Chapter 14 Summary
Chapter 14 Summary
This answers the question in knowing if (not why) any two variables are related. On graphs, one
dot represents each observation for two variables
With a scatterplot, we can see lots of dots on a graph, but we can characterize how we see the
pattern of the dots and we use line graphs to help us
Positive correlation – both variables move in the same direction, can be increasing or
decreasing. They move in the same direction
Negative correlation – the two variables move in different directions
No correlation – one variable changes but the other does not. No relationship between the two
Perfect correlation – all the points are on the same line, and you can perfectly predict one
variable if you know the value of the other variable
Variance is the average squared deviations from the mean, while standard deviation is the
square root of this number. Both measures reflect variability in a distribution, but their units
differ: Standard deviation is expressed in the same units as the original values
When our variables are not normally distributed we need to use the nonparametric Spearman’s
correlation coefficient which are calculated with statistics that have expected properties