may
together effectively. discover other information that helps you
4 suggest some practical solutions.
Sample answers 6
Why empathy is important: By really listening Sample answers
to each other in a team, you show that other • Do not assume that other people will have
people’s opinions are important. If you don’t the same reactions and feelings as you in a
fully understand their point of view, it may be certain situation.
harder to look for a solution to problems. In
negotiations and other situations when • Remember that aspects of a person’s
people might feel they are on opposite sides, personality might make them more sensitive
everyone can feel they got what they wanted to certain things or situations than you may
if they have been listened to. be.
Ways of empathizing effectively: It’s easier to • Try not to make negative judgements about
listen if you don’t speak. Focus on what the people based on their actions or how they
person is saying rather than planning your express themselves.
response. One way to show that you are 7
listening and to check you understand is to
summarize what they have said and repeat it Sample answers
back to them. Remember to consider
Laurent could have apologized immediately 3 Ioana’s email will probably include:
and not shown surprise that Gurpreet has congratulations on the new job; one or
been waiting; they could have discussed the two questions about the job; information
problem more constructively and talked about the reunion party; an update about
about how to improve the situation for next Aida’s health; a promise to arrange to get
time; Gurpreet could have shown together.
understanding about the fact that Laurent is
4
very busy at work.
1 greeting and introductory phrase;
8
questions about the other person’s
1 I’m sorry to hear that. It must be hard for current situation and their recent
you. / I can see how that would be activities; details of the good news;
difficult. enquiry about a friend; invitation to meet.
2 Have you thought about how they might 2 Hi!, been in touch, drop you a line, been up
feel? / I imagine they’re feeling quite … to, chatted, couldn’t make it, what’s the
latest?, Guess what?, couldn’t believe my
3 I’m glad you told me. Let me know if I can
ears, etc.
help.
5
4 I want to make sure I understand. Are you
saying that … ? / It sounds like you’re 1 been in touch 2 drop you a line 3 up to
feeling … Is that right? 4 the latest 5 went for 6 getting wind of
7 keep you posted 8 had no idea 9 catch up
9
10 ages
Sample answers
6
(If Student A is Gurpreet)
2 Yes, it is.
B: Are you OK? You seem a bit down.
3 No, the language is very formal
A: Yeah, well, I met up with Laurent. I’m
4 Sample answer: Erik may not be happy to
really fed up because he’s always late
receive this email because the style is too
when we arrange to go out together.
formal, suggesting that they don’t know
B: I can see how that might be frustrating, but each other very well, or even that Ioana is
have you thought about how Laurent unsympathetic.
might be feeling? He’s probably worrying
7
that he’s lost a good friend. Maybe it isn’t
his fault he’s always late. Sample answer
A: Yes, you could be right there. Hi Erik!
10 Great to hear from you!
Students' own answers That’s brilliant news about the new job! Do
you have any idea where you’ll be working
1E yet? Please keep me posted once you start
work. I’d love to hear how it goes. You
1 wanted to know how the party was. I chatted
The man has just received good news. The with Jenny for ages and it was good to catch
woman has just received bad news. up. She also has a new job, which she’s happy
about. We are planning to meet up soon. She
2 said she’d love to catch up with you too, so
Students' own answers I’ll let you know our plans. I’ll give you a ring
next week. Thanks for asking about Aida. She
3 is better now and went back to college last
1 They are old university friends. week. Looking forward to seeing you very
soon! Ioana
2 He’s got a new job, one he’s wanted for a
long time.
8–11 communication; Paragraph 6 explains that
even plants communicate using sound;
Paragraph 7 describes extraordinary findings
that wild dogs make democratic decisions.
UNIT 2
6
OPENER Sample answer
1 I’ve just read an interesting article about
Sample answers animal communication. It talks about all the
amazing means of communication that
Knowing another language might have helped animals (and plants) use and the clever things
the women to integrate, to make friends, find that they can do with language. It suggests
work/set up a business, communicate with that perhaps human communication is not
customers /people from other countries who unique. Did you know that plants listen to
work in shops, hair salons, etc. other plants, for example, or that some
2 animals have different accents?
1A 2M 3M 4A 7
Students' own answers 2B
2A 1
1C 2E 3B 4D 5A 2
2 1 English, French, Spanish and German
Paragraph 5 contains 4 out of 5 answers 2 Since she was eleven
3 3 No
1d 2g 3f 4a 5e 6c 7b 4 German
4 3
1 means of communication 1 studied 2 using 3 speak 4 been 5 had
6 not (n’t) been 7 trying 8 taking
2 aspects
4
3 varies
1 Sentence 3
4 adapt
2 Sentences 1,2 and 7
5 dialect
3 Sentence 8
6 mimics
4 Sentence 5
7 signal
5
8 sneeze
1 She’s been studying languages since 2015.
5
2 I’ve watched this film several times
b. The writer supports this message in: already.
Paragraph 1 - sentences
3 Technology is currently changing how
1 and 2 (Paragraph 1 introduces the point people study languages.
explicitly); Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 describe
how accent, deception and creativity are not 4 She’s been reading this book all day
unique to humans; Paragraph 5 emphasizes without stopping – it must be really
the variety of animals’ means of fascinating.
5 I can’t talk right now because I’m still 5
writing the report.
1 Eighty per cent of people who speak
6 My parents have never learned a foreign Arabic and Chinese are first language
language. users, but eighty per cent of those who
speak English are not first language users.
7 I call my parents every Saturday.
2 She used to believe English was only
6
spoken in the UK, the US and Australia.
1A 2A She also thought it was important to
speak like first language users.
7
3 She realized that most people who use
1 How long have you been learning English?
English aren’t first language users and that
2 Are you currently studying another foreign using British or American idioms does not
language? always help her communicate.
3 Have you ever met someone who speaks 4 A foreign accent isn’t usually a problem.
lots of languages? First language users might often be the
most difficult to understand in
4 What is the most difficult language you
international contexts.
have learned?
5 She now feels much more comfortable
5 What do you enjoy most about studying a
about her accent. She doesn’t try to
foreign language?
imitate others’ pronunciation but tries to
8 be herself.
Speaking to people. 6
Watching things in their original language. Students' own answers
Cutting out all the other languages you speak. 7
Changing the language on your laptop and 1d 2f 3a 4e 5h 6g 7b 8c
phone.
8
9
9
2C 1 At first I believed her, but then it turned
out she’d made it up.
1
2 When I’m nervous, I find it difficult to get
Students' own answers my meaning across.
2 3 She’s incredibly creative and comes up
1 Basically with new ideas all the time.
2 On the other hand 10
3 Interestingly 1 brought up 2 making up 3 get … across
4 point out 5 picked up
4 According to
5 This brings me to 2D
3 1
a2 b5 c1 d4 e3 Suggested additional topics: weather, your
age, TV shows, things you know about the
4
other person’s country such as politics,
Students' own answers celebrities, beautiful places, etc.
2 first language, and don’t be afraid to use it
sometimes.
1 Similarities: share their love of capoeira,
the reason they are together. The male 6
speaker is interested in capoeira in Sibel’s
home country. They share their tiredness
and hunger. Both languages have an idiom 7
for hungry. Differences: hunger is
1 practised much
expressed differently in each language
(but they share an interest in these 2 would say
differences).
3 equivalent
2 Similarities: Both enjoy football and play
4 for that
with friends; José Luis is interested in
football in Hassan’s country. Differences: 5 quite get
Spanish has a specific word for a good goal
8
that doesn’t exist in Hassan’s first
language. Sample answers
3 1 Is capoeira popular in Turkey?
1 I’m as hungry as a wolf. / I could eat my 2 We have a similar expression in my
arm. language that translates as ‘I’m as hungry
as a wolf’
2 What its football scene is like.
3 It sounds a bit like a phrase that goes ‘I
4
could eat my arm’
1 a) conversation 2 (‘golazo’); b)
4 How do you say that in Arabic?
conversation 2 (football); c) conversations
1 and 2 5 It’s on the tip of my tongue!
2 Sample answers: if the word is clear in 9-11
context because it is so expressive (e.g.
‘golazo’, Wow!); if it refers to something
unique to the first language culture (e.g.
2E
karaoke, paella); if you don’t know the
word in the language you are speaking; if 1–2
you prefer the word in the other language;
if you are having fun and playing with Students' own answers
languages; if you want to avoid stopping 3
the flow of conversation.
Son asks about course start date, number of
3 Students’ own answers. Sample answers: hours per week and the course duration;
people’s sense of national pride; the certificate; course fee and how to pay;
national personality; sense of humour. accommodation; necessary language level
5 4
Sample answers a3 b2 c1 d5 e4
Reasons: people are often interested in other 5
cultures, and your identity is a source of
information; by sharing aspects of your 2 advertisement; 3 enquire; 4 (course) fees;
cultural identity, you can find things you have 5 currently; 6 accommodation; 7 concerning,
in common with another person; by showing regarding; 8 whether; 9 I look forward to
curiosity about differences, you make hearing from you in the near future; 10 Yours
someone feel valued. faithfully
Advice: ask lots of questions; look for things 6

in common, and don’t be afraid to ask about Firstly, please could you confirm the start
differences; be proud of your accent and your date of the next course?
I would be interested to know how many pyramids (Giza) and Egyptian Museum
hours per week this is and what the course (Cairo); New York – positive energy,
duration is. I would also like to know whether landmarks, food
I will receive a formal certificate …
Ellie: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia – different
I am not entirely sure how I would need to environment; Dewil Valley – National
pay and whether I would need to do this in Geographic project, fun with friends;
advance. University of Philippines Diliman campus –
fond memories
… please also let me know whether a host
family or hotel would be preferable for 3
someone who is very keen to improve their
Arabic quickly and whether you can arrange
the accommodation for me.
3A
I was wondering whether you have courses
for complete beginners. 1
I would like to know whether you would 2 The expression means that we often like
recommend I study first to become slightly and are interested in things that are far
more proficient in Arabic … away or very different from our own
culture without showing the same interest
7 in and respect for our own surroundings
Sample answer or culture.
Dear Sir or Madam, 2–3
I am writing to enquire about the driving Students' own answers

courses you run. A friend has highly 4
recommended your driving school.
1F 2T 3T 4F 5F 6T
First, I would like to ask about the course fee.
I could not find any information about it on 5
your website. Students' own answers
I was also wondering whether you accept 6
complete beginners. I have never driven
before nor attempted to learn. Sample answers
Finally, could you also please let me know 4 Words/ expressions worth noting include:
about the course start dates? travel agenda, tourist destinations, more
often than not, on my doorstep, see
I look forward to hearing back from you. (something) through new eyes, hop-on,
Yours faithfully, hop-off bus, in a whole new light, not only
… but also …, a tried-and-tested way, set
Eugenio the mood, will only add to …, Take it from
8–11 me:…, taking selfies, upcoming events, find
out what’s on, wander around the block,
Students' own answers test out, everyday routine, broaden your
experiences, bearing in mind, contribute to
UNIT 3 the climate emergency, save the planet,
your hometown.
OPENER
7–8
2
Andrej: Istanbul (Eminönü) – see the real
Turkey there; Egypt – diving (Red Sea),
3B 8–10
1 a shop in a market, perhaps in a tourist 3C
destination
1
2 Sample answers: getting lost in the streets
of an old city; buying something unusual, Sample answers
perhaps for a very low or high price;
1 exploration, curiosity and a sense of
meeting someone
adventure; to find wealth, e.g. gold; to
2 start a new life elsewhere
c 2 starvation, drowning, illness at sea, getting
lost, storms and other bad weather, war
3
and fighting
1 happened
2
2 had been studying
Sample answers
3 was walking, saw
distances involved; long time ago so lack of
4 had almost completely closed technology; went to many islands; fast
canoes; small crew; no navigation
5 visited
instruments
4
3
1 past simple
2 past continuous, past perfect continuous
4
3 past perfect continuous
brought sweet potatoes back from South
4 past perfect simple America; lightweight canoes for speed
5 5
1 had been going 1 f 2 d 3c 4e 5b 6a
2 was working on 6
3 wanted a they knew the position of the stars, how
to interpret and use wind and wave
4 had been talking
direction; they also used the direction of
5 raced bird flight, or the presence of leaves in the
water
6 had forgotten/forgot
b fishing hooks and other useful tools,
7 was driving
animals such as chickens and the plants
8 had taken/took they would need to farm
9 went c they started in 1200 BCE and also made
more voyages around 500 CE
10 dropped by
d Papua New Guinea
11 watching
e South America, 9,000 km away
6
f they travelled without any modern
technology; they used wooden canoes;
7 they made their voyages a very long time
ago; they reached places very far away
1 eventually 2 surprisingly 3 interestingly
4 unexpectedly 5 fortunately 6 accidentally
7 4
1 went 2 ended 3 stopping 4 set 5 headed Conversation 1: the message was
6 made 7 reached 8 steer 9 turn disorganized; Conversation 2: the message
was unnecessarily long and complicated; the
8
message was disorganized; Conversation 3:
1 holiday is British English, vacation is the message relied on cultural information
American English that the listener did not know
2 a journey is just one part of a trip, i.e. the 5
part when you are travelling from A to B, a
1 simple, clear, organized
trip includes the travel, and all the time
you were there, i.e. the whole experience 2 summarize
3 an exchange is an arrangement in which 3 culture/country
students from different countries stay
4 start
with each other in their homes, a field trip
is where students of a particular subject 6
go to a place to study
Together, they start again from the
4 an expedition is a trip with a scientific or beginning; identify the key information and
exploration purpose, a voyage is any long repeat it back; check the listener has
difficult journey, often by sea understood; summarize the instructions
together; signpost the order clearly; the
5 a city break is a short holiday in a city, a
listener writes the directions down.
package holiday is organized by a
company that arranges travel, 7
accommodation, and other details for you.
1 mixed, saying
9–11
2 words, sense
3 following, round
3D 4 repeat, got
1 8
Students' own answers Sample answer
2 Conversation 2
Sample answers D: You’re right, I wasn’t being very clear. Let
me start again from scratch. I recently heard
Other reasons include: the message is about a new kind of hotel that’s cheaper, and
indirect (e.g. ‘That jacket is gorgeous’ is an they’re cheaper because the rooms are very
indirect way of saying ‘I want that jacket for small.
my birthday’, but may be misunderstood);
the message would be clearer if it was C: Got it. But you said something about the
written down or shown visually (e.g. location?
directions might be clearer with a map); the D: That’s right. I think they’re usually not in
message is forgotten (e.g. because it was a the city centre, so we need to decide: do
long time ago, or the listener is forgetful); the we want a cheap hotel that’s far from the
message is ignored because it does not suit centre, or a more expensive hotel in
the listener’s point of view (in arguments you town?
may misunderstand the other person
because you expect to disagree with them) C: I see what you mean. And that depends
on how expensive the hotel is because we
3 could catch a taxi or bus into town each
1b 2c 3a day.
D: Exactly, so shall I find out if there’s a hotel
like that where we’re going?
C: Good idea. UNIT 4
9–10
OPENER
1
3E Students' own answers
1 2
Sample answers 1B 2F 3C
3 advantages of a package tour: convenience, 3
no hidden costs, companionship; advantages
of travelling alone: can choose where you eat Students' own answers
and stay, how long you stay in each place,
etc., can save money by choosing cheap 4A
options 1
Finisterre: the furthest point west in Spain. It 2
was the last part of the blogger’s trip.
Ways of staying in touch with nature that are
3 mentioned in Exercise 1: going for walks,
Sample answers looking at pictures of nature Other ways:
moving closer to a park, listening to nature
Natsuki. None of the activities the blogger
describes cost much money. He doesn’t want 3
formal (organized) tours, neither does the 1 F 2 T 3 F 4 NG 5 NG 6 T
blogger. Piotr is looking for a sunny
destination, but the weather in Santiago is 4
often wet. Karinna wants to learn about Sample answers
history and culture while the blogger
recommends not being slowed down by a Ways of connecting with nature:
guided tour. • live closer to a green space
4 • go for a walk in the countryside
1 It refers to the reader (‘you’) as if they • look at pictures of nature
were in Santiago, e.g. ‘You could stay in a
pensión’, ‘you should be aware’, etc. Also, • listen to nature
it is full of recommendations and advice: Benefits:
‘a homestay is the perfect way to practise
the language’, ‘I highly recommend you • decreased risk of several diseases
make it [to the cathedral] early’, etc. • makes you feel less stressed
2 pensión, tarta de Santiago, Parque de • lowers blood pressure
Alameda, adiós
• improves short-term memory
3 Trips they have been on that have finished
in dramatic or special places. She asks for • makes you more caring
comments to engage readers. • relaxes you
5 5
1 soaked 2 pour down 3 stunning 4 huge Sample answers
5 crammed 6 exhausted
• Carolina enjoys spending time in nature –
6–10 does activities, e.g. surfing, diving, hiking,
Students' own answers listening to birds
• easy to forget our cities were once 3
covered with trees
1 Maria and her partner or Maria’s parents
• staying in touch with nature helps us to
2 Maria
stay mentally healthy – helps her feel
more at peace and more aware of her 3 Samira
surroundings
4 Samira
• interviewed a fisherman in a remote
5 Maria
location in Colombia who felt he had
everything he needed and didn’t want to 6 Maria
move to the city – he liked the peace of
7 postal service
the sea and the jungle
8 Maria and Samira
6
4
1 staying in touch with nature is necessary
for a healthy mind; people living in remote 1 When Maria’s family invited her friends to
areas; going walking in nature, listening to attend her wedding
birds/sounds of nature
2 need to persuade one of her closest
2 Sample answers: easy to forget cities were friends, Samira, to come
once covered with trees; other ways of
3 She admits being confused
being close to nature include going
surfing, diving and being close to the 4 Samira accused Maria of forgetting her
ocean
5 Maria denied forgetting
7
6 and claimed to have sent the invitation
While many people now do not spend with all the others
enough time outside, scientists have shown
7 The postal service has promised to look
that being in nature can have important
into the situation
benefits for our bodies and minds, for
example, lowering the risk of many diseases. 8 Maria and Samira blame the postal service
Even a walk in the park or looking at pictures for ending their relationship
of nature will have beneficial effects. There
5
are however traditional communities that
have always lived close to nature. For verb + to + infinitive: claim to do/have done,
example, in the Colombian region of Chocó, promise to do; verb + object + to + infinitive:
some people in remote fishing communities invite s.o. to do, persuade s.o. to do; verb + -
would never consider moving to a city. ing: admit doing, deny doing; verb + object +
preposition + -ing: blame s.o for doing
8
6
1 He accused her of forgetting to call him.
4B The woman denied it/forgetting to call
him. The man apologized (for accusing
1 her). He promised to make sure he
Students' own answers charges his battery next time.
2 2 The brother invited his sister to go for a
coffee on Saturday. At first, the sister
Sample answer refused to meet/see him because of his
It is a story about friends who reconnected behaviour last time. But when he
after years of not speaking to each other, apologized (for his behaviour/behaving
because one blamed the other for not badly last time) and promised not to do it
receiving a wedding invitation, when in fact it again, she agreed (to meet him).
got lost in the post.
7 4D
Students' own answers 1
8 Sample answers
1 I 2 said 3 claimed 3 People who would find quieter
9 conversations more difficult include those
who come from cultures where silence is
a3 b1 c2 seen as a sign of awkwardness and
10 embarrassment; louder, extroverted
people; very busy or impatient people.
Students' own answers People who might find noisier
conversations difficult include shy people;
4C differently abled people (e.g. people with
autism or speech impairments, people
1
with hearing loss); people with lower
Students' own answers levels of English than the others in the
group; people who don’t know the other
2
members of the group so well.
still /stɪl/ with /wɪd/ mean /mɪn/ city /si:ti/
2 Conversation 1 – c
in /ɪn/
Conversation 2 – a
3
Conversation 3 – b
3
4
Conversation 1 – rugby
b, d
Conversation 2 – bowling
5
Conversation 3 – basketball
1 works 2 has 3 on a dig 4 doesn’t keep
5 Canada 6 two 4
6 Sample answers
friends that he/she has made as part of the 2 Like bowling, the bowling style of
migrant programme, his/her family and communication involves waiting for the
friends back in Ghana other person to finish their turn before
having yours; there is time between bowls
7
for the person to prepare their shot. Like
a7 b4 c1 d5 e2 f3 g6 h8 basketball, the basketball style of
communication involves a lot of quick
8
‘passing’ between speakers so that
Sample answers everyone is involved in the conversation,
interruptions (like when the other team
Have you ever lost touch with a good friend?
takes the ball) don’t occur often;
Why do you think some people hit it off
participating is valued highly. Like rugby,
immediately? What’s the best way to keep in
the rugby style of communication involves
touch with friends and family you don’t see
a fast pace, but with a lot of interruptions,
every day?
with turns being ‘tackled’ from each other.
9
4 It might change depending on who you
Students' own answers are talking to (someone younger or older,
someone in a more or less senior position,
how well you know them, etc.), where you
are (in your own home you might be more
dominant, for example), how you are
feeling, etc.
5 time. With the other hand I waved to stop
a taxi. They were all busy.
6
6
2 `I’ll drive you to the airport,’ my dad
Sample answers
offered.
1 speak more slowly; interrupt less; speak
3 `Don’t forget to invite Miguel to the
more quietly; pause more; invite them to
party,’ Widya reminded me.
participate
7
2 speak more quickly and loudly; ask to
speak; ask not to be interrupted; pause Adverbs: Completely, suddenly, at once,
less rapidly
7 Prepositional phrases: with difficulty, in
disbelief
The speaker who is interrupted tries to take
their turn and finish what they were saying. Gerunds: holding an umbrella, shaking her
The speakers who interrupt invite the other hand
person to participate. They also slow down
8
and let the other person finish.
1 with difficulty, terribly
8
2 in surprise, not moving
Sorry, can I just finish what I was saying? /
Sorry, we’ve talked too much already. / So, 3 in anger, silently
anyway, as I was saying ...
9-11
9
UNIT 5
4E
OPENER
1–3
4 1 They are practising yoga.
1 Present tense is used for presenting 3 Sample answers: Exercise releases

characters’ thoughts and words directly. chemicals that make you happy; feeling
This makes the story feel more immediate. physically healthy can allow you to do
more activities; mental health issues, such
2 The long sentences give the story a as stress, are known to have negative
slower, more relaxed feeling. The shorter physical effects too.
sentences are faster, more abrupt, and
give a feeling of action. 2
5 1 she runs or goes for a walk
Sample answers 2 outdoor activities that aren’t competitive

or team sports
1 R: It was a sunny afternoon and while the
birds were singing and the sun was slowly 3 Running helps Maria feel less stressed.
setting, I was jogging in the park, trying to Being active outdoors gives Alec a positive
leave the busy day behind me. view of life and makes him feel part of
nature.
2 A: I was running. I held my phone in one
hand trying to dial my son’s number. I’d 5A
promised to pick him up from basketball
practice. I knew I wouldn’t make it on 1
Sample answers
1 They are living far from friends and family; that any fun, communal activity would
they don’t have many friends at work, have the same positive effect.
school or university; they are in a foreign
2 Probable cause: Cause based on evidence
country and they don’t speak the local
of people playing online games at home,
language; they have recently split up with
where you play with other people, and
a partner; they find it difficult to get out to
people who go to gaming centres. Allows
meet people.
people who struggle to fit in to ‘form
2 Get to know your neighbours; get in touch friendships with like-minded people’.
with old friends and family; join a club;
3 Probable cause: Effect may be caused by
join a group that meets up to practise
not knowing neighbours, although this is
languages together; adopt a pet.
only one of many possible causes. Older
2 people might not travel so far, so
neighbours become increasingly
significant in their lives.
3
8
1 success stories, solutions
2 purpose, connect
5B
3 age, common
4 online, face-to-face 1
1a 2c 3e 4d 5b 2
5 1 electric lights, distractions such as TV, LED

and blue-light screens
1 has a (negative) impact on
2 take a warm bath or shower before bed,
2 lead to try the 4, 7, 8 breathing technique,
3 due to squeeze and relax your muscles
4 result in 3
5 Thanks to 1d 2c 3a 4b
6 4
(cause underlined, effect in italics) 1 Sentence 3: present tenses in both

clauses.
1 Loneliness has a negative impact on how
people feel. 2 Sentence 4: present tense in if clause, will
in the main clause.
2 It can also lead to poorer health.
3 Sentences 1 and 2. Sentence 2 is talking
3 The positive effects might not be due to about the past.
the animals.
5
4 Playing video games can result in feeling
more connected. 1 could 2 have stayed 3 hadn’t tried 4 if
5 have 6 unless 7 use, may 8 have, can
5 Thanks to gaming centres, people can
meet their online friends. 6
Sample answers 7
1 Correlation: The article says that the cause 1 She’d have been
‘may not be due to the animals 2 We’d have slept, had been
themselves’, and therefore it’s possible
8 feeling sorry for myself, get it out of my
system, relax, anxiety, yoga, mind in a calm
Sample answers
place); 2 (and 3) Alec talks about physical
Suggested chain for first sentence: If I hadn’t fitness (stay in shape, cycle, running, skiing,
forgotten to set my alarm last night, I running machine, sleeping, taking a nap, call
wouldn’t have got up so late. If I hadn’t got in sick)
up so late, I would have caught the bus. If I’d
5
caught the bus, I wouldn’t have had to flag
down a taxi. If I hadn’t flagged down a taxi, I 1 (rock) climbing
wouldn’t have had to stand by the road in the
2 makes you happy / you like
rain. If I hadn’t stood by the road, I wouldn’t
have been splashed by a passing car. If I 3 mountains
hadn’t been splashed by a car, I wouldn’t
4 (a) (running) machine(s)
have arrived at work in wet clothes. If I hadn’t
been in wet clothes, I wouldn’t have caught a 5 time
cold.
6 not healthy / unhealthy
9
7 frustrating / exhausting / stressful
8 writing
5C 9 the outside
1 10 (her) family
Sample answers 11 yoga
1 can be physically exhausting: B, C, D 6
2 are emotionally stressful: A, C Students' own answers
3 involve working nights: C, D 7
4 are dangerous: B 1 Alec is talking about the present. He isn’t
able to sleep when he’s on the road.
5 have stressful working conditions: B, C, D
2 Maria is talking about the past. She wishes
2 that she’d discovered yoga sooner.
1 M (e.g. high-powered city jobs, such as 8
finance and law)
Sample answers
2 P (e.g. a shop assistant in a busy shop or a
waiter) 1 (given)
3 M (e.g. social work, terminal patient care, 2 If only my ex-girlfriend hadn’t joined my
other caring professions, especially gym! / If only I could still go to my gym!
involving mental health problems) 3 I wish I could stop eating biscuits in the
4 P (e.g. construction worker, tree surgeon, evening.
stunt performer) 9
5 P (shift work, e.g. nurse, doctor, taxi Sample answers
driver)
A: If only I had more time to spend helping
6 P (e.g. teacher) each child.
3 B: I wish it wasn’t so cold today!
Students' own answers C: I wish there were fewer patients! (given)
4 D: If only the shifts were shorter.
1 (and 3) Maria talks about mental health
(cope, frustrating, suffering from stress, stop
10 she’s very tired and she needs a short
sleep. Is that OK?
4 The problem is the very long sentence
5D structure → Can you please do the
presentation instead of me?
1
7
1 back 2 food 3 hit 4 saved 5 seat
2
8
1 A doctor is talking to her patient. The
doctor is asking questions, but the patient Students' own answers
is having difficulty understanding. 9
2 The patient understands some of what the The nurse simplifies what the doctor is saying
doctor says, but only by guessing (when so that the patient can understand.
she tells her ‘I have this pain in my foot’)
or after repeated attempts at asking. The 10
reason is that the doctor uses fast, 1 tell the doctor what pain you feel
complicated English that the patient
doesn’t understand. 2 sudden, quick pain
3 3 where in your foot
Students' own answers 4 have the pain
4–5 5 take a picture of your foot now
1 Because your level of English may be The nurse uses the Spanish word agudo.
higher than the other person; because you 11
have specialist knowledge that needs
simplifying; because your English is a Students' own answers
different variety and has some different
vocabulary. 5E
2 You can avoid: above-level words, 1
informal language such as phrasal verbs,
overly complicated structures; you can
slow down and use fewer words; you can 2
be patient and give more time to listen to
Sample answers
the listener and how they respond to you.
1 Phones provide a quick way to find
3 You can help others communicate by
information; they help us keep in touch
listening to the message and simplifying it
with people; they help us learn important
for the listener.
skills such as online communication and
6 critical thinking.
Underlined phrases likely to be 2 They distract us from work and other
misunderstood. Suggested rephrases: areas of life; they discourage physical
activity; they give young people constant,
1 OK, so whereabouts in the US are you
largely unsupervised access to the internet
heading to? → She wants to know where
where they can be bullied, access
in the US you are going.
inappropriate content, etc.
2 You sound like you’re coming down with a
3
cold. Do you want to leave early? → He
says he thinks you’re starting to have a 2 The writer is against the statement.
cold.
3 I’m exhausted after that meal! Need to
take a nap if you don’t mind. → She says
4 2
(introduce supporting ideas) – What is more… 1 Afroz: scientific and political; Imogen:
Moreover, In addition, … as well as…; conservation news, celebrity gossip, but
(introduce reasons) – because of, On the one almost never reads about sport
hand, since; (indicate opposing ideas) –
2 A cancer hospital built for the poor filled
However, Although, On the other hand, …,
him with hope. He also mentions the
Nevertheless,; (conclude) – To sum up, ...
Apollo moon landing which fascinated
5 him.
Sample answers 3 The whole nation came together and it
was all really positive.
1 FOR – increase in mental health issues,
especially in young people; good mental 3
health helps students study better
AGAINST – it should be the responsibility
of parents, not schools; mental health is a
6A
complex issue, so difficult to train teachers
to teach it well 1
2 FOR – eating meat not good for the Sample answers
environment; eating meat can lead to high
blood pressure and heart disease AGAINST 2 Photo A: this photo has been changed –
– people should have a choice about what the photo of the shark may be taken from
to eat; tax can have the greatest impact another photo; Photo B: sometimes, what
on the poor is shown as ‘food’ is not real food at all;
Photo C: Photos can be changed using
3 FOR – convenient for employees (don’t software like Photoshop. Dalí wasn’t alive
have to go somewhere else to exercise); when mobile phones were invented, so
good way to clear mind and be more this photo must have been changed.
productive/creative afterwards AGAINST –
cost for the employer; additional space for 2
the facilities needed Students' own answers
6 3
1 There is no doubt that …, It is certainly 1 because now you can’t trust what you see
true that … either as there are so many fake images
2 Many people think that …, It is commonly online
believed that … 2 he never said the words he says in the
3 Is it the case that … ? video; he never had a mobile phone
4 Recently, there has been greater 3 they unfairly suggest people’s lives and
awareness of … looks aren’t good enough and damage
their confidence
7–9
4 fakes often go viral more often than
Students' own answers photos that haven’t been manipulated
UNIT 6
5 they are inedible
6 to teach – it ends with advice on what to
OPENER do to protect ourselves from believing
fake images
1
4
Sample answers
incorrect science (line 4); powerful effect (line
5); they’ve done or said things that they
haven’t (line 16); more often (line 26); people 6B
try to recreate the dishes (line 38); dangerous
chemicals on strawberries (line 41) 1
Sample answers 2
incorrect science (a study about the spread of Story 1 c Story 2 a Story 3 b

bad science on social media); powerful effect 3
(scientific research showing the difference in
effect between words and images on what 1 was revealed 2 is hoped 3 is thought
we believe); they’ve done or said things that 4 is said 5 was believed
they haven’t (a news article about a celebrity 6 has been suggested 7 is understood
deep fake or an article describing the 4
potential threat of this happening in more
detail); more often (a report about how fakes 1 be + past participle
go viral more often than genuine photos); 2 passives in sentences 2, 6 and 7 are
people try to recreate the dishes (a YouTube followed by that + clause (notice that that
video showing people trying to recreate is optional); passives in sentences 3, 4 and
dishes); dangerous chemicals on strawberries 5 are followed by to + infinitive
(a YouTube video where this happens – it’s
bleach) 3 When the passive begins with it, it will be
followed by (that) + clause.
6
5
1 have been banned
7
2 is thought
Sample answers
3 is rumoured
Fact-check the shark story by: using a reverse
image search (mentioned in the main article) 4 will have been launched/are going to be
to see where else the photo exists on the launched/will be launched
internet; look for evidence that the shark was 5 is expected
there, such as other photos of the incident or
reports that sharks swim inland; search for 6 is said
‘shark swimming in flooded road + fake’ to 7 was awarded/has been awarded
check whether anyone has already
investigated the story. 8 was reported
a: once the news article has been found, 6

check to see what ‘more’ means, whether 1 he had been chosen
2050 is the correct date they are estimating,
what kind of plastic the article is talking 2 The prize is thought to be
about, etc. 3 It is awarded
b: find out what ‘ordered’ means in this 4 Mr Tabichi was congratulated by the
context and who ordered him judges
c: find out what ‘the most dangerous’ means 5 His students’ scores are said to/It is said
and what statistics have been used to that his students’ scores
calculate this (Note: a and b are true, c is
fake) 6 Mr Tabichi is also admired
8 7 He is reported to be

expected believed praised observed hoped
introduced
8–9 The story shows that sometimes, when you
try to push people too hard because you
want them to do something, it’s less likely to
work than with a more gentle approach to
6C
influencing, like the Sun’s. The Sun’s
1 approach was to change the man’s mind, not
to force him.
2
2
1 The second speaker, Fuad, is most like the
1 get a lot of 2 an idea of 3 read online wind, pushing the hardest for going to
3 Marrakesh.
When said fast, some words are connected 3
and sound like one word 1 c (in situations when we want to help
4 other people see our way of thinking and
persuade them to change their minds)
Imogen: social media, podcasts, radio, TV
2 b (inspiring, negotiating, convincing)
Afroz: online newspapers and magazines
3 a (you can use one or more, depending on
5 what works best in the situation and for
1 F 2 NM 3 T 4 NM 5 T 6 F you)
6 4
1 the news 2 top 3 skim over / make Sample answers
4 sensational 5 tabloid / foreign 6 tabloid inspiring style – show people how your ideas
7 in-depth / objective benefit them; appeal to emotions; believe in
7 your idea but be careful because you might
appear unprofessional or inappropriate in
1 top 2 objective 3 skimmed over 4 tabloid certain situationsconvincing style – use
5 sensational 6 in-depth information, statistics or other facts; helps
8–9 build trust and convince people negotiating
style – listening to other people; trying to find
argument, journalist, misleading, news, a middle ground; taking other people’s
report, story opinions into account; helps build
10 relationships
1 The more we include videos on the 5
website, the younger our audience will be. Sample answers
2 The older you are, the less likely you are 1 convincing – facts could help you quickly
to get your news online. influence the other person; inspiring –
3 The more he spoke, the less interesting conveying enthusiasm and confidence
the interview became. might also be a quick way of influencing
someone
4 The more you practise, the better you can
become. 2 inspiring – you need to appeal to their
feeling and emotions, sounding convinced
11 yourself can also help; negotiating - your
Students' own answers idea may benefit from another person’s
input; convincing – if you have any facts
6D and numbers to back up what you’re
saying, that might help them believe you
1
3 negotiating – you probably need to
Sample answers establish a stronger relationship first,
discover what the other person thinks, 1 Practically everyone seems to be able to
etc. learn a foreign language to a high level.
4 negotiating – you might actually need 2 Practically no one owns / seems to own an
input from the other person for your idea, electric car these days.
so this style might be the most
3 This (might) suggest stories about an
appropriate
ancient city in the Amazon were probably
6 true.
Speaker 1 (negotiating style) says: would you 4 Climate change seems to be the
be willing to consider another city instead?; It likely/possible/probable cause of the
might be a good compromise. What do you recent heatwaves.
think?; I can see where you’re coming from; I
9–11
understand this is a big thing; how about
this? Students' own answers
Speaker 2 (inspiring style) says: Just think how
UNIT 7
much you’d regret missing the chance to see
Marrakesh; Just picture this …; I’m just so
excited about ... OPENER
Speaker 3 (convincing style) says: I’ve read 1

that …; I’ve also heard from friends that … Students' own answers
7-9 2
Students' own answers 1R 2A 3R 4A
6E 3
1–2 Students' own answers
Students' own answers 7A

3 1
1B 2A 3B 4B 5B 6A Sample answers
4 People: crops get destroyed, property might
Students' own answers be damaged, people might be harmed or
killed if they get too close
5
Elephants: they lack space and the food they
promises, mountains of gold, adventurous need, they might get shot or injured by
from article A: mysterious, stuff of legends, humans defending their property
finally been found, huge, golden city, battle,
deadly, no matter the cost, despite repeated 2
warnings, too dangerous Problem: elephants eating farmers’ crops
6 Solution: building a fence of bees/beehives,
1 smashed 2 thugs 3 chase 4 incredible covering ropes in chilli peppers/piri-piri
7 3–4
Sentence 1: because of words ‘according to Students' own answers
researchers’, ‘rather’, ‘unlikely’ and 5
impersonal structure ‘it is + adjective’
1, 3, 5, 6
8
6
Sample answers
Sample answers
• What effects (positive and negative) can it How practical is it? – impractical as
have on those involved? – elephants will doesn’t really solve the problem at hand;
get stung by bees, which can be painful humans and elephants will still continue
(negative); elephants will have to find having the same problems
something different to eat (negative);
How much will it cost? – depending on the
elephants will stay away from human
compensation, it could end up being very
settlements (positive); farmers’ crops will
expensive. Farmers need to claim
not be destroyed (positive); locals can
compensation, which might be difficult if
make money from selling honey (positive)
they can’t read or write. Some farmers
• How practical is it? – very practical as uses may cheat and ask for too much
local materials at low cost and doesn’t compensation.
harm the animals unless they cannot find
What training or skills might be needed? –
alternative food
would need farming experts to evaluate
• How much will it cost? – it seems very how much each farmer has lost and how
cheap; both piri piri and bees are easily much that is worth
and cheaply available locally; not many
8
materials needed – some rope, poles and
wood for beehives; in fact, thanks to the Students' own answers
honey, it might actually generate income
7B
• What training or skills might be needed? –
not much: local people need to 1
understand why it’s effective and how to
build the fences; this should be fairly easy Sample answers
to explain Bangkok railway market: advantages – makes
7 use of all available space, popular with
tourists; disadvantages – dangerous, stall
Sample answers owners have to pack up stalls when the train
• Solution 1: What effects (positive and comes through Paris rooftop garden:
negative) can it have on those involved? – advantages – provides fresh fruit and
animals taken away from their natural vegetables, allows for green spaces in a city;
habitat (negative); may be that new disadvantages – can’t grow very much, might
location is a national park with more space be limited to what you can grow
and therefore better for the animals Shipping container housing: advantages –
(positive); farmers won’t have elephants cheap accommodation, don’t need lots of
stealing their crops (positive) space, good for the environment;
How practical is it? – very impractical – disadvantages – might be small and cramped,
moving hundreds of elephants is a very could be cold
difficult task (needs big truck, lifting Caracas cable cars: advantages – good view
equipment, vets, etc.) of the city, reduces pollution; disadvantages –
How much will it cost? – likely to be very not good for people who are scared of
expensive (lots of transportation and heights, might be expensive
professionals needed) Bangkok football pitches: advantages –
What training or skills might be needed? – people can play football, players may develop
it’s not something that the local special skills; disadvantages – football pitch is
population can do on their own, would smaller, harder to play on
need specialists 2
• Solution 2: What effects (positive and verb + object + to + infinitive:
negative) can it have on those involved? –
local people get compensation (positive); encourage more people to farm, enables
elephants continue eating corn (negative) hundreds of students to live, allowing them
to do, permit footballers to play
verb + object + infinitive (without to): 7C
let trains get through, let the train pass, 1
makes you feel
verb + object + from + -ing:
2
has saved universities from having, prevents
commuters from getting stuck in traffic Sample answers
3 1 Robbie’s work – expert in ‘extreme

underground exploration’, been to world’s
1 make, require longest and deepest caves; photographer;
2 let, permit can be frightening and challenging
3 prevent, save 2 the Veryovkina cave system – in Georgia,

two km deep; four days to go down; day
4 ten or eleven, a flood of water; water
1 Abby - feels crowded started rising, had to climb through the
waterfall; been back to complete the
2 Robbie – kitchen and office assignment
3 Abby - her car 3 his home life – likes sitting with cat and
4 Robbie – trains and buses drinking coffee; beautiful view of
mountains
5 Robbie - kitchen cupboard
4 how he ‘gets away from it all’ – his home
5 in a small village with surrounding
1 make mountains
2 save (stop, prevent also possible) 3
3 forces (requires, encourages also possible) 1c 2b 3b 4a 5b
4 encourages (forces, requires also possible) 4
5 lets 1 paint 2 life 3 thing 4 walk
6 prevents (stops also possible) 5
7 enabled (allowed, permitted also possible) 1 do something again that you tried before
but failed at or had difficulty with
8 permits (allows, enables also possible)
2 things that make life comfortable
6
3 going to happen soon
4 something that allows you to forget about
7–8 normal life and its worries
on the second syllable 6
Sample answers 7
A Library: use wall space with lots of shelves – Sample answers
allow the library to have lots of books
without taking up space; have desks that fold To describe the beauty of a large cave:
down from the wall; students bring their own absolutely stunning, breathtaking, spacious,
devices. vast; to describe a small, narrow cave or
passage: cold and damp, cramped, narrow; to
B Studio apartment: a sofa bed will let them describe a small cave to escape a storm:
have friends to stay; replace the bath with a sheltered
shower; a foldable table will allow them to
put it away when not using it.
8–9 4 It’s just that if you were able to … (It’s just
that if you could …)
1 weather, flat 2 streets, tourists 3 car, tent
4 view, spot 5 cave, sight 6 rooms, windows 10 – 12
7E
7D 1
3 Dani is a ‘Comic’, content = photos and
videos; Juana is a ‘Share-it-all’, content =
1 so 2 always leaving 3 would wash 4 such
status update of what they are doing; Kaish is
5 If only
probably a ‘Thinker’, content = photos and
4 videos, news items
1 wish they would throw 3
2 such difficult exam questions Students' own answers
3 wish my brother wouldn’t 4
4 flatmate is so lazy Sample answers
5 is always leaving lights Omitting pronouns and auxiliary verbs: (It’s)
pretty cool, right?!; (Do you have) any
5–6
advice?; (I’ve) just got back; (It) would be
Students' own answers great to have some …
7 Informal quantifiers: a ton of dirty dishes; a
million times; loads of them
The advice given in the video: consider the
context - how well you know the other Phrasal verbs: get down to; piled up; deal
person, how they normally react to feedback; with; puts it off; come up with
manage your own negative emotions (i.e.
Informal expressions: talk behind people’s
don’t get angry); focus on explaining your
backs; I’ve seriously had it!; a fab weekend;
observations, be specific and avoid
wait for this; How about … ?
generalizations and exaggerations; explain
why the change in behaviour is important for 5
you and/or why it could benefit you both and
Sample answers
improve your relationship; describe your
feelings rather than acting them out; ask for a 1 Just got back, a load of/a ton of
change rather than telling them to change
2 give yoga a shot, Never done it before
8
3 put up, loads of/tons of
4 (Got) Any thoughts, Would love
9
5 Really hate, put things off
1 Could I make a suggestion? Why don’t …
6–9
(Can I suggest something? How about…?)
2 I understand that … (I appreciate that …)
3 I’m sure you won’t mind me asking this,
but … (I hope you don’t mind me saying
this, …)
UNIT 8 4
1 invisibility
OPENER
2 lightsabers
1
3 teleportation
Sample answers
4 faster than light travel
1 The people are using technology to talk to
their relatives during a birthday party so 5
they can share the experience of a manipulate, b plasma, c energy supply, d
celebrating with them. violates, e rip, f unrealistic, h vanish,
2 Photo of bored-looking child indoors, i contract
watching videos on a phone; an adult 6
looking at their phone or laptop late at
night; e-waste clearly left to pollute rather 1 You wouldn’t be able to see outside.
than be recycled 2 Making them requires a very large amount
2 of energy.
1 Both think of themselves as techie people. 3 Atoms naturally vanish and reappear.
Nora’s friends go to her for help, and 4 Stretch and contract spacetime or rip it to
Francisco’s friends and family know he is create a wormhole.
good with technology.
7
2 Nora: the Notes app on her phone. She
uses it to write lists and positive thoughts. a Yes, for example: ‘If you’re already getting
Francisco: his smartphone. He does most excited at the possibility of becoming a
things related to work on it. Jedi ...’; questions that assume readers are
interested in and have knowledge of sci-fi
3 Nora worries that people, especially young inventions, for example: ‘What about
people, need technology too much and building a Star Wars lightsaber?’, ‘… how
don’t read and learn enough because they does the Millennium Falcon from Star
play too many games on their devices. Wars do this?’
Francisco isn’t worried about technology
and sees how much it helps scientists like b No, he assumes they will, but not that
him. they have to for any reason.
3 c Yes, for example: ‘… how sci-fi technology
could actually work in the near future …’,
Students' own answers ’… sci-fi technology is slowly becoming
reality …’, ’The next challenge is to make
8A 3D objects disappear, but this should be
1 possible in the next ten to twenty years
…’, ’…Developing technology that allows
Students' own answers teleporting a whole human body might
2 take several centuries, though.’
1 Nora: opens up your imagination and 8
helps us understand ourselves, mixes Sample answers
reality with imagination; Francisco: sci-fi
based on real science, like The Martian. Readers have seen the relevant sci-fi movies
He is annoyed by pseudo-archaeology, (Star Wars, Star Trek, etc.), and know what is
that can be damaging to his work. meant by these inventions.; The enormous
amount of money that will be needed to
3 develop these technologies will be available.;
Students' own answers The problems he mentions about each
technology will be overcome eventually.;
People will still be interested in these 9
technologies hundreds of years from now.
1 Han era seismoscope: invented in 132 CE
9 in China; it was used to detect
earthquakes; it’s possible the Chinese
knew that earthquakes produced
vibrations in the soil even hundreds of
8B
kilometres away, so by detecting these
1 small vibrations, they could say that an
earthquake happened somewhere; it had
Students' own answers a simple design: an urn with a pendulum;
2 when the device detected vibration, it
dropped a ball from the mouth of a metal
Make-up: more than 6,000 years ago in Egypt dragon into a metal frog, making a loud
Brain surgery: more than 8,000 years ago in sound.
France 2 Chimu phone: made about 1,200–1,400
Concrete: over 2,000 years ago in Rome years ago in what is now Peru by the
(Italy) ancient Chimu people; it might have been
used to listen in on other people’s
Water system: more than 4,000 years ago in conversations or to communicate over
the Indus Valley (now Northern India and several hundred metres without shouting;
Pakistan) it had a simple design: two receivers are
3 connected via a cotton line that carries
voice vibrations from the speaker to the
1 PT 2 CT 3 NT 4 PT 5 NT 6 CT 7 PT listener.
4
8C
1 must have
1
2 may/might have
Sample answers
3 can’t/couldn’t have
1 driverless vehicles: companies don’t have
4 shouldn’t have
to pay drivers, customers may be safer;
5 electric scooters: fast, quiet, cheap and
clean way to get around town; self-service
1 can’t 2 might 3 may 4 must 5 shouldn’t
checkouts: company doesn’t have to
6 might
employ so many staff, customers don’t
6 have to queue so often; sharing apps:
company makes money for a purely
1 may/might have used
administrative role, without needing to
2 must have been own taxis, hotels, etc., workers can make
money from their own flat, house, car,
3 can’t have spoken
etc., customers get cheaper
4 may/might have made accommodation and taxi service; video
conferencing: more frequent
5 must have been
communication between offices without
7 money or time spent travelling, workers
don’t have to travel for work, students can
The speaker pronounces it as ‘ev’.
learn at home
8
2 disadvantages may include: less personal
1 He must have said something. customer service, e.g. self-service
checkouts, driverless vehicles; greater
2 They can’t have gone.
unemployment if jobs are automated or
3 You shouldn’t have done that! made unprofessional, e.g. driverless
4 It may have just been me.
vehicles, sharing apps; poor safety, e.g. 2
driverless vehicles, electric scooters
Sample answers
2
In video conference calls, mute your
1 see hidden buildings and other structures, microphone if you are not involved in the
accurately map location; very conversation to avoid background noise. In
sophisticated, not user-friendly, expensive emails, make hyperlinks active so that the
reader can click to access the web page.
2 small portable device, replaces other
Don’t ‘reply all’ in emails unless the reply is
gadgets; not waterproof, always available
relevant to everyone. Don’t use large groups
3 such as WhatsApp groups if the message is
only relevant to one person in that group.
1 devices
When sending emails to large groups of
2 innovative, user-friendly, sophisticated people, use the BCC function to avoid sharing
people’s email addresses.
3 handy, pocket-sized, gadgets
3–4
4 waterproof.
4
5
1 a 2 i 3 f 4 h 5 e 6 c 7 d 8 b 9 j 10 g
2 Mentioned in the quiz: using emoticons in
5
work emails, using abbreviations;
3 Other behaviours: how emotions can be
6 misinterpreted, using emojis/emoticons,
posting something that could be offensive
a n., perform (v.)
or hurtful, how levels of formality can be
b n., innovative (adj.) misinterpreted
c adj., recharge (v.) 6
7 1 We can’t hear the person’s voice or see
them, so it’s difficult to judge their
1 invention 2 memorize 3 sensitive
emotions.
8
2 They can help explain our emotions.
1 for a number of years now
3 Not everyone might be familiar with what
2 the way we travel from town to town an abbreviation stands for.
3 of the petrol 4 It’s important to check that the people
involved are happy for you to share a
9
photo or post on social media to avoid
1 Jens 2 Marsha 3 host 4 Yuki 5 Marsha upsetting or annoying them.
10 7
Short ‘o’ sound: complex, laptop, pocket- Students' own answers
sized; Long ‘o’ sound: automatic,
8
performance, waterproof
1 Could potentially be too formal, but it
11
might depend on how the two friends
Students' own answers communicate. Potential change to less
formal, e.g. Got time to meet up later?
8D
2 Could potentially be too informal unless a
1 great rapport was established in that first
meeting; the kiss could be inappropriate.
Students' own answers Potential change: delete the current
emojis and say ‘It was great meeting you long-lasting. Adjective pairs: clean and
yesterday ’. simple, cheap and cheerful, black and white.
3 Likely too informal; avoid abbreviations 6
and emojis and writing as you speak
1 has a clean and simple interface
(‘checkin’). Potential change: Thank you
very much for checking my homework. 2 with its thirty-minute recharge time
4 Seems fine; capital letters for emphasis 3 something cheap and cheerful
are unlikely to be seen as shouting but
4 free and easy-to-use
could consider dropping them.
5 by reading the on-screen lyrics
9
6 is printed in black and white
7 a high-end brand
8E
8 strength and long-lasting protection
1 7
Sample answers Positive comments: This is the ideal option if
a waterproof speaker: to use it on a beach you’re looking for … / , … makes the perfect
or camping holiday or to listen to music choice for … / You could do a lot worse than
while they are outdoors … / … is a must / … within your price range
b sports video camera: to film yourself or Negative comments: Another downside is
other people doing sports that … / A minor drawback is …,
c instant camera: to take photos at a party Positive or negative comments: On the flip
or event that you can then give to the side, … / All in all, …
guests, to be able to instantly see what 8–11
something looks like when you are
working on creative projects Students' own answers
d solar-powered power pack: to use while UNIT 9
you are staying outdoors for a longer
period of time, for example on a camping
OPENER
holiday, and you need power for light or
to use electric devices 1
2 1 He competed in a challenging race, with
Students' own answers the additional challenge of being a double
amputee.
3
2
Shavi: wireless/waterproof speaker; 3 or 4
stars Robbie – inner peace and happiness (‘Success
is just being happy, being content with
Petra: instant camera; 2 or 3 stars yourself ...’); a rewarding career (‘being able
Otto: smartphone; 4 or 5 stars to do the job I love’); a loving family and a lot
of friends (‘other aspects are friends and
4 family and your partner.’); knowing ‘what
Shavi: a, f, e; Petra: b, g, a, f; type of person’ he is.
Otto: c, d, f, h Paola – a loving family (‘knowing that my

family is fine …’); a rewarding career (‘my
5 everyday happiness is my research work’);
Compound adjectives: long-lasting, 24-hour, developing yourself in some way (‘to evolve,
easy-to-use, on-screen, (waterproof and to go further’) and realizing ‘that we do not
straightforward are also compound adjectives need to be recognized for our success’.
written as one word), high-end, second-hand,
3–4 businessmen might be inspired by him.
Employers might be interested in whether
paying his staff so well has made him
more successful or less so. They may not
9A
like the idea that his actions suggest
1 employees should expect more.
Students' own answers 2 It’s likely that Polish people might feel
prouder of Maria than non-Poles; they
2 might have a stronger positive and more
1 Skłodowska Curie – scientific invention; emotional reaction to her achievements.
Bong – directing films; Guilhermina – 3 Some are likely to be inspired by her, or
running; Ulukaya – entrepreneurship proud, but there may be others who don’t
2 Skłodowska Curie – sexism / language like feeling inadequate because they
barriers; Bong – anxiety / financial issues; haven’t had the same level of success as
Guilhermina – visual impairment / little she has.
money; Ulukaya – little money 4 Perhaps they now feel bad they booed the
3 film and didn’t appreciate it.
1 lived through difficulties 7
2 lived through terrible events such as Students' own answers
deaths of loved ones
9B
3 don’t stop doing something
1
4 stop someone from progressing
5 grow up in a family without much money
2
6 give money to charities and people who
need it Sample answers
4 1 A student, probably late teens or early
twenties, ambitious, optimistic and
excited about life; B older person, hard on
5 themselves, someone who has big regrets;
C any age, unhappy with their fitness
Sample answers
levels, possibly suffering from low self-
1 The writer thinks Terezinha is a great esteem
athlete because she has the right attitude.
2 b
2 The writer sees Hamdi as very generous
3
and someone who cares about other
people. 1 A graduated: ‘you will have just
graduated’; B apologized to his family:
3 The writer is suggesting that the people on
‘you’ll have apologized to the family’; C
the Nobel committee at that time were
joined the gym: ‘you should have joined
prejudiced against women.
the gym’
4 The writer thinks it’s strange and perhaps
2 A ‘you should be making some money’; B
inappropriate that it took the Academy
‘there’s a photo … you might be needing
almost 100 years to choose a non-English-
to see’; C ‘you won’t still be sitting on that
speaking film as Best Film.
sofa’
6
4
Sample answers
a ‘You won’t still be sitting on that sofa.’; b
1 They might admire him because he did it ‘you will have just graduated’; c ‘you should
all himself without family help; similar have joined the gym’, ‘you should be making
some money’, ‘there’s a photo ... you might 9C
be needing to see’
1
5
1 I should have finished university in two
years. 2
2 I might be living in another country next a2 b1 c2 d1

year. 3
3 My best friend will have started her online 1 Despite the fact 2 can actually
business by the end of this year.
4
4 I will be travelling around Asia next
summer. 1F 2T 3F 4F 5F 6T
6 5
Paola is the most confident she will have 1 The second had the biggest effect (‘…
done well at work. Her plans are to go to you’re so much stronger because you’re
Europe for her 41st birthday. She is quite driven, it’s the fire inside, it’s huge. I
confident that she will go to London, Madrid certainly benefited so much …’)
and Paris. She plans to NOT take a selfie at 6
the Eiffel Tower (but she thinks she might
anyway). 1 tackle, problem
7 2 struggling, understand
plans: ‘I’m determined to’; predictions: ‘I 3 made, through

have no doubt’, ‘It’s likely that’, ‘there’s a 4 made, mess
fifty-fifty chance that’, ‘you are bound to’
5 overcame, issues
8–9
6 achieved, objectives.
Dear Future Pao,||
Sentences 3, 5 and 6 describe successes
You are a really determined person, ||so I
have no doubt| that you will have done very 7
well at work, | so| let’s not talk about that. 1 achieve 2 make 3 overcome/tackle
||What I really want to know is, ||how was 4 struggle 5 tackle/overcome
your trip to Europe for your 41st birthday?
||It´s likely| that your first stop was London| 8–9
and specifically the London Eye. ||Is the view /ʃ/ ambition, professional, issue
as amazing as I picture it? ||And please| tell
me that you visited that café in Madrid – |I’m /ʒ/ decision, vision
determined to have that amazing cup of /tʃ/ achieve
coffee. ||Also, |there’s a fifty-fifty chance
that you took a selfie at the Eiffel Tower – /dʒ/ knowledge, manage, objectives, project
||yes, |the one you swore you weren’t going 10
to take |because it’s such a cliché, | but you
are bound to get really amazed and take it Students' own answers
anyway.||
9D
So|| … what’s next? |Please tell me that it’s a
trip to Australia.|| 1
As always keep going!||Hugs,| 1 In the first, the language is unnecessarily
polite and indirect. In that situation, a
Present Pao more efficient way of communicating is
10–11 needed. The teacher is clearly busy and
about to begin a class, so it would be
Students' own answers quicker to ask ‘Could I talk to you about
my essay later, please?’. In the second, 9E
the teacher needs to respect the student’s
feelings and prepare him for the negative 1
feedback with more indirect language. Students' own answers
2 b 2
2 1 Student’s own answers, but requesting
Students' own answers that the applicant is a woman, native
speaker and educated to Master’s degree
3 level could be considered irrelevant to the
1T person’s ability to do the job successfully
and therefore unfair/unnecessary
2 F – it’s direct communicators who value
efficiency 2 Yes, apart from ‘ability to solve
unexpected problems’
3 T
3 He always provides a specific example of
4 F – it’s not the style but our assumptions how he gained a skill and uses phrases
about it that can create communication such as ‘thanks to’, ‘with regards to’, ‘such
problems as’.
5 T 3
4 1,3 and 4
1 quite indirect – Marcus thinks the 4
proposal isn’t a very good one, or not an
appropriate one gained valuable experience, Since graduating,
relocating, As far as my personality is
2 direct – could be seen as rude concerned, communicate effectively with, I
3 very indirect – she is asking for a lift have developed a good working knowledge of
French and Spanish, I am also about to
5 complete
Students' own answers 5-8
1a I appreciate your honesty, but could you
explain your reasons a bit more?; Why do UNIT 10
you say that?; Just to check I understand,
do you mean … ? OPENER
1b What exactly do you mean by…?; Just to 1

check I understand, do you mean … ? Students' own answers
2a I tend to get to the point quickly, so please 2
ask me questions if anything is unclear.
1 Alyea compares poet cultures in New York
2b Sometimes I take a while to get to the and in Trinidad and Tobago; Lia compares
point, so feel free to ask me to be more open markets in Europe and Brazil; 2 The
direct. atmosphere and snaps (finger clicking) at
7 the poetry competition were the same;
the atmosphere and feelings in the
1b 2c 3a markets were the same, Lia experienced
8-9 the same joy.
10A cosplayer e gamer g geek b hippy a
influencer c rapper f steampunk d surfer h
1
2
2
3
Colombia
1 Subcultures develop when people who
3 struggle to find a place in ‘normal’ society
Students' own answers come together and form a group identity.
4 4
1 like a trip to a greenhouse 1b 2c 3d 4a
2 a trip across time and space 5
3 rhythms ... dance in the air; life goes about Verbs followed by verb + -ing: spend (time),
its business make, love, look forward to
5 Verbs followed by the infinitive with to: tend,
struggle, dare, pretending, allow, adapt,
Sample answers expected
1 like a trip to a greenhouse = trip to a very 6
hot place (San Basilio de Palenque is like a
trip to a greenhouse because the 1 noticing 2 seeing 3 wondering 4 to vary
environments are similar, i.e., hot, sticky 5 to recognize
and humid); a trip across time and space = 7
it makes you feel like you’re in a different
time and place; rhythms ... dance in the air Column A.
= you can hear a lot of music; life goes The four pairs show that the voiceless
about its business = life is or continues in a consonant is only aspirated if it is at the start
certain way of a stressed syllable.
2 The figurative language makes the 8
descriptions more interesting and
colourful; it helps the reader feel, see or 1 Which subcultures do you remember
hear what the writer describes. seeing when you were young?
6 2 What do you look forward to doing after
your studies or work?
The photo shows you the musical
instruments and the people playing them. 3 Do you ever feel like joining any clubs or
This is not mentioned in the text, so it groups? Which?
expands what you read about. The music is 4 Do / Would you enjoy dressing up in
mentioned and described in the text but costumes?
listening to it can help you understand what
the music actually sounds like. You can also 5 Which subcultures do you struggle to
decide whether you agree or disagree with understand? Why?
the author’s description of the music. Hearing 9–11
the music can evoke emotions and feelings
too. Students' own answers
7–8 10C
1
10B Students' own answers
1
2 10D
a bit of both, but mostly Brazilian 1–3
1 (Japanese and Brazilian) backgrounds 4
2 members of my family, feel 75% Brazilian Sample answers
and 25% Japanese
1 Vihaan assumes the teacher is bored.
3 that brings this diverse nation / us Other possible reasons: she is
together concentrating on what Vihaan is saying;
4 her understanding of a ‘discussion’ is that
one person speaks while the other person
1F 2T 3T 4F 5F 6F 7T 8T listens with full concentration and then
5 when the other person has clearly finished
speaking, you take your turn to say
1 identify with something.
2 fits in with 2 Marlies assumes that Gautam is paying
3 influenced by her (Japanese) origins because he thinks she doesn’t have
money to pay. Other possible reasons: he
4 share the same values as sees paying the whole bill as a friendly or
5 felt like an outsider romantic gesture; he does not place a lot
of importance on who pays the bill and
6 raised in (Japan) had simply offered to pay the bill without
7 mixed cultural background realizing the possible symbolism of this.
8 culturally diverse 3 Louis thinks the other people are rude

calling his baby fat. Other possible
6 reasons: they believe that a fat baby is a
Students' own answers healthy, happy baby and they are giving
Louis’ baby a compliment.
7
5
Speaker 1: /θɪŋk/ and /ðə/
1c 2b 3d 4a 5e
Speaker 2: /tɪŋk/ and /də/
6
Speaker 3: /fɪŋk/ and /və/
They follow all 5 steps in the order they
8 appear in the box.
9 Sample answer
Brussels Marlies: 1 I’m surprised but also a bit
10 offended and angry. 2 I’m assuming Gautam
thinks I wouldn’t be able to pay for the meal,
Students read Focus box to check answers. that I don’t have the money. 3 Perhaps
11 Gautam offered to pay because he is trying to
be polite and nice; maybe for him it’s normal
1 The, X to pay the bill the first time he has dinner
2 X with someone. 4 I kind of get that; when
meeting someone for the first time I also try
3 X, the to be as polite and nice as possible. 5 I can
12 certainly live with Gautam paying for the
meal; but perhaps next time I can offer to
Students' own answers pay, or we can split the bill; it would also be
good to discuss why splitting the bill is 7
important for me.
Sample answers
Louis: 1 I’m offended because people are
Only a tiny percentage of respondents in both
saying my baby is fat. I want them to
age groups enjoy going to the theatre. / Just
compliment her. 2 I’m assuming that ‘fat’
under half of respondents aged 31 or over
isn’t a compliment when maybe it is. 3 Surely
regularly go to the cinema.
people wouldn’t be negative about a baby, so
I must be wrong. 4 Yes, I remember calling a 8–12
friend’s baby ‘chubby’ but I meant that he
was looking really healthy. 5 I can live with
the fact that people think my daughter looks
VOCABULARY REFERENCE
healthy and I will ask a friend if my initial
assumption was wrong. UNIT 1
8–10 1
Students' own answers 1 impatient 2 optimistic 3 concerned
4 astonished 5 relieved 6 motivated
10E 7 petrified 8 thrilled 9 furious
1
UNIT 2
1
2
1e 2h 3a 4c 5g 6b 7f 8d
1 an online survey of local residents
2 architecture and historical buildings, UNIT 3
museums, markets, festivals and events, 1
sports events, typical food, art and
entertainment 1 set off / head back 2 reach 3 end up
4 stop over 5 turn back / head back
3 6 made it 7 go on
1 sites/destinations/attractions
UNIT 4
2 events/celebrations
1
3 food/dishes/cuisine
1 reconnected 2 caught up 3 lost touch with
4 arts/entertainment 4 keep in close 5 keeping in touch
4 6 stick together 7 hit it off 8 get along with
a1 b2 c5 d6 e4 f3 UNIT 5
5 1
1 respondents, those questioned, those 1 anxiety 2 Coping with 3 get over
surveyed, people, a few, a small number 4 symptoms 5 Coming down with 6 at risk
2 mentioned, said, stated, chose, identified 7 feel sorry for 8 Take a nap 9 calling in sick
10 staying in shape
6
1 Only a tiny percentage …; 2 A small UNIT 6
number; 3 One in four; 4 Roughly a third; 5 1
Just under half …; 6 The vast majority … Other
expressions used: over half, most 1 skim over 2 top story 3 the press 4 in-
respondents, a large number of people, by far depth 5 report 6 objective 7 sensational
the largest percentage, several people, a few 8 tabloid
UNIT 7 2
1 1 stronger 2 stronger 3 weaker
1 densely crowded 2 cold and damp 2B GRAMMAR: PRESENT TENSES
3 breathtaking 4 absolutely stunning
5 narrow 6 warm and cosy 1
7 elegantly decorated 8 spacious 9 light and
1 picks up 2 have been reading up
airy
3 I’m studying 4 have had 5 haven’t come up
6 we’ve made
UNIT 8
2
1
1 has been 2 ‘m enjoying / ‘ve / have been
1 innovative 2 recharge 3 sophisticated enjoying 3 have 4 ‘ve / have visited
4 handy 5 pocket-sized 6 user-friendly 5 ‘ve / have been missing 6 have 7 ‘m / am
7 waterproof 8 performs 9 outdated studying 8 spending / am spending
UNIT 9 2C FOCUS ON: SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE
1 PHRASALVERBS
1 make it through 2 achieve (my) objectives 1
3 struggling 4 overcome/tackle
1a 2b 3b 4b 5a 6a
5 tackle the problem/issue 6 a mess
3B GRAMMAR: NARRATIVE TENSES
UNIT 10
1
1
1 had dreamed 2 wanted 3 had done
1f 2d 3a 4h 5c 6g 7b 8e
4 landed 5 had 6 was made 7 had been lying
8 reached 9 was pulling 10 had arrived
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
2
1B GRAMMAR: FORMING QUESTIONS 1 were walking; came across
1 2 stopped by; had found
1 Could you tell me when the meeting 3 had been looking forward to; felt
starts?
4 became; decided
2 She was very surprised, wasn’t she?
3 Haven’t we gone there before? 3C FOCUS ON: TRAVEL COLLOCATIONS WITH
GO ON
4 I’d like to know where the bank is.
1
5 A: I think my sister looks a bit tired.
1 go on a safari
B: Do you?
2 go on a package holiday
6 Who came with you to the restaurant?
3 going on a language exchange
2
4 going on a scientific expedition
1 Did you 2 wouldn’t you 3 Does it
4 Have you 5 are you 6 How much is 5 going on a business trip
7 would you mind 8 will take
6 went on a cruise
1C FOCUS ON: ADVERBS OF DEGREE
1
1 absolutely 2 a bit 3 really 4 tremendously
5 totally 6 somewhat
4B GRAMMAR: REPORTED SPEECH AND 6B GRAMMAR PASSIVE STRUCTURES
REPORTING VERBS
1
1 1 is believed to
1 he was going to come the next day 2 will be presented
2 his sister had been feeling tired 3 been spent
3 he had been feeling ill 4 understood to
4 we / they should go for dinner the 5 is going
following week
6 are being
2
2
1 to help 2 for breaking 3 of forgetting
4 to come 5 (to) making 6 for being 1 a number of important issues were
7 to arrive 8 asking discussed
2 It was hoped that the problem 3 Jaime
4C FOCUS ON: TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE Vega is believed to be the best person / It
PHRASAL VERBS is believed that Jaime Vega is the best
1 person
1 keep in touch (I) 4 has been written on the subject
2 catching up with (T) 5 It is recommended (that)
2 6 are going to be answered / will be
answered
1 catch up with you sometime
2 keep in touch with Lei 6C FOCUS ON: THE … THE …
3 hit it off with my best friend right away 1

4 lost touch with my cousin, I felt very sad 1 The sooner 2 the more 3 the better
4 The more loudly 5 The older
5 keep in close contact with my cousins
2
5B GRAMMAR: CONDITIONALS 1 The less I study, the more free time I have
1 for my hobbies.
1 first 2 zero 3 second 4 second 5 third 2 The fewer pets people have, the cheaper
6 first it is for them.
2 3 The more quickly we drive, the sooner
we’ll get to the airport.
1 had 2 would come 3 had managed
4 would have learnt / learned 5 ‘ll / will feel 4 The more time you can spend relaxing on
6 take 7 will help holiday, the better you will feel.
5 The darker my bedroom is, the more
5C FOCUS ON: I WISH … AND IF ONLY … easily I get to sleep.
1
7B GRAMMAR: CAUSATIVE VERBS
1f 2c 3e 4a 5b 6d
1
2
1 allow 2 advised 3 are helping 4 prevents
1 had 2 knew 3 had gone 4 didn’t have 5 can’t let 6 will save
5 hadn’t forgotten 6 had trained
2 5 might have
1 become 2 to include 3 (to) save 4 to leave 2
5 (from) feeling 6 (from) worrying 7 to begin
1 will have arrived
8 to give up 9 to try out
2 will be chatting
7D FOCUS ON: USEFUL STRUCTURES FOR
3 might have thought of
COMPLAINING
4 should have received / will have received
1
5 will explain / will be explaining
1d 2f 3a 4b 5e 6c
6 should have submitted / will have
2 submitted
1 I find long queues so frustrating. Not used:
such 9C FOCUS ON: VERB-NOUN COLLOCATIONS
2 If only she would work harder. Not used: 1
will 1f 2c 3a 4e 5b 6d
3 Henry is in such a bad mood. Not used: 2
too
1 achieve 2 overcome 3 made 4 struggling
4 I wish the weather was better. Not used: is 5 tackling 6 make
5 My boss is always telling me off. Not used:
such 10B GRAMMAR: VERB PATTERNS WITH
INFINITIVE AND -ING
8B GRAMMAR: SPECULATING ABOUT THE PAST
1
1
1 listening 2 to go 3 attending 4 waking up
1a 2b 3a 4a 5 to clean 6 to spend 7 (to) tidy up
2 2
1 must 2 might/may/could 3 should 1 What do you feel like doing this evening?
4 can’t/couldn’t 5 must 6 shouldn’t
2 I think the students deserve to win a prize.
8C FOCUS ON: FORMING NOUNS, VERBS AND 3 We are looking forward to going scuba
ADJECTIVES diving.
1 4 We remember travelling to the Caribbean
as children.
1 impossibility 2 accomplishment 3 critical
4 statement 5 memorable 5 My younger sister always makes me laugh.
2 10C FOCUS ON: THE WITH GROUPS OF
1 creative 2 possibilities 3 competition PEOPLE AND THINGS
4 Original 5 attractive 6 affordable
1
7 downloadable 8 Additional 9 submissions
1 Most 2 the Japanese 3 many 4 Tapas
9B GRAMMAR: TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE 5 the dancers 6 Colombians
1 2 Living in a diverse community is very
important to me, perhaps because I’ve
1 will have lived in 1many multicultural cities
2 ’ll be throughout my life. My parents were
2
diplomats and as a result we travelled all
3 should over the world. I loved 3the majority of
4 won’t the places we lived, although I found the
climate in some of 4the warmer countries
hard to adapt to. On the other hand, in
every country I met 5incredible people
and got to experience the culture in a
unique way. Now, as an adult, I live in the
East End of London. For me, the East End
is a perfect fit because it reminds me of
my travels. I love hearing dozens of
6
different languages as I walk through
7
the streets, and doing the shopping at
family-owned corner shops is just the
best. I buy my vegetables at an Indian
grocery store and 8the owners are
teaching me short phrases in their
language.

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6

Advice: ask lots of questions; look for things 6

Dear Sir or Madam, 2–3

I am writing to enquire about the driving Students' own answers

4 1 They are practising yoga.

1 Present tense is used for presenting 3 Sample answers: Exercise releases

5 1 she runs or goes for a walk

Sample answers 2 outdoor activities that aren’t competitive

4 Students' own answers

5 1 electric lights, distractions such as TV, LED

(cause underlined, effect in italics) 1 Sentence 3: present tenses in both

7 Students' own answers

5 Students' own answers

incorrect science (a study about the spread of Story 1 c Story 2 a Story 3 b

a: once the news article has been found, 6

Students' own answers 7

Speaker 3 (convincing style) says: I’ve read 1

1–2 Students' own answers

Students' own answers 7A

3 1 Robbie’s work – expert in ‘extreme

3 prevent, save 2 the Veryovkina cave system – in Georgia,

2 save (stop, prevent also possible) 3

3 forces (requires, encourages also possible) 1c 2b 3b 4a 5b

4 encourages (forces, requires also possible) 4

5 lets 1 paint 2 life 3 thing 4 walk

6 prevents (stops also possible) 5

Otto: c, d, f, h Paola – a loving family (‘knowing that my

2 I might be living in another country next a2 b1 c2 d1

plans: ‘I’m determined to’; predictions: ‘I 3 made, through

1b What exactly do you mean by…?; Just to 1

8 culturally diverse 3 Louis thinks the other people are rude

3 hit it off with my best friend right away 1

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