Chapter 4

Temperature plays an important role in maintaining the quality of stored

food products. Lowering the temperature retards the rates of reactions
that cause quality deterioration. It is generally agreed that the reaction
rate is reduced by half by lowering the temperature by 10°C. In earlier days,
a lower temperature was obtained by the use of ice. Ice was allowed to melt
in an insulated chamber that contained food products. During melting, ice
requires latent heat (333.2 kJ/kg) to be converted from the solid phase to
liquid water. This heat was extracted from the product that was kept next
to ice in an insulated chamber.

٠‫ احلساز‬١‫ خفض دزد‬.١ْ‫ املدص‬١ٝ٥‫ املٓتذات ايػرا‬٠‫د‬ٛ‫ د‬٢ً‫زًا ًَُٗا يف احلفاظ ع‬ٚ‫ د‬٠‫ احلساز‬١‫تًعب دزد‬
ٌ‫ٌ َعدٍ ايتفاع‬ًٝ‫تِ تك‬ٜ ٕ‫ًَا أ‬ُٛ‫٘ ع‬ًٝ‫ َٔ املتفل ع‬.٠‫د‬ٛ‫ز اجل‬ٖٛ‫ؤخس َعدالت ايتفاعالت اييت تطبب تد‬ٜ
٢ً‫ٍ ع‬ٛ‫ مت احلض‬، ١‫اّ ايطابك‬ٜ‫ يف األ‬.١ٜٛ٦َ ١‫ دزد‬10 ‫ مبكداز‬٠‫ احلساز‬١‫ل خفض دزد‬ٜ‫مبكداز ايٓضف عٔ طس‬
‫ َٓتذات‬٢ً‫ ع‬ٟٛ‫ ؼت‬١‫ي‬ٚ‫ َعص‬١‫بإ يف غسف‬ٚ‫د باير‬ًٝ‫ مسح يًذ‬.‫ل اضتدداّ ايجًر‬ٜ‫ أقٌ عٔ طس‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫دزد‬
‫ إىل‬١‫ ايضًب‬١ً‫ًٗا َٔ املسس‬ٜٛ‫ نؼ) يتش‬/ ‫ نر‬333.2( ١َٓ‫ نا‬٠‫ حيتاز ايجًر إىل سساز‬، ٕ‫با‬ٚ‫ اير‬٤‫ أثٓا‬.١ٝ٥‫غرا‬
١‫ي‬ٚ‫ َعص‬١‫د يف غسف‬ًٝ‫از اجل‬ٛ‫ مت سفع٘ ظ‬ٟ‫ َٔ املٓتر اير‬٠‫ احلساز‬ٙ‫ مت اضتدساز ٖر‬.ٌ٥‫ ايطا‬٤‫املا‬.

Today, the cooling process is achieved by the use of a mechanical

refrigeration system. Refrigeration systems allow transfer of heat from the
cooling chamber to a location where the heat can easily be discarded. The
transfer of heat is accomplished by using a refrigerant, which like water
changes state-from liquid to vapor. Unlike water, a refrigerant has a much
lower boiling point. For example, ammonia, a commonly used refrigerant in
industrial plants, has a boiling point of - 33.3°C. This is a much lower
temperature compared with 100 C, the boiling point of water at atmospheric
pressure. Similar to water, ammonia needs latent heat to change its phase
from liquid to gas at its boiling point. The boiling point of a refrigerant can
be varied by changing the pressure. Thus, to increase the boiling point of
ammonia to 0°C, its pressure must be raised to 430.43 kPa.

َٔ ٠‫د بٓكٌ احلساز‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬١ُ‫ تطُح أْع‬.ٞ‫ه‬ْٝ‫ها‬ٝ‫د امل‬ٜ‫د باضتدداّ ْعاّ ايترب‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬١ًُٝ‫ل ع‬ٝ‫تِ ؼك‬ٜ ، ّٛٝ‫اي‬

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

ٟ‫ اير‬، ‫ باضتدداّ املربد‬٠‫تِ ْكٌ احلساز‬ٜ .١‫ي‬ٛٗ‫ بط‬٠‫ح ميهٔ ايتدًط َٔ احلساز‬ٝ‫قع س‬َٛ ‫د إىل‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬١‫غسف‬
٢ً‫ ع‬.‫إ أقٌ بهجري‬ًٝ‫ غ‬١‫ ْكط‬٢ً‫ املربد ع‬ٟٛ‫ حيت‬، ٤‫ عهظ املا‬٢ً‫ ع‬.‫ٌ إىل غاز‬٥‫ َٔ ضا‬- ٤‫ املا‬١‫تػري ساي‬ٜ
١‫ دزد‬٢ً‫ ع‬، ١ٝ‫ االضتدداّ يف املٓػآت ايضٓاع‬١‫ع‬٥‫ غا‬١ً٥‫ ضا‬٠‫ َاد‬ٖٞٚ ، ‫ا‬َْٝٛ‫ األ‬ٟٛ‫ ؼت‬، ٍ‫ٌ املجا‬ٝ‫ضب‬
ٕ‫ا‬ًٝ‫ غ‬١‫ ْكط‬ٖٞٚ ، ١ٜٛ٦َ ١‫ دزد‬100 ‫ بـ‬١ْ‫ أقٌ بهجري َكاز‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ دزد‬ٙ‫ ٖر‬.١ٜٛ٦َ ١‫ دزد‬33.3 ‫إ تبًؼ‬ًٝ‫غ‬
‫ٌ إىل‬٥‫زٖا َٔ ايطا‬ٛ‫ري ط‬ٝ‫ يتػ‬١َٓ‫ نا‬٠‫ا إىل سساز‬َْٝٛ‫ ؼتاز األ‬، ٤‫ غساز املا‬٢ً‫ ع‬.ٟٛ‫ عٓد ايغػط اجل‬٤‫املا‬
١‫ ْكط‬٠‫اد‬ٜ‫ يص‬، ٞ‫بايتاي‬ٚ .‫ري ايغػط‬ٝ‫ل تػ‬ٜ‫إ املربد عٔ طس‬ًٝ‫ غ‬١‫ري ْكط‬ٝ‫ ميهٔ تػ‬.ٕ‫ا‬ًٝ‫ ايػ‬١‫ايػاش عٓد ْكط‬
ٍ‫ باضها‬ًٛٝ‫ ن‬430.43 ‫ جيب زفع عػطٗا إىل‬، ١ٜٛ٦َ ١‫ دزد‬0 ‫ا إىل‬َْٝٛ‫إ األ‬ًٝ‫غ‬.

A very simple refrigeration system that utilizes a refrigerant is shown in

Figure 4.1. The only drawback in this illustration is the onetime use of the
refrigerant. Because refrigerants are expensive, they must be reused. Thus,
the system must be modified to allow collection of the refrigerant vapors
and their conversion to liquid state so that the same refrigerant can be used
repetitively. This is accomplished with the use of a mechanical
vapor-compression system.

ٖٛ ٞ‫ش‬ٝ‫ع‬ٛ‫د يف ٖرا ايسضِ ايت‬ٝ‫س‬ٛ‫ب اي‬ٝ‫ ايع‬.‫د‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬٠‫طتددّ َاد‬ٜ ١ٜ‫ط يًػا‬ٝ‫د بط‬ٜ‫ ْعاّ ترب‬4.1 ٌ‫عٗس ايػه‬ٜ
، ٞ‫بايتاي‬ٚ .‫ اضتدداَٗا‬٠‫ جيب إعاد‬، ُٔ‫ ايج‬١ٝ‫ ألٕ املربدات غاي‬.‫اسد‬ٚ ‫قت‬ٚ ‫د يف‬ٜ‫اد ايترب‬ٛ‫االضتدداّ املربد مل‬
‫ح ميهٔ اضتدداّ ْفظ املربد‬ٝ‫ ع‬١ً٥‫ ايطا‬١‫ًٗا إىل احلاي‬ٜٛ‫ؼ‬ٚ ‫د‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬٠‫ٌ ايٓعاّ يًطُاح ظُع أغس‬ٜ‫جيب تعد‬
ٞ‫ه‬ْٝ‫ها‬ٝ‫ل ذيو باضتدداّ ْعاّ عػط ايبداز امل‬ٝ‫تِ ؼك‬ٜ .‫بػهٌ َتهسز‬.

2. Definitions

Latent Heat of Fusion - The quantity of heat (KJ/Kg) required to change 1

Kg of material from the solid phase into the liquid phase.

Latent Heat of Vaporization - The quantity of heat (KJ/Kg) required to

change 1 Kg of matenal from the liquid phase into the vapor phase. Sensible
Heat - Heat that is absorbed/rejected by a material, resulting in a change
of temperature. Latent Heat - Heat that is absorbed/rejected by a material

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

resulting in a change of physical state (occurring at constant temperature).

Saturation Temperature - That temperature at which a liquid starts to boil
(or vapor starts to condense). The saturation temperature (boiling
temperature) is constant at a given pressure and increases as the pressure
increases. A liquid cannot be raised above its saturation temperature.
Whenever the refrigerant is present in two states (liquid and vapor) the
refrigerant mixture will be at the saturation temperature. Superheat - At a
given pressure, the difference between a vapor's temperature and its
saturation temperature. Subcooling - At a given pressure, the difference
between a liquid's temperature and its saturation temperature.

2. ‫التعاريف‬

٠‫ احلساز‬١ُٝ‫ ن‬- ‫ يالْضٗاز‬١َٓ‫ ايها‬٠‫( احلساز‬KJ / Kg) ‫ز‬ٛ‫اد َٔ ايط‬ٛ‫ نذِ َٔ امل‬1 ‫ري‬ٝ‫ يتػ‬١َ‫ايالش‬
ٌ٥‫ز ايطا‬ٛ‫ايضًب إىل ايط‬.

٠‫ احلساز‬١ُٝ‫ ن‬- ‫ يًتبدري‬١َٓ‫ ايها‬٠‫( احلساز‬KJ / Kg) ٠‫ نذِ َٔ َاد‬1 ‫ري‬ٝ‫ يتػ‬١َ‫ ايالش‬matenal َٔ
١‫اضط‬ٛ‫ زفغٗا ب‬/ ‫تِ اَتضاصٗا‬ٜ ‫ اييت‬٠‫ احلساز‬- ١‫ احلطاض‬٠‫ احلساز‬.‫ ايبداز‬١ً‫ إىل َسس‬١ً٥‫ ايطا‬١ً‫املسس‬
َٔ ‫ زفغٗا‬/ ‫تِ اَتضاصٗا‬ٜ ‫ اييت‬٠‫ احلساز‬- ١َٓ‫ ايها‬٠‫ احلساز‬.٠‫ احلساز‬١‫ري دزد‬ٝ‫ إىل تػ‬ٟ‫ؤد‬ٜ ‫ مما‬، ‫ َا‬٠‫َاد‬
- ‫ ايتػبع‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ دزد‬.)١‫ ثابت‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ (اييت ؼدخ يف دزد‬١ٜ‫ املاد‬١‫ري احلاي‬ٝ‫ إىل تػ‬ٟ‫ؤد‬ٜ ‫اد مما‬ٛ‫قبٌ امل‬
‫ ايتػبع‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ٕ دزد‬ٛ‫ ته‬.)‫ف‬ٝ‫بدأ ايبداز يف ايتهج‬ٜ ٚ‫إ (أ‬ًٝ‫ٌ يف ايػ‬٥‫بدأ عٓدٖا ايطا‬ٜ ‫ اييت‬٠‫ احلساز‬١‫ دزد‬ٖٞ
١‫م دزد‬ٛ‫ٌ ف‬٥‫ ال ميهٔ زفع ايطا‬.‫تصداد نًُا شاد ايغػط‬ٚ ‫ عٓد عػط َعني‬١‫إ) ثابت‬ًٝ‫ ايػ‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫(دزد‬
٠‫ سساز‬١‫د يف دزد‬ٜ‫ط ايترب‬ًٝ‫ٕ خ‬ٛ‫ه‬ٜ ، )‫غاز‬ٚ ٌ٥‫دًا يف سايتني (ضا‬ٛ‫د‬َٛ ‫ٕ املربد‬ٛ‫ه‬ٜ ‫ عٓدَا‬.‫ ايتػبع‬٠‫سساز‬
‫ ايتػبع‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫دزد‬ٚ ٠‫ أغس‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ايفسم بني دزد‬ٚ ، ‫ عٓد عػط َعني‬- ٔ‫ ضد‬.‫ايتػبع‬.
Subcooling - ‫ ايتػبع‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫دزد‬ٚ ٌ٥‫ ايطا‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ ايفسم بني دزد‬، ‫عٓد عػط َعني‬.

3. Selection of a refrigerant

A wide variety of refrigerants are commercially available for use in

vapor-compression systems. Selection of a refrigerant is based on several
performance characteristics that assist in determining the refrigerant's

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

suitability for a given system. The following is a list of important

characteristics that are usually considered:

1. Latent heat of vaporization. A high latent heat of vaporization is

preferred. For a given capacity, a high value of latent heat of vaporization
indicates that a smaller amount of refrigerant will be circulated per unit of
time.

2. Condensing pressure. Excessively high condensing pressure requires

considerable expenditure on heavy construction of condenser and piping.

3. Freezing temperature. The freezing temperature of the refrigerant

should be below the evaporator temperature.

4. Toxicity. In many applications, including air conditioning systems, the

refrigerant must be nontoxic.

5. Flammability. The refrigerant should be nonflammable.

6. Chemical stability. The refrigerant must be chemically stable.

7. Cost. Low-cost refrigerant is preferred in industrial applications.

8. Environmental impact. The refrigerant released from the refrigeration

systems due to leaks should not cause environmental damage.

3. ‫اختيار المبردات‬

‫د‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬٠‫از َاد‬ٝ‫عتُد اخت‬ٜ .‫ عػط ايبداز‬١ُ‫ يف أْع‬ٟ‫ َٔ املربدات يالضتدداّ ايتذاز‬٠‫ نبري‬١‫ع‬ُٛ‫فس دل‬ٛ‫تت‬
١ُ٥‫ قا‬ًٜٞ ‫ُا‬ٝ‫ ف‬.‫د يٓعاّ َعني‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬٠‫ َاد‬١َ٤‫ َال‬٣‫د َد‬ٜ‫ اييت تطاعد يف ؼد‬٤‫ط األدا‬٥‫د َٔ خضا‬ٜ‫ ايعد‬٢ً‫ع‬
ً٠‫تِ اعتبازٖا عاد‬ٜ ‫ اييت‬١ُٗ‫ط امل‬٥‫باخلضا‬:

1. ١ُٝ‫ تػري ايك‬، ١ٓٝ‫ َع‬١‫ يطع‬.‫ َٔ ايتبدري‬١ٝ‫ عاي‬١َٓ‫ نا‬٠‫د سساز‬ٛ‫د‬ٚ ٌ‫فغ‬ٜ .‫ يًتبدري‬١َٓ‫ ايها‬٠‫احلساز‬
١َٝٓ‫ ش‬٠‫سد‬ٚ ٌ‫د يه‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬٠‫ أصػس َٔ َاد‬١ُٝ‫ِ ن‬ُٝ‫تِ تع‬ٝ‫ يًتبدس إىل أْ٘ ض‬١َٓ‫ ايها‬٠‫ يًشساز‬١ٝ‫ايعاي‬.

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

2. ‫ املهجف يًُهجفات‬٤‫ ايبٓا‬٢ً‫ املفسط إْفاقًا نبريًا ع‬ٞ‫ف ايعاي‬ٝ‫تطًب عػط ايتهج‬ٜ .‫ف ايغػط‬ٝ‫تهج‬
‫ب‬ٝ‫األْاب‬ٚ.

3. ‫ املبدس‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ ايتذُد يف املربد أقٌ َٔ دزد‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ٕ دزد‬ٛ‫ جيب إٔ ته‬.‫ ايتذُد‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫دزد‬.

4. ّ‫ٕ املربد غري ضا‬ٛ‫ه‬ٜ ٕ‫ جيب أ‬، ٤‫ا‬ٛ‫ف اهل‬ٝٝ‫ ته‬١ُ‫ مبا يف ذيو أْع‬، ‫كات‬ٝ‫د َٔ ايتطب‬ٜ‫ يف ايعد‬.١ُٝ‫ايط‬.

5. ٍ‫ٕ املربد غري قابٌ يالغتعا‬ٛ‫ه‬ٜ ٕ‫ جيب أ‬.ٍ‫ يالغتعا‬١ًٝ‫ايكاب‬.

6. ‫ًا‬ٝ٥‫ا‬ُٝٝ‫ٕ املربد َطتكسًا ن‬ٛ‫ه‬ٜ ٕ‫ جيب أ‬.ٞ٥‫ا‬ُٝٝ‫االضتكساز ايه‬.

7. ١ٝ‫كات ايضٓاع‬ٝ‫ يف ايتطب‬١‫ ايتهًف‬١‫فغٌ املربدات َٓدفغ‬ٜٚ .١‫ايتهًف‬.

8. ‫ة‬ٞ٦ٝ‫خ أعساز ب‬ٚ‫بات يف سد‬ٜ‫د بطبب ايتطس‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬١ُ‫تطبب املربد املٓطًل َٔ أْع‬ٜ ‫ جيب أال‬.ٞ٦ٝ‫ايتأثري ايب‬.

Table 4.1 includes properties and performance characteristics of some

commonly used refrigerants. The performance characteristics are given at
-15 C (5 F) and 30 C (86 F), the evaporator and condenser temperatures,
respectively. These temperatures are used as standard conditions to make
comparisons of refrigerants by the American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Ammonia offers an
exceptionally high latent heat of vaporization among all other refrigerants.
It is noncorrosive to iron and steel but corrodes copper, brass, and bronze.
It is irritating to mucous membranes and eyes. It can be toxic at
concentrations of 0.5% by volume in air. A leak in the refrigeration system
that uses ammonia as a refrigerant can easily be detected either by smell or
by burning sulfur candles and noting white smoke created by the ammonia
vapors. Table 4.1 Comparison between Commonly Used Refrigerants
(Performance Based on -15 C Evaporator Temperature and 30°C Condenser
Temperature).

٤‫ط األدا‬٥‫تسد خضا‬ٚ .‫ع‬٥‫ بػهٌ غا‬١َ‫ بعض املربدات املطتدد‬٤‫ط أدا‬٥‫خضا‬ٚ ‫ط‬٥‫ خضا‬4.1 ٍٚ‫تغُٔ اجلد‬ٜ

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

، ‫املهجف‬ٚ ‫ املبدس‬٠‫ دزدات سساز‬، )‫ت‬ٜ‫ فٗسْٗا‬86( ١ٜٛ٦َ ١‫ دزد‬30 ٚ )‫ت‬ٜ‫ فٗسْٗا‬5( ١ٜٛ٦َ ١‫ دزد‬15- ‫يف‬
ٌ‫د َٔ قب‬ٜ‫ َكازْات يػاشات ايترب‬٤‫ إلدسا‬١ٝ‫اض‬ٝ‫ط ق‬ٚ‫ نػس‬ٙ‫ ٖر‬٠‫تِ اضتدداّ دزدات احلساز‬ٜ .ٞ‫اي‬ٛ‫ ايت‬٢ً‫ع‬
٤‫ا‬ٛ‫ف اهل‬ٝٝ‫ته‬ٚ ‫د‬ٜ‫ايترب‬ٚ ١٦‫ ايتدف‬ٞ‫ ملٗٓدض‬١ٝ‫ه‬ٜ‫ األَس‬١ٝ‫( اجلُع‬ASHRAE). ‫ تبدس‬٠‫ا سساز‬َْٝٛ‫فس األ‬ٛ‫ت‬
‫فطد ايٓشاع‬ٜ ٔ‫يه‬ٚ ‫ايضًب‬ٚ ‫د‬ٜ‫ َٔ غري تآنٌ احلد‬.٣‫ع املربدات األخس‬ٝ‫ بني مج‬ٞ٥‫ بػهٌ اضتجٓا‬١ٝ‫عاي‬
َٔ ٪ 0.5 ‫صات‬ٝ‫ برتن‬١َ‫ٕ ضا‬ٛ‫ ميهٔ إٔ ته‬.‫ٓني‬ٝ‫ايع‬ٚ ١ٝ‫ املداط‬١ٝ‫ يألغػ‬١‫ذ‬َٝٗ ‫ أْٗا‬.‫ْص‬ٚ‫ايرب‬ٚ ‫ايٓشاع‬ٚ
‫ا نُربد إَا‬َْٝٛ‫طتددّ األ‬ٜ ٟ‫د اير‬ٜ‫ انتػاف تطسب يف ْعاّ ايترب‬١‫ي‬ٛٗ‫ ميهٔ بط‬.٤‫ا‬ٛ‫ح احلذِ يف اهل‬ٝ‫س‬
‫ بني‬١ْ‫ َكاز‬4.1 ٍٚ‫ اجلد‬.‫ا‬َْٝٛ‫ األ‬٠‫ض ايٓادِ عٔ أغس‬ٝ‫السغ ايدخإ األب‬ٚ ‫ت‬ٜ‫ع ايهرب‬ٛ‫ عسم مش‬ٚ‫ أ‬١‫ش‬٥‫بايسا‬
١ٜٛ٦َ ١‫ دزد‬30 ٚ ١ٜٛ٦َ ١‫ دزد‬15- ‫ املبدس‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ أضاع دزد‬٢ً‫ ع‬٤‫ االضتدداّ (األدا‬١‫ع‬٥‫املربدات غا‬
‫ املهجف‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫)دزد‬.

4. Components of a refrigeration system

Major components of a simple mechanical vapor compression refrigeration

system are shown in Figure (4.2). As the refrigerant flows through these
components its phase changes from liquid to gas and then back to liquid. The
flow of refrigerant can be examined by tracing the path of the refrigerant
in Figure (4.2).

4. ‫د‬ٜ‫ْات ْعاّ ايترب‬ٛ‫َه‬

٠‫ َع تدفل َاد‬.‫ط يغػط ايبداز‬ٝ‫ ايبط‬ٞ‫ه‬ْٝ‫ها‬ٝ‫د امل‬ٜ‫ يٓعاّ ايترب‬١ٝ‫ط‬ٝ٥‫ْات ايس‬ٛ‫) امله‬4.2( ٌ‫عح ايػه‬ٜٛ
٠‫ ميهٔ فشط تدفل َاد‬.ٌ٥‫د إىل ضا‬ٛ‫ع‬ٜ ِ‫ٌ إىل غاش ث‬٥‫زٖا َٔ ضا‬ٛ‫تػري ط‬ٜ ، ‫ْات‬ٛ‫ امله‬ٙ‫د خالٍ ٖر‬ٜ‫ايترب‬
2.4( ٌ‫د يف ايػه‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬٠‫ل تتبع َطاز َاد‬ٜ‫د عٔ طس‬ٜ‫)ايترب‬.

• At location D on Figure (4.2), just prior to the entrance to the expansion

valve, the refrigerant is in a saturated liquid state. It is at or below its
condensation temperature. The expansion valve separates the high pressure
region from the low-pressure region. After passing through the expansion
valve, the refrigerant experiences a drop in pressure accompanied by a drop
in temperature. Due to the drop in pressure, some of the liquid refrigerant

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

changes to gas. The liquid/gas mixture leaving the expansion valve is termed
"flash gas."

• ‫ ﻓﻲ الموﻗﻊ‬D .١‫ ﻓﺈٕ ﻏﺎشات اﻟﺗﺑزﯾد ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻟﺔ ﻣﺷبع‬، ‫ﺳﯾﻊ‬ٚ‫ ﻗﺑٍ ﻣدﺧٍ ﺻﻣﺎّ اﻟﺗ‬، )4.2( ٍ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﮐ‬
‫ ايغػط‬١‫ عٔ َٓطك‬ٞ‫ ايغػط ايعاي‬١‫فضٌ صُاّ ايتُدد َٓطك‬ٜ .‫ف‬ٝ‫ ايتهج‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ أقٌ َٔ دزد‬ٚ‫ يف أ‬ٖٛ
١‫بًا باخنفاض يف دزد‬ٛ‫اد٘ املربد اخنفاعًا يف ايغػط َضش‬ٜٛ ، ‫ز عرب صُاّ ايتُدد‬ٚ‫ بعد املس‬.‫املٓدفض‬
‫ ايػاش‬/ ٌ٥‫ط ايطا‬ًٝ‫ خ‬٢ً‫طًل ع‬ٜ .‫د إىل ايػاش‬ٜ‫ٌ ايترب‬٥‫ٍ بعض ضا‬ٛ‫تش‬ٜ ، ‫ بطبب اخنفاض ايغػط‬.٠‫احلساز‬
‫د "غاش ايفالش‬ٜ‫ػادز صُاّ ايتُد‬ٜ ٟ‫"اير‬.

• The liquid/gas mixture enters the evaporator coils at location (E). In the
evaporator, the refrigerant completely vaporizes to gas by accepting heat
from the media surrounding the evaporator coils. The saturated vapors may
reach a superheated stage due to gain of additional heat from the
surroundings.

• ‫قع‬ٛ‫ ايػاش إىل ًَفات املبدس يف امل‬/ ٌ٥‫ط ايطا‬ًٝ‫دخٌ خ‬ٜ (E).

‫ قد‬.‫ مبًفات املبدس‬١‫ط‬ٝ‫ط احمل‬٥‫ضا‬ٛ‫ َٔ اي‬٠‫ٍ احلساز‬ٛ‫تبدس املربد متاًَا إىل ايػاش َٔ خالٍ قب‬ٜ ، ‫يف املبدس‬
١‫ط‬ٝ‫ َٔ املٓاطل احمل‬١ٝ‫ إعاف‬٠‫ بطبب انتطاب سساز‬٠‫ احلساز‬١ٝ‫ عاي‬١ً‫ إىل َسس‬١‫ املػبع‬٠‫تضٌ األغس‬.

• The saturated or superheated vapors enter the compressor at location (A),

where the refrigerant is compressed to a high pressure. This high pressure
must be below the critical pressure of the refrigerant and high enough to
allow condensation of the refrigerant at a temperature slightly higher than
that of commonly available heat sinks, such as ambient air or well water.
Inside the compressor, the compression process of the vapors occurs at
constant entropy (called an isentropic process). As the pressure of the
refrigerant increases, the temperature increases, and the refrigerant
becomes superheated as shown by location (B).

• ‫قع‬ٛ‫ إىل ايغاغط يف امل‬١ٝ‫ ايعاي‬١ْٛ‫ ذات ايطد‬ٚ‫ أ‬١‫ املػبع‬٠‫( تدخٌ األغس‬A)

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

‫ أقٌ َٔ ايغػط‬ٞ‫ٕ ٖرا ايغػط ايعاي‬ٛ‫ه‬ٜ ٕ‫ جيب أ‬.ٞ‫ عػط عاي‬٢ً‫د ع‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬٠‫تِ عػط َاد‬ٜ ‫ح‬ٝ‫ س‬،
١‫الً َٔ دزد‬ًٝ‫ ق‬٢ً‫ أع‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ف املربد عٓد دزد‬ٝ‫ يًطُاح بتهج‬١ٝ‫ ناف‬١‫ٕ َستفعًا بدزد‬ٛ‫ه‬ٜ ٕ‫أ‬ٚ ‫احلسز يًُربد‬
‫ ؼدخ‬، ‫ داخٌ ايغاغط‬.‫س‬٦‫ ايب‬٤‫ َا‬ٚ‫ط أ‬ٝ‫ احمل‬٤‫ا‬ٛ‫ َجٌ اهل‬، ‫ع‬٥‫ بػهٌ غا‬٠‫فس‬ٛ‫ املت‬١ٜ‫عات احلساز‬ٛ‫ ايباي‬٠‫سساز‬
١‫ شادت دزد‬، ‫ نًُا شاد عػط املربد‬.)‫ا‬ٝ‫ب‬ٚ‫ اْرت‬١ًُٝ‫ ع‬٢ُ‫ (تط‬١‫ا ايجابت‬ٝ‫ب‬ٚ‫ عٓد االْرت‬٠‫ اْغػاط األغس‬١ًُٝ‫ع‬
‫قع (ب‬ٛ‫عح بامل‬َٛ ٖٛ ‫ نُا‬١ْٛ‫د ايطد‬ٜ‫أصبح املربد غد‬ٚ ، ٠‫)احلساز‬.

• The superheated vapors are then conveyed to a condenser. Using either an

air-cooled or a water-cooled condenser, the refrigerant discharges heat to
the surrounding media. The refrigerant condenses back to the liquid state in
the condenser as shown by location (D). After the entire amount of
refrigerant has been converted to saturated liquid, the temperature of the
refrigerant may decrease below that of its condensation temperature due to
additional heat discharged to the surrounding media; in other words, it may
be subcooled. The subcooled or saturated liquid then enters the expansion
valve and the cycle continues

• ّٛ‫ك‬ٜ ، ٤‫ َربد باملا‬ٚ‫ أ‬٤‫ا‬ٛ‫ باضتدداّ َهجف َربد باهل‬.‫ إىل املهجف‬٠‫ احلساز‬١ٝ‫ عاي‬٠‫تِ بعد ذيو ْكٌ األغس‬ٜ
ٖٛ ‫ يف املهجف نُا‬١ً٥‫ ايطا‬١‫ إىل احلاي‬٣‫ أخس‬٠‫تهجف املربد َس‬ٜ .١‫ط‬ٝ‫ط احمل‬٥‫ضا‬ٛ‫ إىل اي‬٠‫ٌ احلساز‬ٝ‫ص‬ٛ‫املربد بت‬
‫قع‬ٛ‫عح بامل‬َٛ (D). ٌ٥‫ ضا‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ قد تٓدفض دزد‬، ‫ٌ َػبع‬٥‫د إىل ضا‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬٠‫ َاد‬١ُٝ‫ٌ ناٌَ ن‬ٜٛ‫بعد ؼ‬
‫ط ؛‬ٝ‫ضط احمل‬ٛ‫ػٗا يف اي‬ٜ‫تِ تفس‬ٜ ‫ اييت‬١ٝ‫ اإلعاف‬٠‫ف بطبب احلساز‬ٝ‫ ايتهج‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫د إىل أقٌ َٔ دزد‬ٜ‫ايترب‬
‫زة‬ٚ‫ايد‬ ‫تطتُس‬ٚ ‫ املػبع إىل صُاّ ايتُدد‬ٚ‫د أ‬ٜ‫ٌ ايترب‬٥‫دخٌ ضا‬ٜ .ٙ‫د‬ٜ‫تِ ترب‬ٜ ‫ قد‬، ‫ آخس‬٢ٓ‫مبع‬

4.1 Evaporator

Inside the evaporator, the liquid refrigerant vaporizes to a gaseous state.

The change of state requires latent heat, which is extracted from the
surroundings.

Evaporators can be classified into two categories: A-Direct-expansion

evaporators allow the refrigerant to vaporize inside the evaporator coils;
the coils are in direct contact with the object or fluid being refrigerated.

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

‫املبدس‬

‫تِ اضتدسادٗا‬ٜ ، ١َٓ‫ نا‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ري احلاي‬ٝ‫تطًب تػ‬ٜ .١ٜ‫ ايػاش‬١‫ٌ إىل احلاي‬٥‫تبدس املربد ايطا‬ٜ ، ‫داخٌ املبدس‬
١‫ط‬ٝ‫َٔ املٓاطل احمل‬.

‫ع املباغس يـ‬ٝ‫ض‬ٛ‫ تطُح املبدسات ذات ايت‬:‫تني‬٦‫ف املبدسات إىل ف‬ٝٓ‫ ميهٔ تض‬A ٌ‫د بايتبدس داخ‬ٜ‫ٌ ايترب‬٥‫بطا‬
‫ده‬ٜ‫ترب‬ ِ‫ت‬ٜ ٟ‫ٌ اير‬٥‫ ايطا‬ٚ‫ٔ أ‬٥‫ اتضاٍ َباغس َع ايها‬٢ً‫ًَفات املبدس ؛ املًفات ع‬.

B-Indirect-expansion evaporators involve the use of a carrier medium, such

as water or brine, which is cooled by the refrigerant vaporizing in the
evaporator coils. The cooled carrier medium is then pumped to the object
that is being refrigerated. The indirect expansion evaporators require
additional equipment. They are useful when cooling is desired at several
locations in the system. Water may be used as a carrier medium if the
temperature stays above freezing. For lower temperatures, brine (a proper
concentration of CaCl 2) or glycols, such as ethylene or propylene glycol, are
commonly used.

ٙ‫د‬ٜ‫تِ ترب‬ٜ ٟ‫اير‬ٚ ، ٞ‫ٍ ًَش‬ًٛ‫ ذل‬ٚ‫ أ‬٤‫ َجٌ املا‬، ٌ‫ط ْاق‬ٝ‫ض‬ٚ ّ‫تتغُٔ َبدسات ايتُدد غري املباغس اضتددا‬
.ٙ‫د‬ٜ‫تِ ترب‬ٜ ٟ‫ٔ اير‬٥‫د إىل ايها‬ٜ‫ط ْاقٌ ايترب‬ٝ‫ض‬ٚ ‫تِ عذ‬ٜ ِ‫ ث‬.‫د يف ًَفات املبدس‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬٠‫ تبدري َاد‬١‫اضط‬ٛ‫ب‬
‫اقع‬َٛ ٠‫بًا يف عد‬ًٛ‫د َط‬ٜ‫ٕ ايترب‬ٛ‫ه‬ٜ ‫ عٓدَا‬٠‫د‬ٝ‫ٕ َف‬ٛ‫ ته‬.١ٝ‫تتطًب َبدسات ايتُدد غري املباغس َعدات إعاف‬
‫ يدزدات‬.‫ ايتذُد‬١‫ َٔ دزد‬٢ً‫ أع‬٠‫ احلساز‬١‫ط ساٌَ إذا ظًت دزد‬ٝ‫ض‬ٛ‫ ن‬٤‫ ميهٔ اضتدداّ املا‬.ّ‫يف ايٓعا‬
َٔ ‫ص َٓاضب‬ٝ‫ (تسن‬ٞ‫ٍ ًَش‬ًٛ‫ع اضتدداّ ذل‬ٝ‫ػ‬ٜ ، ١‫ املٓدفغ‬٠‫ احلساز‬CaCl 2) ٌ‫ َج‬، ٍٛ‫ه‬ًٝ‫ د‬ٚ‫أ‬
ٍٛ‫ه‬ًٝ‫ًني غ‬ٝ‫ب‬ٚ‫ ايرب‬ٚ‫ًني أ‬ٝ‫ج‬ٜ‫اإل‬.

The evaporators are either bare-pipe, finned-tube, or plate type, as shown in

Figure 4.3. Bare- pipe evaporators are most simple, easy to defrost and
clean. The fins added to the finned-tube evaporators allow increase in
surface area, thus increasing the rate of heat transfer. The plate
evaporators allow an indirect contact between the product (e.g., a liquid

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

food) to be cooled and the refrigerant

‫ املبدسات‬.4.3 ٌ‫ َبني يف ايػه‬ٖٛ ‫ نُا‬، ١‫س‬ٛ‫ع ي‬ْٛ ٚ‫ أ‬، ‫ب شعاْف‬ٛ‫ أْب‬ٚ‫ أ‬، ١‫ف‬ٛ‫ َهػ‬١‫ب‬ٛ‫املبدسات إَا أْب‬
‫ إىل املبدسات ذات ايصعاْف‬١‫ تطُح ايصعاْف املغاف‬.‫ف‬ٝ‫ايتٓع‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٜٚ‫ ايتر‬١ًٗ‫ض‬ٚ ١ٜ‫ يًػا‬١‫ط‬ٝ‫ بط‬١ٜ‫ايعاز‬
‫اح باالتضاٍ غري املباغس بني‬ٛ‫ تطُح َبدسات األي‬.٠‫د َٔ َعدٍ ْكٌ احلساز‬ٜ‫ص‬ٜ ‫ مما‬، ‫ ايططح‬١‫ َطاس‬٠‫اد‬ٜ‫بص‬
‫ده‬ٜ‫ترب‬ٚ ٙ‫د‬ٜ‫تِ ترب‬ٝ‫ٌ) ي‬٥‫ طعاّ ضا‬، ٍ‫ٌ املجا‬ٝ‫ ضب‬٢ً‫املٓتر (ع‬

Evaporators can also be classified as direct-expansion and flooded types. In

the direct- expansion type of evaporators, there is no recirculation of the
refrigerant within the evaporator. The liquid refrigerant changes to gas as it
is conveyed through a continuous tube. In contrast, the flooded evaporator
allows recirculation of liquid refrigerant. The liquid refrigerant, after going
through the metering device, enters a surge chamber. As shown in Figure
4.4, the liquid refrigerant boils in the evaporator coil and extracts heat
from the surroundings. The liquid refrigerant is recirculated through the
surge tank and the evaporator coil. The refrigerant gas leaves the surge
tank for the compressor

، ‫ع ايتُدد املباغس يًُبدسات‬ْٛ ‫ يف‬.ٙ‫ا‬ٝ‫تػُسٖا امل‬ٚ ‫اع متدد َباغس‬ْٛ‫ أْٗا أ‬٢ً‫ف املبدسات ع‬ٝٓ‫غًا تض‬ٜ‫ميهٔ أ‬
‫ يف‬.‫ب َطتُس‬ٛ‫ ْكً٘ عرب أْب‬٤‫ٌ إىل غاش أثٓا‬٥‫ٍ املربد ايطا‬ٛ‫تش‬ٜ .‫س يًُربد داخٌ املبدس‬ٜٚ‫ تد‬٠‫دد إعاد‬ٜٛ ‫ال‬
، ‫اع‬ٝ‫ز عرب دٗاش ايك‬ٚ‫ بعد املس‬، ‫د‬ٜ‫ٌ ايترب‬٥‫دخٌ ضا‬ٜ .‫د‬ٜ‫ٌ ايترب‬٥‫س ضا‬ٜٚ‫ تد‬٠‫طُح املبدس املػُس بإعاد‬ٜ ، ٌ‫املكاب‬
‫طتدسز‬ٜٚ ‫ يف ًَف املبدس‬ًٞ‫ػ‬ٜ ٌ٥‫د ايطا‬ٜ‫ٌ ايترب‬٥‫ فإٕ ضا‬، 4.4 ٌ‫ َبني يف ايػه‬ٖٛ ‫ نُا‬.‫از‬ٝ‫ ايت‬٠‫اد‬ٜ‫ ش‬١‫إىل غسف‬
‫د‬ٜ‫ غاشات ايترب‬.‫ًَف املبدس‬ٚ ‫د عرب خصإ ايتُدد‬ٜ‫ٌ ايترب‬٥‫س ضا‬ٜٚ‫ تد‬٠‫تِ إعاد‬ٜ .١‫ط‬ٝ‫ َٔ املٓاطل احمل‬٠‫احلساز‬
‫ ايغاغط‬٠‫اد‬ٜ‫رتى خصإ ش‬ٜ

4.2 Compressor

The refrigerant enters the compressor in a vapor state at low pressure and
temperature. The compressor raises the pressure and temperature of the
refrigerant. It is due to this action of the compressor that heat can be
discharged by the refrigerant in the condenser. The compression processes

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

raise the temperature of the refrigerant sufficiently above the ambient

temperature surrounding the condenser, so that the temperature gradient
between the refrigerant and the ambient promotes the heat flow from the
refrigerant to the ambient.

4.2 ‫ايغاغط‬

١‫دزد‬ٚ ‫سفع ايغاغط عػط‬ٜ .٠‫ احلساز‬١‫دزد‬ٚ ‫ ايبداز عٓد اخنفاض ايغػط‬١‫دخٌ املربد ايغاغط يف ساي‬ٜ
‫ تسفع‬.‫ املربد يف املهجف‬١‫اضط‬ٛ‫فٗا ب‬ٜ‫ ميهٔ تضس‬٠‫ َٔ ايغاغط إٔ احلساز‬٤‫ بطبب ٖرا اإلدسا‬.‫ املربد‬٠‫سساز‬
‫عصش‬ٜ ‫ح‬ٝ‫ ع‬، ‫ باملهجف‬١‫ط‬ٝ‫ احمل‬١‫ط‬ٝ‫ احمل‬٠‫ احلساز‬١‫ عٔ دزد‬١ٝ‫ ناف‬١‫ املربد بدزد‬٠‫ سساز‬١‫ات االْغػاط دزد‬ًُٝ‫ع‬
‫ط‬ٝ‫ َٔ املربد إىل احمل‬٠‫تدفل احلساز‬ٚ ‫ط‬ٝ‫ بني املربد احمل‬٠‫ احلساز‬١‫ايتدزز يف دزد‬.

The three common types of compressors are reciprocating, centrifugal, and

rotary. As is evident from the name, the reciprocating compressor contains a
piston that travels back and forth in a cylinder. Reciprocating compressors
are most commonly used and vary in capacity from a fraction of a ton to 100
tons of refrigeration per unit (for definition of ton of refrigeration). The
centrifugal compressor contains an impeller with several blades that turn at
high speed. The rotary compressor involves a vane that rotates inside a
cylinder. The compressor may be operated with an electric motor or an
internal combustion engine. Figure 4.5 shows a typical installation of a
reciprocating compressor operated with an electric motor.

ٟٛ‫ حيت‬، ِ‫اعح َٔ االض‬ٚ ٖٛ ‫ نُا‬.‫از‬ٚ‫د‬ٚ ، ٟ‫ ايطسد املسنص‬، ١ٜ‫ ايرتدد‬ٖٞ ‫اغط‬ٛ‫ َٔ ايغ‬١‫ع‬٥‫اع غا‬ْٛ‫ أ‬١‫ثالث‬
‫ع‬٥‫ بػهٌ غا‬١ٜ‫اغط ايرتدد‬ٛ‫ تطتددّ ايغ‬.١ْ‫ا‬ٛ‫ابًا يف اضط‬ٜ‫إ‬ٚ ‫ٓتكٌ ذٖابًا‬ٜ ‫ َهبظ‬٢ً‫ ع‬ٟ‫ايغاغط ايرتدد‬
ٟٛ‫ حيت‬.)‫د‬ٜ‫ف طٔ َٔ ايترب‬ٜ‫ (يتعس‬٠‫سد‬ٚ ٌ‫د يه‬ٜ‫ طٔ َٔ ايترب‬100 ‫ صػري َٔ طٔ إىل‬٤‫ َٔ دص‬١‫ع يف ايطع‬ٛٓ‫تت‬ٚ
‫ز‬ٚ‫ تد‬١‫ػ‬ٜ‫تغُٔ ز‬ٜ ْٞ‫زا‬ٚ‫ ايغاغط ايد‬.١ٝ‫ عاي‬١‫ز بطسع‬ٚ‫ غفسات تد‬٠‫ بعد‬ٙ‫ املهس‬٢ً‫ ع‬ٟ‫ايغاغط بايطسد املسنص‬
‫بًا‬ٝ‫ تسن‬4.5 ٌ‫عح ايػه‬ٜٛ .ًٞ‫ ذلسى اسرتام داخ‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٞ٥‫ٌ ايغاغط مبشسى نٗسبا‬ٝ‫ ميهٔ تػػ‬.١ْ‫ا‬ٛ‫داخٌ أضط‬
ٞ٥‫عٌُ مبشسى نٗسبا‬ٜ ٟ‫ًا يغاغط تسدد‬ٝ‫ذد‬ٛ‫من‬.

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

4.3 Condenser

The function of the condenser in a refrigeration system is to transfer heat

from the refrigerant to another medium, such as air and/or water. By
rejecting heat, the gaseous refrigerant condenses to liquid inside the
condenser. The major types of condensers used are (1) water-cooled, (2)
air-cooled, and (3) evaporative. In evaporative condensers, both air and
water are used.

4.3 ‫املهجف‬

.٤‫ املا‬ٚ‫ أ‬/ ٚ ٤‫ا‬ٛ‫ َجٌ اهل‬، ‫ط آخس‬ٝ‫ض‬ٚ ‫ َٔ املربد إىل‬٠‫د يف ْكٌ احلساز‬ٜ‫ املهجف يف ْعاّ ايترب‬١‫ف‬ٝ‫ظ‬ٚ ٌ‫تتُج‬
‫ َٔ املهجفات‬١ٝ‫ط‬ٝ٥‫اع ايس‬ْٛ‫ األ‬.‫ٌ داخٌ املهجف‬٥‫ ايطا‬٢ً‫ ع‬ٟ‫تهجف املربد ايػاش‬ٜ ، ٠‫ل زفض احلساز‬ٜ‫عٔ طس‬
ٌ‫تِ اضتدداّ ن‬ٜ ، ١ٜ‫ يف املهجفات ايتبدس‬.‫) ايتبدس‬3( ٚ ، ٤‫ا‬ٛ‫د اهل‬ٜ‫) ترب‬2( ، ٤‫د املا‬ٜ‫) ترب‬1( ٖٞ ١َ‫املطتدد‬
٤‫املا‬ٚ ٤‫ا‬ٛ‫َٔ اهل‬.

In a double-pipe condenser, water is pumped in the inner pipe and the

refrigerant flows in the outer pipe. Countercurrent flows are maintained to
obtain high heat-transfer efficiencies. Although double-pipe condensers
commonly have been used in the past, the large number of gaskets and
flanges used in these heat exchangers leads to maintenance problems.

ِ‫ تت‬.ٞ‫ب اخلازد‬ٛ‫تدفل املربد يف األْب‬ٜٚ ًٞ‫ب ايداخ‬ٛ‫ يف األْب‬٤‫تِ عذ املا‬ٜ ، ‫ب‬ٝ‫ز األْاب‬ٚ‫يف َهجف َصد‬
ٕ‫ ايسغِ َٔ أ‬٢ً‫ ع‬.٠‫ يٓكٌ احلساز‬١ٝ‫ات عاي‬٤‫ نفا‬٢ً‫ٍ ع‬ٛ‫از املعانظ يًشض‬ٝ‫ تدفكات ايت‬٢ً‫ ع‬١‫احملافع‬
١َ‫ املطتدد‬ٙ‫ايػفا‬ٚ ‫ات‬ٛ‫ فإٕ ايعدد ايهبري َٔ احلػ‬، ٞ‫ االضتدداّ يف املاع‬١‫ع‬٥‫ب غا‬ٝ‫ األْاب‬١ٝ٥‫املهجفات ثٓا‬
١ْ‫ا‬ٝ‫ إىل َػانٌ يف ايض‬ٟ‫ؤد‬ٜ ٙ‫ ٖر‬١ٜ‫يف املبادالت احلساز‬.

In a shell-and-tube condenser, water is pumped through the pipes while

refrigerant flows in the shell. Installations of fi ns in pipes allows better
heat transfer. The shell-and-tube condensers are generally low in cost and
easy to maintain. In a shell-and-coil condenser, a welded shell contains a coil

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 Chapter 4

of finned water tubing. It is generally most compact and low in cost.

‫بات‬ٝ‫ تطُح تسن‬.‫تدفل املربد يف ايػالف‬ٜ ‫ُٓا‬ٝ‫ب ب‬ٝ‫ َٔ خالٍ األْاب‬ٙ‫ا‬ٝ‫تِ عذ امل‬ٜ ، ‫ب‬ٛ‫أْب‬ٚ ١‫ف‬ٜ‫ يف َهجف قر‬fi

١ًٗ‫ض‬ٚ ّ‫ بػهٌ عا‬١‫ ايتهًف‬١‫ َٓدفغ‬١ٝ‫ب‬ٛ‫األْب‬ٚ ١َٝ‫ٕ املهجفات ايضد‬ٛ‫ ته‬.ٌ‫ أفغ‬٠‫ب بٓكٌ سساز‬ٝ‫يف األْاب‬
ٖٛ ‫َا‬ُٛ‫ ع‬.١‫ ايصعٓف‬ٙ‫ا‬ٝ‫ب امل‬ٝ‫ ًَف أْاب‬٢ً‫ ع‬١َٛ‫ ًَش‬١‫ف‬ٜ‫ قر‬ٟٛ‫ ؼت‬، ‫ف‬٥‫يفا‬ٚ ١‫ف‬ٜ‫ يف َهجف قر‬.١ْ‫ا‬ٝ‫ايض‬
١‫ ايتهًف‬١‫َٓدفغ‬ٚ ‫األنجس إسهاَا‬.

4.4 Expansion Valve

Expansion Valve An expansion valve is essentially a metering device that

controls the flow of liquid refrigerant to an evaporator, The valve can be
operated either manually or by sensing pressure or temperature at another
desired location in the refrigeration system. The common type of metering
devices used in the refrigeration system include (1) manually operated
expansion valve, (2) automatic low-side float valve, (3) automatic high-side
float valve, (4) automatic expansion valve, and (5 ) thermostatic expansion
valve.

4.4 ‫ضع‬ٛ‫صُاّ ايت‬

‫ إىل املبدس‬١ً٥‫د ايطا‬ٜ‫ ايترب‬٠‫تشهِ يف تدفل َاد‬ٜ ‫اع‬ٝ‫ يف األضاع دٗاش ق‬ٖٛ ‫صُاّ ايتُدد إٕ صُاّ ايتُدد‬
‫ب‬ٛ‫ يف َهإ آخس َسغ‬٠‫ احلساز‬١‫ دزد‬ٚ‫ل اضتػعاز ايغػط أ‬ٜ‫ عٔ طس‬ٚ‫ًا أ‬ٜٚ‫د‬ٜ ‫ٌ ايضُاّ إَا‬ٝ‫ميهٔ تػػ‬ٚ ،
‫د‬ٜ‫) صُاّ ايتُد‬1( ‫د‬ٜ‫ يف ْعاّ ايترب‬١َ‫اع املطتدد‬ٝ‫ ايك‬٠‫ ألدٗص‬١‫ع‬٥‫اع ايػا‬ْٛ‫ َٔ بني األ‬.‫د‬ٜ‫٘ يف ْعاّ ايترب‬ٝ‫ف‬
، ‫ َستفع‬ٞ٥‫ِ تًكا‬ٜٛ‫) صُاّ تع‬3( ، ٞ٥‫ِ َٓدفض اجلاْب تًكا‬ٜٛ‫) صُاّ تع‬2( ، ‫ًا‬ٜٚ‫د‬ٜ ً٘ٝ‫تِ تػػ‬ٜ ٟ‫اير‬
ٟ‫) ) صُاّ ايتُدد احلساز‬5( ٚ ، ٞ‫ه‬ٝ‫َات‬ٛ‫ت‬ٚ‫) صُاّ متدد أ‬4(.

A simple, manually operated expansion valve is shown in Figure (4.7). The

valve, manually adjusted, allows a desired amount of flow of refrigerant
from the high-pressure liquid side to the low-pressure gas/ liquid side. The
refrigerant cools as it passes through the valve. The heat given up by the
liquid refrigerant is absorbed to convert some of the liquid into vapor. This

Ahmed M. El-shimy
 ‫‪Chapter 4‬‬

‫‪partial conversion of the liquid refrigerant to gas as it passes through the‬‬

‫‪expansion valve is called flashing.‬‬

‫‪ٜ‬عٗس ايػهٌ (‪ )4.7‬صُاّ ايتُد‪ٜ‬د ايبط‪ٝ‬ط اير‪ٜ ٟ‬تِ تػػ‪ٜ ً٘ٝ‬د‪ًٜٚ‬ا‪ٜ .‬طُح ايضُاّ ‪ ،‬اير‪ ٟ‬مت عبط٘ ‪ٜ‬د‪ًٜٚ‬ا ‪،‬‬
‫بهُ‪َٓ ١ٝ‬اضب‪ َٔ ١‬تدفل َاد‪ ٠‬ايترب‪ٜ‬د َٔ اجلاْب ايطا‪ ٌ٥‬عاي‪ ٞ‬ايغػط إىل داْب ايػاش ‪ /‬ايطا‪َٓ ٌ٥‬دفض‬
‫ايغػط‪ٜ .‬ربد املربد أثٓا‪َ ٤‬س‪ٚ‬ز‪ ٙ‬عرب ايضُاّ‪ٜ .‬تِ اَتضاظ احلساز‪ ٠‬ايٓاػ‪ ١‬عٔ ضا‪ ٌ٥‬ايترب‪ٜ‬د يتش‪ ٌٜٛ‬بعض‬
‫ايطا‪ ٌ٥‬إىل غاز‪ُٜ .‬طًل عً‪ٖ ٢‬را ايتش‪ ٌٜٛ‬اجلص‪ ٞ٥‬يػاش ايترب‪ٜ‬د ايطا‪ ٌ٥‬إىل غاش أثٓا‪َ ٤‬س‪ٚ‬ز‪ ٙ‬عرب صُاّ ايتُد‪ٜ‬د‬
‫‪َٝٚ.‬ض‬

‫‪Ahmed M. El-shimy‬‬