Refraction

Introduction
● Snell's Law
● Real Object
● Lateral Shift
● Virtual Object
● TIR
● Real Image
● Plane Surface Refraction
● Virtual Image
● Curved Surface Refraction
● Lenses

Ray Optics
Reflection
● Deviation
● Vector Form Prism
● Rotation of Mirror & IR ● Deviation
● Mirror Formula ● Dispersion
 Ray Optics
The Branch Of Physics Which Deals with Study
of Light as a Ray is Called as Ray Optics .
 OBJECT
When Rays of Light Actually Emerges from a point Before
Optical Phenomenon it is called as Real Object.
When Rays of Appears to Converges at a point, Before
Optical Phenomenon it is called as Virtual Object.
 IMAGE
When Rays of Light Actually Converges at a point, after
optical Phenomenon it is called as Real Image.
When Rays of Appears to diverge from a point, after
optical Phenomenon it is called as Virtual Object
 OBJECT IMAGE
[Before] [Before]

Real

Virtual
 Laws of Reflection

1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal

at the point of Incidence all lie in the same plane.

2. ∠i = ∠r
Deviation produced by Reflection
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-2

When one light ray is reflected from a plane

mirror with 30° angle of reflection, the angle of
deviation of the ray after reflection is:

A 140°

B 130°

C 120°

D 110°
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-2

When one light ray is reflected from a plane

mirror with 30° angle of reflection, the angle of
deviation of the ray after reflection is:

A 140°

B 130°

C 120°

D 110°
Vector Form
MIRROR Rotating
Incident Ray Rotating
 JEE Main 2021

The incident ray, reflected ray and the outward

drawn normal are denoted by the unit vectors
respectively. Then choose the
correct relation for these vectors.

D
 JEE Main 2021

The incident ray, reflected ray and the outward

drawn normal are denoted by the unit vectors
respectively. Then choose the
correct relation for these vectors.

D
 Figure shows a plane mirror on which a light ray
is incident. If the incident light ray is turned by
10° and the mirror by 20°, as shown, find the
angle turned by the reflected ray.

Reflected ray
A 20° Clockwise
100

B 30° Clockwise

C 20° Anti-Clockwise
300

200
D 30° Anti-Clockwise
 Figure shows a plane mirror on which a light ray
is incident. If the incident light ray is turned by
10° and the mirror by 20°, as shown, find the
angle turned by the reflected ray.

Reflected ray
A 20° Clockwise
100

B 30° Clockwise

C 20° Anti-Clockwise
300

200
D 30° Anti-Clockwise
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-1

An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in

front of a plane mirror. The virtual and erect
image is formed by the mirror. Now the mirror is
moved by 4 cm towards the stationary object.
The distance by which the position of image
would be shifted, will be

A 4 cm towards mirror

B 8 cm away from mirror

C 2 cm towards mirror

D 8 cm towards mirror
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-1

An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm in

front of a plane mirror. The virtual and erect
image is formed by the mirror. Now the mirror is
moved by 4 cm towards the stationary object.
The distance by which the position of image
would be shifted, will be

A 4 cm towards mirror

B 8 cm away from mirror

C 2 cm towards mirror

D 8 cm towards mirror
 Find the velocity of image

y A

B
x

C
3 m/s 2 m/s I
D
 y

3 m/s 2 m/s I
 Find the velocity of image

y A

B
x

C
3 m/s 2 m/s I
D
 Find the velocity of image

y A

B
x
O
C
2 m/s 4 m/s I
D
 y

x
O

2 m/s 4 m/s I
 Find the velocity of image

y A

B
xx
O
C
2 m/s 4 m/s I
D
 Find the velocity of image
HOME WORK

y A

B
x

45° C
O 5 m/s I
D
 No ofof
Number Images
Images

Object

θ
The number of images formed when a point
object is kept between two plane mirrors kept
perpendicular to each other are

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 5
The number of images formed when a point
object is kept between two plane mirrors kept
perpendicular to each other are

A 2

B 3

C 4

D 5
 JEE Main 8th April 2023 S-1

Two vertical parallel mirrors A and B are

separated by 10 cm. A point object O is placed
at a distance of 2 cm from mirror A. The
distance of the second nearest image behind
mirror A from the mirror A is _________ cm.
 JEE Main 8th April 2023 S-1

Two vertical parallel mirrors A and B are

separated by 10 cm. A point object O is placed
at a distance of 2 cm from mirror A. The
distance of the second nearest image behind
mirror A from the mirror A is _________ cm.

Answer: 18
Spherical mirrors
FOCUS
Focal Length
Relation Between f & R
 Sign Convention
● The pole/optical centre is the origin of the coordinate system.
● The principle axis is the x-axis.
● The direction of incident light rays, tells about positive x-axis.
● The perpendicular direction above principle axis is +ve y-axis.
 Sign Convention

● Focal length of concave mirror ● Focal length of convex mirror

f = - (Negative) f = + (Positive)
Mirror Formula
 Sign Magnitude

➔ If m > 0, then 1. If |m| < 1

O & I are on same side Diminished Image

➔ If m < 0, then 2. If |m| = 1

O & I are on opposite side same size of object

3. If |m| > 1
Enlarged Image
 JEE Main 1st Jan 2023 S-2

Two objects A and B are placed at 15 cm and 25

cm from the pole in front of a concave mirror
having radius of curvature 40 cm. The distance
between images formed by the mirror is :

A 40 cm

B 60 cm

C 160 cm

D 100 cm
 JEE Main 1st Jan 2023 S-2

Two objects A and B are placed at 15 cm and 25

cm from the pole in front of a concave mirror
having radius of curvature 40 cm. The distance
between images formed by the mirror is :

A 40 cm

B 60 cm

C 160 cm

D 100 cm
 JEE Main 1st Jan 2023 S-2

Two objects A and B are placed at 15 cm and 25

cm from the pole in front of a concave mirror
having radius of curvature 40 cm. The distance
between images formed by the mirror is :

A 40 cm

B 60 cm

C 160 cm

D 100 cm
Converging rays are incident on a convex spherical
mirror so that their extensions intersect 30 cm behind
the mirror on the principal axis. The reflected rays
extensions intersect the principal axis 1.2 m behind the
mirror. Determine the focal length of the mirror.

A 24 cm

B 26 cm

C 28 cm

D 30 cm
Converging rays are incident on a convex spherical
mirror so that their extensions intersect 30 cm behind
the mirror on the principal axis. The reflected rays
extensions intersect the principal axis 1.2 m behind the
mirror. Determine the focal length of the mirror.

A 24 cm

B 26 cm

C 28 cm

D 30 cm
A point object is at a distance of 40 cm from a
concave mirror of radius of curvature 60 cm. The
object lies in front of the mirror on it’s Principal axis
and is moving along PA with a speed of 2 mm/s .
Find the instantaneous speed of image.

A 16 mm/s

B 18 mm/s

C 20 mm/s

D 24 mm/s
VELOCITY of IMAGE
A point object is at a distance of 40 cm from a
concave mirror of radius of curvature 60 cm. The
object lies in front of the mirror on it’s Principal axis
and is moving along PA with a speed of 2 mm/s .
Find the instantaneous speed of image.

A 16 mm/s

B 18 mm/s

C 20 mm/s

D 24 mm/s
 REFRACTION
It is the Phenomenon of Change in Path of
Light With Change in Medium .
 Refractive Index (μ)

It is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to

speed of light in a given medium

μ = c/v
When light changes medium, Frequency remains
unchanged, but Speed and wavelength both change.
Vmedium = c/μ
λmedium = λvacuum/μ
 JEE Main 1st Jam 2023 S-1

In a medium the speed of light wave decreases to

0.2 times to its speed in free space The ratio of
relative permittivity to the refractive index of the
medium is x : 1. The value of x is _____ .
(Given speed of light in free space = 3 × 108 m s-1
and for the given medium 𝜇r = 1)
 JEE Main 1st Jam 2023 S-1

In a medium the speed of light wave decreases to

0.2 times to its speed in free space The ratio of
relative permittivity to the refractive index of the
medium is x : 1. The value of x is _____ .
(Given speed of light in free space = 3 × 108 m s-1
and for the given medium 𝜇r = 1)

Answer: 5
Incident Ray, Refracted Ray and
normal all lie in same plane.
 IIT JEE 1995

A ray of light travelling in air is incident at grazing angle (Incident

angle = 90°) on a long rectangular slab of a transparent medium
of thickness t = 1.0 m. The point of incidence is the origin A(0, 0).
The medium has a variable index of refraction n(y) given by
n(y) = [ky3/2 + 1]½ where k = 1.0(m)-3/2 The refractive index of air is
1.0. Obtain an equation for trajectory y(x) of the ray in the medium
y

P(x1, y1)
Air

t = 1.0 m
B(x, y)
Medium
θ
x
A(0, 0) Air
Lateral Shift
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023 S-1

A ray of light is incident from air on a glass plate

having thickness √3 cm and refractive index √2.
The angle of incidence of a ray is equal to the
critical angle for glass-air interface. The lateral
displacement of the ray when it passes through
the plate is _____ × 10-2cm.
(given sin 15° = 0.26)
x = 0.52 cm
x = 52 × 10-2 cm
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023 S-1

A ray of light is incident from air on a glass plate

having thickness √3 cm and refractive index √2.
The angle of incidence of a ray is equal to the
critical angle for glass-air interface. The lateral
displacement of the ray when it passes through
the plate is _____ × 10-2cm.
(given sin 15° = 0.26)

Answer: 52
 Total Internal Reflection ( TIR )
The Phenomenon of Reflection of Light in Same Medium
When it Travels from Denser Medium to Rarer Medium
Such that Angle of Incidence is Greater than Critical Angle
is Called as TIR .
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-1

The critical angle for a denser-rarer interface is 45o .

The speed of light in rarer medium is 3 × 108 m/s. The
speed of light in the denser medium is :

A 2.12 × 108 m/s

B 5 × 107 m/s

C 3.12 × 107 m/s

D √2 × 108 m/s
 JEE Main 11th April 2023 S-1

The critical angle for a denser-rarer interface is 45o .

The speed of light in rarer medium is 3 × 108 m/s. The
speed of light in the denser medium is :

A 2.12 × 108 m/s

B 5 × 107 m/s

C 3.12 × 107 m/s

D √2 × 108 m/s
 JEE Main 22nd June 2022 S-2

A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank

containing water to a depth of √7 m. The
refractive index of water is 4/3. The area of the
surface of water through which light from the
bulb can emerge out is x𝜋 m2. The value of x is_.
 JEE Main 22nd June 2022 S-2

A small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank

containing water to a depth of √7 m. The
refractive index of water is 4/3. The area of the
surface of water through which light from the
bulb can emerge out is x𝜋 m2. The value of x is_.

Answer: 9
Plane Surface Refraction
 JEE Main 12th April 2023 S-1

An ice cube has a bubble inside. When viewed

from one side the apparent distance of the
bubble is 12 cm. When viewed from the opposite
side, the apparent distance of the bubble is
observed as 4 cm. If the side of the ice cube is
24 cm, the refractive index of the ice cube is

A 4/3

B 3/2

C 2/3

D 6/5
 JEE Main 12th April 2023 S-1

An ice cube has a bubble inside. When viewed

from one side the apparent distance of the
bubble is 12 cm. When viewed from the opposite
side, the apparent distance of the bubble is
observed as 4 cm. If the side of the ice cube is
24 cm, the refractive index of the ice cube is

A 4/3

B 3/2

C 2/3

D 6/5
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-1

A fish rising vertically upward with a uniform

velocity of 8 ms–1, observes that a bird is diving
vertically downward towards the fish with the
velocity of 12 ms–1 . If the refractive index of water
is 4/3, then the actual velocity of the diving bird to
pick the fish, will be ___________ms–1.
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-1

A fish rising vertically upward with a uniform

velocity of 8 ms–1, observes that a bird is diving
vertically downward towards the fish with the
velocity of 12 ms–1 . If the refractive index of water is
4/3, then the actual velocity of the diving bird to
pick the fish, will be ___________ms–1.

Answer: 3
GOD’s FORMULA
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-1

A vessel of depth 'd' is half filled with oil of

refractive index n1 and the other half is filled with
water of refractive index n2. The apparent depth
of this vessel when viewed from above will be -

D
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-1

A vessel of depth 'd' is half filled with oil of

refractive index n1 and the other half is filled with
water of refractive index n2. The apparent depth
of this vessel when viewed from above will be -

D
Shift Produced In Image by SLAB
 shift =

● The shift takes place in direction of

incident light
● Shift is independent of location of object
Curved Surface Refraction
 JEE Main 8th April 2023 S-2

Two transparent media having refractive indices 1.0 and

1.5 are separated by a spherical refracting surface of
radius of curvature 30 cm. The centre of curvature of
surface is towards denser medium and a point object is
placed on the principle axis in rarer medium at a distance
of 15 cm from the pole of the surface. The distance of
image from the pole of the surface is ____ cm
 JEE Main 8th April 2023 S-2

Two transparent media having refractive indices 1.0 and

1.5 are separated by a spherical refracting surface of
radius of curvature 30 cm. The centre of curvature of
surface is towards denser medium and a point object is
placed on the principle axis in rarer medium at a distance
of 15 cm from the pole of the surface. The distance of
image from the pole of the surface is ____ cm

Answer: 30
 Thin Lenses

Lens is a transparent refracting medium bounded by

curved surfaces
Lens Maker’s Formula
 R R
μ

Air Air
μ
Air Air
Lens formula
 JEE Main 12th April 2023 S-1

Two convex lenses of focal length 20 cm each

are placed coaxially with a separation of 60 cm
between them. The image of the distant object
formed by the combination is at ____cm from
the first lens.
 JEE Main 12th April 2023 S-1

Two convex lenses of focal length 20 cm each

are placed coaxially with a separation of 60 cm
between them. The image of the distant object
formed by the combination is at ____cm from
the first lens.

Answer: 100
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-2

A point object, 'O' is placed in front of two thin

symmetrical coaxial convex lenses L1 and L2 with
focal length 24 cm and 9 cm respectively. The
distance between two lenses is 10 cm and the
object is placed 6 cm away from lens L1 as
shown in the figure. The distance between the
object and the image formed by the system of
two lenses is __________ cm. HOME WORK
 25 July - shift 2 2022

A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in front of convex

mirror with principal axis coinciding each other. The distance
between the lens and mirror is 10 cm. A point object is placed
on principal axis at a distance of 60 cm from the convex lens.
The image formed by combination coincides the object itself.
The focal length of the convex mirror is
 25 July - shift 2 2022

A convex lens of focal length 20 cm is placed in front of convex

mirror with principal axis coinciding each other. The distance
between the lens and mirror is 10 cm. A point object is placed
on principal axis at a distance of 60 cm from the convex lens.
The image formed by combination coincides the object itself.
The focal length of the convex mirror is

Ans : 10 cm
 JEE Main 2021

An object is placed at a distance of 12 cm from a

convex lens. A convex mirror of focal length 15
cm is placed on other side of lens at 8 cm as
shown in the figure. Image of object coincides
with the object.When the convex mirror is
removed, a real and inverted image is formed at
a position. The distance of the image from the
object will be .............. (cm) HOME WORK
Velocity of IMAGE
Combination of lenses
Silvering of LENS
Cutting of LENS
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-2

A bi convex lens of focal length 10 cm is cut in

two identical parts along a plane perpendicular
to the principal axis. The power of each lens
after cut is _______ D.
 JEE Main 13th April 2023 S-2

A bi convex lens of focal length 10 cm is cut in

two identical parts along a plane perpendicular
to the principal axis. The power of each lens
after cut is _______ D.

Answer: 5
PRISM Prism
A
 PRISM

A
δ
e
i
r1 r2
At angle of minimum deviation,
angle of incidence must be equal
to angle of emergence .
Thin Prism

𝛿 = (μ – 1)A Q
 30 Jan -Shift 2 JEE 2023

A thin prism P1 with an angle 6o and made of glass of refractive

index 1.54 is combined with another prism P2 made from glass
of refractive index 1.72 to produce dispersion without average
deviation. The angle of prism P2 is :

A 6o

B 1.3o

C 7.8o

D 4.5o
 30 Jan -Shift 2 JEE 2023

A thin prism P1 with an angle 6o and made of glass of refractive

index 1.54 is combined with another prism P2 made from glass
of refractive index 1.72 to produce dispersion without average
deviation. The angle of prism P2 is :

A 6o

B 1.3o

C 7.8o

D 4.5o
A prism having refractive index √2 and
reflecting angle 30°, has one of the refracting
surfaces polished. A beam of light incident on
the other refracting surface will retrace its path
if the angle of incidence is :

A 00

B 300

C 450

D 600
A prism having refractive index √2 and
reflecting angle 30°, has one of the refracting
surfaces polished. A beam of light incident on
the other refracting surface will retrace its path
if the angle of incidence is :

A 00

B 300

C 450

D 600
DISPERSION
 Dispersion
It is the phenomenon of separation of different
constituent colors of light while passing through
a transparent medium.
Q
Dispersion