KEY Concepts Limit

1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, xa (c) If Lim

x a
f(x) = 1 and Lim (x) = , then ;
x a
when Lim  ( x )[ f ( x ) 1]
Lim f ( x ) ( x )  e x a
Lim f (x) = Lim f (x) = finite quantity.. x a
x a  x a  (d) If Lim f(x) = A > 0 & Lim (x) = B (a finite
2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON x a x a
LIMITS: quantity) then ;
Let Lim f (x) = l & Lim g (x) = m. If l & m Lim [f(x)](x) = ez where z = Lim (x). ln[f(x)]
x a x a x a x a

exists then : = eBlnA = AB

ax 1
(i) Lim f (x) ± g (x) = l ± m (e) Lim = ln a (a > 0). In particular
x a x 0 x
x
(ii) Lim f(x). g(x) = l. m Lim e  1 = 1
x a x 0 x

f (x)  xn  a n
(f) Lim  n a n 1
(iii) Lim  , provided m  0 x a x  a
x a g( g ) m
4. SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM :
(iv) Lim k f(x) = k Lim f(x) ; where k is a constant.

r
x a x a
If f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  x & Limit Limit
x  a f(x) = l = x  a

f is continuous at g (x) = m.



Si
(v) Lim f [g(x)] = f  Lim g( x )  = f (m) ; provided
x a  x a 


For example Lim l n (f(x) = ln  Lim f ( x ) l n l
5.
h(x) then Limit
x a g(x) = l.

INDETERMINANT FORMS :
0 
, , 0  , 0, ,    and 1
0 
x a  x a  Note :
.B
(l > 0). (i) We cannot plot  on the paper. Infinity () is
3. STANDARD LIMITS : a symbol & not a number. It does not obey
the laws of elementry algebra.
sin x tan x tan 1 x (ii)  +  = 
(a) Lim = 1 = Lim = Lim =
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
G

(iii)  ×  = 
sin 1 x (iv) (a/) = 0 if a is finite
Lim a
x 0 x (v) is not defined , if a  0.
0
[Where x is measured in radians]
(vi) a b = 0 , if & only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a &
x
1 b are finite.
(b) Lim (1 + x)1/x = e = Lim 1   note
x 0 x   x 6. The following strategies should be born in mind
for evaluating the limits:
however there (1 – h)n = 0 (a) Factorisation
0
n (b) Rationalisation or double rationalisation
Lim
h
and Lim (1 + h )n  (c) Use of trigonometric transformation ;
h0 appropriate substitution and using standard limits
n
(d) Expansion of function like Binomial expansion,
exponential & logarithmic expansion, expansion
of sinx , cosx , tanx should be remembered by
heart & are given below :

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 (i)
Limit
2 2 3 3
x ln a x ln a x l n a
a x  1    .........a  0
1! 2! 3!

x x x 2 x3
(ii) e  1     ............ x  R
1! 2! 3!
(iii) ln(1+ x)

x 2 x3 x 4
= x    .........for  1  x  1
2 3 4

x3 x5 x 7   
(iv) sin x  x     ... x    , 
3! 5! 7!  2 2

x2 x4 x6
(v) cos x  1     ...... x
2! 4! 6!

  
  , 
 2 2

r
x 3 2x 5   
(vi) tan x = x    ........ x    , 
 2 2

(vii) tan–1x = x 
3 15

x3 x5 x 7
3

5

7
Si
 .......
.B
G

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 Limit
lim (1– x + [x – 1] + [1 – x] is log x n  [x]
1. x 1 8. Lim ,n  N
x  [x]
(where [] denotes greatest integer function)
(where [ ] denotes greatest integer function)
(A) 0 (B) 1
(A) has value – 1 (B) has value 0
(C) –1 (D) does not exist
(C) has value 1 (D) does not exists
 sin[x  3] 
2. lim    x 1 x 
x 0
 [x  3]  9. The graph of the function f(x) = Lim
t 0
  cot t 2  ,
 
(where [ ] denotes greatest integer function)
is
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) does not exist (D) sin 1

sin[cos x]
3. lim (where [ ] denotes greatest integer
x0 1  [cos x]
function)
(A) equal to 1 (B) sin 1
(C) equal to zero (D) non existent

 1 
  cot {x} x
2
4. lim   is (where [ ] denotes frac-
x 0  sin(x)  cos x

n(x 2  e x )

r
tional part function) 10. Let f(x) = If lim f(x) =  and xlim
(A) 2 (B) 1
Si n(n 4  e 2x ) x  

f(x) = m then
(C) 0 (D) does not exist
(A) = m (B) = 2m
(C) 2= m (D) + m = 0
 x 
5. lim sec 1  
x 
 x 1  11. Evaluate
 1 1 1 1 1 
(A) 0 (B)  L im 
2
    .....  
n 
 n n2 1 n2  2 n2  2 n 2  2n 
(C)  (D) does not exist
.B
(A) 1 (B) 1/2
(C) 0 (D) 2
 x 1 x  1  x 1 x0
6. If f(x) = 2x 2  2 x  1,g(x)   x 2  1, x  0
      n 
12. Lim n cos   sin   has the value equal to
x 
 4n   4n 
and h(x) = |x| then find lim f(g(h(x)))
G

x 0
(A)  (B) 
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1/6 (D) None of these
(C) –1 (D) Does not exists
 x
3n  (1)n  1  tan  (1  sin x)
2
7. Lim is 13. Lim  is
n  4n  ( 1) n x  / 2  x 3
1  tan  (  2x)
 2
3
(A)  (A) 1/16 (B) –1/16
4
(C) 1/32 (D) –1/32
3 3
(B)  if n is even ; if n is odd  sin x 
4 4 lim (1  e x )
14. x 0 | x | 
is (where [ ] denotes greatest

3
(C) not exist if n is even ;–  if n is odd integer function)
4 (A) –1 (B) 1
(D) + 1 if n is even ; does not exist if n is odd (C) 0 (D) does not exist

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 Limit
    
2  3 sin   x   cos   x   5n 1  3n  22n
24. lim 
 6   6  x  5n  2 n  32n  3
15. lim 
x 0 x 3( 3 cos x  sin x) (A) 5 (B) 3
(A) –1/3 (B) 2/3 (C) 1 (D) zero
(C) 4/3 (D) –4/3
cos  sin x   cos x
25. The value of Limit is equal to
2 cos x  1 x 0 x4
16. Lim 
x  / 2 (x   / 2) (A) 1/5 (B) 1/6
(C) 1/4 (D) 1/2
2 n2 2
(A) (B)n2 (C) (D) Done
 
sin  e x  2  1
26.
. lim 
(4 x  1)3 x 2 ln  x  1
Lim 
17. x 0  x   x2 
sin   ln 1   (A) 0 (B) –1
p  3  (C) 2 (D) 1
(A) 9 p (log 4) (B) 3 p (log 4)3 x aj
(C) 12 p (log 4)3 (D) 27 p (log 4)2 27. If Aj = x  a , j = 1, 2, ......... n and a 1< a2< a3 <
j
 x 
tan
 a   2a  ....<an lim (A1. A2. ......An), 1  m  n
18. The limit Lim  2   is equal to x a m
x a
 x
(A) is equal to (–1)n – m + 1
(A) e–a/ (B) e–2a/ (C) e–2/ (D) 1

r
(B) is equal to (–1)n–m
1/ l n  tan x  (C) is equal to (–1)m
19. The value of Lim 1   x  is equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e

x  / 4
(where [] denotes greatest integer function)
(D) e–1
Si (D) does not exist

x
3 3
x 
28. lim    (a > 0), where [x] donotes the
 1 1
x x a a a 
20. lim  sin  cos  is
x 
 x x greatest integer less than or equal to x is :
(A) a2 – 3 (B) a2 – 1
.B
(A) e (B) e2
2
(C) 1/e (D) does not exist (C) a (D) none
1 1
 n 
21. lim
3
1 x  3 1 x
29.
ex  2 x
    3 
ex xn ex

x 0 x Limit   , n  N is equal to
xn
G

x 
1 2
(A) (B) (A) 0 (B) ln (2/3)
3 3
(C) ln(3/2)z (D) none
3
(C) (D) None of these
2
n
  n  1
22 lim     sin  when   Q is equal to
x   n  1 n
  
(A) e– (B) –
(C) e1– (D) e1+

 sin nx   a  n  nx  2 tan x 

23. If lim  0 then
x 0 x2
value of a =
1 1
(A) (B) n –
n n
1
(C) n + (D) None of these
n

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 Limit
  x 1   1  cos 2x  3  cos x 
lim x  tan 1     / 4 
30. x 
 x2  38. lim is equal to :
x 0 x tan 4x
(A) –1 (B) –1/2 (A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 0
1 1
31. lim (0.2)log (1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + ....... n terms)
is equal to : (C) – (D) [AIEEE 2015]
n 
5
4 2
(A) 2 (B) 4
sin   cos2 x 
(C) 8 (D) None 39. lim is equal to : [AIEEE 2014]
x 0 x2
 cos x 1/2   cos x 1/3 
32. lim is :
x 0 sin 2 x (A) (B) 1
2
(A) 1/6 (B) –1/12
(C) – (D) 
(C) 2/3 (D) 1/3
1

33. lim
1.n  2  n  1  3  n  2   .......  n.1
2 2 3 2 has the
40. Let p = lim 1  tan 2 x
x 0 
  2x then log p is equal to :
n  1  2  3  ......  n (A) 1 (B) 1/2
value (C) 1/4 (D) 2 [AIEEE 2017]
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 3 4
1 2  2 2  3 2  ..........  n 2
41. Lim is equal to -

r
x3 n  n3
34. If lim a  x  bx  sin x  = 1 then the constants ‘a’
x 0
(A)  (B) 0
and ‘b’ are (where a > 0)
(A) b = 1, a = 36 (B) a = 1, b = 6
Si (C) 1 / 2 (D) 1 / 3

1 1
(C) a = 1, b = 36 (D) b = 1, a = 6 42. Lim   ....... to n terms is equal
n  1.3 3.5
35. If 
f (x) exist and is finite & non zero and if to -
Lim
.B
x
 3f  x   1  (A) 1/4 (B) 1/2
Lim  f  x   2 
x 
 f  x   then the velue of  is (C) 1 (D) 2
Lim
x
(A) 1 (B) –1 3
x2  2 3 x  1
(C) 2 (D) none of these 43 Lim is equal to -
 x  1 2
G

x 1

36. Let α and β be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, 1 1

(A) (B)
1  cos  ax  bx  c 
2 9 6
then lim 2 is [AIEEE 2005] 1
x 
x   (C) (D) none of these
3
a2  
(A) (–)2 (B) 0 44. Lim  x  x  x  x  is equal to -
2 x  
a 2 1 (A) 0 (B) 1 / 2
(C) (–)2 (D) (–)2 (C) log 2 (D) e4
2 2
45. If [f(x) + g(x)]=2 and Lim [f(x) – g(x)]=1,
 1  cos 2  x  2   aLim xa

37. lim  
[AIEEE 2011] then
x
f(x)g(x) -
x 2  x2   Lim
  x a
3
(A) does not exist (B) equals 2 (A) need not exist (B) exist and is
4
1 3 4
(C) equals – 2 (D) equals (C) exists and is – (D) exists and is
2 4 3

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 Limit
2x
tan x  sin x  a b
46. Lim is equal to - 54 If Lim  1 + + 2  = e 2 , then the values of a
x  
x 0 x3 x x
and b are -
(A) 1 / 2 (B) – 1
(A) a  R, b = 2 (B) a = 1, b  R
(C) 2 (D) – 2
(C) a  R, b  R (D) a = 1 and b = 2
47. Let α and β be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 3
1  3x 1  x
55. Lim has the value equal to -
1 – cos(ax + bx + c) 2
x 0 (1  x)10 1  1  101x
0 then Lim is equal to -
x  (x –  )2
3 1
1 a 2 (A) – (B) –
(A) (  )
2
(B) (   )2 5050 5050
2 2
1 1
a2 (C) (D)
(C) 0 (D) (   )2 5051 4950
2
3
 x   sin x  ex  tan x  sin x  1
 sin x    x  56. Lim exists and is non-
48. L im    
is equal to ( [.] represents
x 0 xn
x 0  tan x 
 x  zero, then the value of n is -
  (A) 1 (B) 3
the greatest integer function) -
(C) 2 (D) 0
(A) 1 (B) -1
(C) 0 (D) does not exists
 (1  cos x)  

r
(1  cos x)  (1  cos x) .........  1
[1  tan x 2] [1  sin x] 57. Lim
x2
49. Lim
x  / 2 [1 

(A) 0
tan x 2] [  2x] 3

(B) 1/32
Si
is equal to -
x0

equals -
1
(A) 0 (B)
(C)  (D) 1/8 2
(C)  (D) 2
50. 
Lim sin x  1  sin x  is equal to -
.B
 n n n n
x  n 1 1 
58.        ......     equals -
(A) 1 (B) –1    n  n  n 
(C) 0 (D) none of these
1Lim 1
log e cos x (A) n (B)
Lim e 1 1e
51. is equal to -
G

x0 x2
1 e
(C) (D)
1 1 1e e 1
(A) – (B)
2 2
(C) 0 (D) none of these 59. n
 
Lim cos  n 2  n when n is an integer -

x x x
10  2  5  1 (A) is equal to 1 (B) is equal to –1
52. Lim is equal to -
x→0 x tan x (C) is equal to zero (D) does not exist
(A) ln(2 + 5) (B) ln5 . ln2 3
1  sin x  3 1  sin x
60. The value of lim is -
5 x0 x
(C) ln 10 (D) ln  
2 2 2
(A) (B) 
2
8 x 3 3 3
 2 x2  3 
53. L im  2  is equal to -
x  2 x  5  3 3
(C) (D) 
(A) –8 (B) 1 2 2
(C) e8 (D) e–8

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