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1. Introduction
The purpose of this document is to give an overview on how to derive the Si446x RFIC family's receiver settings to
comply with ETSI EN 300 220-1 category 1 Rx specifications in narrowband (<25 kHz) applications.
2. The Standard
Table 1 lists the specifications a receiver must meet for Category 1 compliance:
169.475 MHz to
Social Alarms 10 mW 12.5 kHz 0.10%
169.4875 MHz
169.5875 MHz to
Social Alarms 10 mW 12.5 kHz 0.10%
169.6000 MHz
869.200 MHz to
Social Alarms 10 mW 25 kHz 0.10%
869.250 MHz
Following the same logic as before a minimum attenuation of 5 dB is required from the selected SAW filter at
10 MHz offsets.
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3.2. Spurious Response Rejection
ETSI calls for testing selectivity at three particular offset frequencies where spurious responses may occur.
These frequencies are the image frequency of the receiver and the +/- IF/2 (Intermediate Frequency) offset
frequencies from the wanted channel. At +/- IF/2 offset there is no spurious response; the selectivity performance
is purely limited by phase noise on the receive LO (Local Oscillator). Therefore this sub-section focuses only on
image selectivity.
The IF frequency in the recommended mode of operation in the 868 MHz frequency band is 406.25 kHz. The LO is
of a low injection type, i.e. it is running one IF frequency below the wanted receive band. The IF frequency is
calculated as 1/64th of the reference frequency (XO/TCXO). This calculation yields the IF frequency stated above
with the recommended 26 MHz reference source in the 868 MHz frequency band. The image frequency is at two
times the IF frequency below the wanted frequency.
The following table summarizes the image selectivity results taken on Si446x revC2 RFICs over process variation
and supply voltage. IQ calibration was activated on the parts.
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frequency a 25 dB relaxation applies to the specification that brings it down to 35 dB which in turn will be met on all
parts with the IQ calibration feature enabled. Note also, that most SAW filters will have some attenuation at the
image frequency that will also increase the margin on the specification.
3.3. Adjacent Channel Selectivity
Adjacent Channel Selectivity (selectivity at +/- 25 kHz offset) is a rather tough specification. Care must be taken to
optimize the receiver for the best performance. ACS depends on a number of factors:
1. Selectivity/attenuation performance of Rx filter
2. PLL phase noise performance at the given offset
3. Demodulator SNR requirement for error-free detection
#1 can be optimized by selecting an Rx filter with the best attenuation at the adjacent channel. #2 can be optimized
by selecting a PLL bandwidth resulting in the least integrated phase noise power in the adjacent channel. #3 can
be optimized by selecting more robust modulation formats. (This latter one cannot be applied if the modulation
format is fixed.) In the following sub-section all above three points are elaborated on.
3.3.1. Rx Filter Selection
The Rx filter has finite attenuation at the adjacent channel (+/-25 kHz), therefore some of the signal energy at this
offset will still reach the detector block deteriorating so the receive performance. While phase noise is a much
bigger contributor to ACS it is still desirable that a filter be selected that has the best attenuation at +/- 25 kHz
offset. The best filters from this aspect are the 12.4 kHz and the 16.53 kHz wide ones given that the
recommended 26 MHz TCXO is used. They both have approximately the same bandwidth compensated ACS
performance. That is to say the 16.53 kHz filter has a 1 dB weaker ACS. The limit, however, is relaxed by 1 dB
compared to the 12.4 kHz filter case.
In WDS there are two ways of calculating the receive filter bandwidth. It can either be calculated by WDS
automatically based on the modulation parameters on the “RF parameters” tab and the crystal tolerance
parameters on the “Frequency and power” tab, or it can be forced by the user if the checkbox next to the “Rx
bandwidth” entry field is ticked. In this latter case WDS will select the closest possible (higher) filter bandwidth
regardless of the rest of the input parameters. See below a WDS screenshot on how to force the receive filter
bandwidth.
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Figure 5. Activating Optimized Rx Performance for 868 MHz Band ETSI Category 1 Applications
As the most limiting factor on ACS performance is phase noise on the receive LO it is important that the selected
reference source’s (26 MHz TCXO) own phase noise (that directly appears on the LO too) is at least 10 dB better
than performance of the synthesizer itself. If this criterion is met than the phase noise of the reference source will
not have a degrading effect on ACS. The required phase noise specification on the reference source is -147
dBc/Hz at 25 kHz offset. This number is calculated (see figure below) as the synthesizer’s phase noise at 25 kHz
offset at 869 MHz (-107 dBc/Hz) “downconverted” to 26 MHz (20*log10 (869/26)) and taking away the 10 dB
margin.
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3.3.4. ACS Statistical Analysis
The following table summarizes ACS results in the 868 MHz frequency band on 20 pieces of Si446x revC2 RFIC
over process variation and supply voltage at room temperature. The parts were configured the following way:
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be met with TCXOs.
For development purposes and radio performance evaluation order the following radio pico board:
4463CPCE20C869SE. This picoboard comes with an EPCOS B3749 SAW filter and a TX0341E +/- 2.5 ppm 26
MHz TCXO from Tai-Saw Technology (TST).
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The table contains the mean and standard deviation values of the 2 MHz and 10 MHz blocking numbers. The
values in the last row of the table can be considered as worst case numbers at room temperature.
As the spread is very little on the data room temperature worst case numbers are only slightly worse than the
average and still meet the bandwidth compensated specification of 85.8 dB.
In order to achieve the blocking numbers above that make the use of a SAW filter unnecessary the “Improved
blocking” checkbox must be selected at “Optimize RX performance” control on the “RF parameters” tab in WDS.
See the control on the below WDS screenshot.
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source) would already be attenuated by the baseband filter. This mechanism would lead to a few dB sensitivity
loss. (Another requirement that makes the SIF mode operation not only recommended but mandatory is the
spurious response specification. See section 4.2 for details.)
4.2. Spurious Response Rejection
Calibrated image selectivity numbers at 169 MHz are the same as at 868 MHz. From section 3.2 it is clearly seen
that the specification is only met if the 25 dB relaxation is applied to the 60 dB limit. For the relaxation to take effect
a sufficiently low IF frequency (<84.5 kHz) is required to keep the image frequency within 0.1% of the wanted
frequency itself. It follows than that SIF (Scaled IF) mode has to be utilized on the part as in FIF (Fixed IF) mode
the IF frequency would be way higher than the maximum allowed for the specification relaxation. Note, that ZIF
(Zero IF) mode would get rid of the image frequency entirely, it would come, however at a price of a few (~3) dB
sensitivity degradation and more susceptibility to low frequency noise. So while the specification would still be met
in ZIF mode, SIF is the recommended mode of operation for better overall performance.
In scaled IF mode of Rx operation by default the image frequency falls onto the (lower) adjacent channel (from the
channel filter’s bandwidth point of view). There is a way of scaling the IF frequency upwards by stepping the
sampling clock frequency higher in the demodulator. This scaling can be achieved by increasing the OSRtune
(Over Sampling Ratio tune) value on the “RF parameters” tab in WDS. While the exact oversampling ratio cannot
be set it can be stepped up (as well as down) with regards to the nominal value by changing the OSRtune control.
The resulting IF frequency is shown in the batch and radio configuration header files right below the Rx BW value.
Now, as the default IF frequency places the image frequency on the lower adjacent channel (from the channel
filter’s bandwidth point of view) it will obviously degrade the ACS performance therefore a higher IF frequency is
recommended to be used. Increasing the IF frequency, however has a degrading effect on Rx filter selectivity. (The
reason for this is that increasing the IF frequency is achieved by upscaling the sampling clock in the digital
demodulator, which in turn makes it necessary that a different digital filter be selected whose relative bandwidth will
be lower which fundamentally results in less sharper a roll off at the filter’s edges.) Experiments have shown that
the best compromise between above two factors is an OSRtune value selection of 3. The WDS screenshot below
shows how to configure Scaled IF mode with the aforementioned OSRtune value of 3.
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This particular configuration with a forced RX bandwidth of 10 kHz and an OSRtune value of 3 the IF frequency is
19.531 kHz. The image frequency therefore is 39.062 kHz below the wanted frequency. For information find below
how the IF frequency changes with OSRtune value at this particular configuration.
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4.5. PLL BW configurations
There are multiple API properties involved in modifying the bandwidth of the PLL. For the sake of completeness
find here the settings for all mentioned (200 kHz - default, 300 kHz and 400 kHz) cases.
Any of these settings can be made to take effect if the corresponding property values are manually overwritten to
these values in the radio configuration header file.
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4.6. Recommended External Components for ETSI Category 1 Compliance
This section contains recommended external components for ETSI Category 1 compliance.
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Smart.
Connected.
Energy-Friendly.
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