KEY CONCEPTS DE

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE

DEFINITIONS:
1. An equation that involves independent (usually 'x' in maths) and 't' in physics and
dependent variables (usually the 1st letter of the physical quantity) and the derivatives
of the dependent variables is called a DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.
2. A differential equation is said to be ordinary, if the differential coefficients have reference
to a single independent variable only and it is said to be PARTIAL if there are two or
more independent variables. We are concerned with ordinary differential equations
only. While an ordinary differential equation containing two or more dependent variables
with their differential coefficients w.r.t. to a single independent variable is called a total
differential equation.
d2y dy
eg. 2
3  2 y  0 is an ordinary diffrential equation
dx dx
u u u  2u  2u
  0 ; 2
 2
 x 2  y are partial differential equation.
x y z x y
3. Finding the unknown function is called SOLVING OR INTEGRATING the differential
equation. The solution of the differential equation is also called its PRIMITIVE ,

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because the differential equation can be regarded as a relation derived from it .
4. Order and Degree of Diffrential Equation
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The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential
coefficient occuring in it.
The degree of a differential equation which is expressed or can be expressed as
.B
a polynomial in the derivatives is the degree of the highest order derivative occuring
in it, after it has been expressed in a form free from radicals & fractions so far
as derivatives are concerned, thus the differential equation :
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5. Formation Of A Differential Equation : (Geometric origin)

If an equation in independent and dependent variables having some arbitrary
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constant is given , then a differential equation is obtained as follows :

 Differentiate the given equation say f(x,y,c1) = 0 w.r.t. the independent variable
(say x) as many times as the number of arbitrary constants in it.
 Eliminate the arbitrary constants.
The eliminant is the required differential equation.
Note: A differential equation represents a family of curves all satisfying some common
properties. This can be considered as the geometrical interpretation of the differential equation.

6. General And Particular Solutions:

The solution of a differential equation which contains a number of independent arbitrary
constants equal to the order of the differential equation is called the GENERAL SOLUTION
(OR COMPLETE INTEGRAL OR COMPLETE PRIMITIVE). A solution obtainable from the general
solution by giving particular values to the constants is called a PARTICULARSOLUTION.

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7. Elementary Types Of First Order & First Degree Differential Equations.

dy
 f (ax  by  z)
dx

VARIABLES SEPARABLE:
If the differential equation can be expressed as; f(x) dx + g(y) dy = 0 then this is
said to be variable  separable type.
TYPE1: A general solution of this is given by  f(x) dx +  g(y) dy = c;
where c is the arbitrary constant.
dy
TYPE2: dx
= f (ax + by + c), b  0. (If b = 0 this is directly variable separable)

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To solve this , substitute t = ax + by + c. Then the equation reduces to separable

TYPE3: 
dx a 2 x  b 2 y  c 2
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type in the variable t and x which can be solved.
dy a1x  b1y  c1
where b1 + a2 = 0
.B
TYPE–4: Polar Coordinates
Sometimes transformation to the polar coordinates facilitates separation of
variables. In this connection it is convenient to remember the following differentials. If
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x = r cos  ; y = r sin  where r and  both are variable.

(i) x dx + y dy = r dr (ii) x dy  y dx = r2 d
If x = r sec & y = r tan then (i) x dx  y dy = r dr and (ii) x dy  y dx = r2 secd.
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Note: x = r cos ; y = r sin  x2 + y2 = r2 and tan = y/x

Hence x dx + y dy = rdr and xdy – y dx = x2 sec2 d
xdy – ydx = r2 d
|||ly x = r sec and y = r tan x2 – y2 = r2 and y/x = sin
Hence xdx – ydy = rdr and xdy – ydx = x2 cos d = r2 sec d

8. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS:
dy f (x,y)
A differential equation of the form = , where f (x , y) &  (x , y) are
dx  (x,y)
homogeneous functions of x & y , and of the same degree , is called HOMOGENEOUS.
dy x  y
This equation may also be reduced to the form = g  y  g  x  & is solved by
dx    
putting y = vx so that the dependent variable y is changed to another variable v ,
where v is some unknown function, the differential equation is transformed to an
equation with variables separable.

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IMPORTANTNOTE:
(a) The function f (x , y) is said to be a homogeneous function of degree n if for
any real number t ( 0) , we have f (tx , ty) = tn f(x , y).
e.g. f(x , y) = ax2/3 + hx1/3 . y1/3 + by2/3 is a homogeneous function of degree 2/3.
dy
(b) A differential equation of the form = f(x, y) is homogeneous if f (x , y) is a
dx
homogeneous function of degree zero i.e. f (tx , ty) = t° f (x , y) = f(x , y). The
function f does not depend on x & y separately but only on their ratio y or x .
x y

Equations Reducible To The Homogeneous Form :

dy a 1x  b1y  c1 a1  a
If = ; where a1 b2  a2 b1  0 and a 2  b1  0 , i.e.  2
dx a 2 x  b 2 y  c2 b1 b2
then the substitution x = u + h, y = v + k transform this equation to a
homogeneous type in the new variables u and v where h and k are arbitrary

r
constants to be chosen so as to make the given equation homogeneous which
can be solved by the method as given in Type  3. If
(i) Si
a1 b2  a2 b1 = 0, then a substitution u = a1 x + b1 y transforms the differential
equation to an equation with variables separable. and
.B
(ii) b1 + a2 = 0 , then a simple cross multiplication and substituting d (xy) for
x dy + y dx & integrating term by term yields the result easily.
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Purpose of Crash Course :

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1. Finishing your unfinished sheet.

2. Quick Revision of all topics in chapter.
3. Target is Problems ; Not Good or Bad problems.
4. Giving mental training to keep time a prime focus.
5. Regaining Your Confidence.
6. Completing more than 1500 questions in just 40 - 45
days.
7. Covering all institutes Exercise 1 , 2 along with Past
Year problems

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9. LINEAR DIFERENTIAL EQUATIONS :

A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable & all its differential
coefficients occur in degree one only and are never multiplied together.
The nth order linear differential equation is of the form ;
dn y d n 1 y
a0 (x) + a1(x) + ...... + an (x) . y =  (x) . Where a0(x) , a1(x) ..... an(x) are
d xn d x n 1
the coefficients of the differential equation.
Note that a linear differential equation is always of the first degree but every
differential equation of the first degree need not be linear. e.g. the differential
3
d2 y  d y 
equation   + y2 = 0 is not linear , though its degree is 1.
d x2  d x 
Linear Differential Equations Of First Order :
dy
The most general form of a linear differential equations of first order is + Py = Q,

r
dx
where P & Q are functions of x. (Independent variable)

In physics it will look like

ds
dt
Si
[P and Q are functions of independent variable]
 f (t ) .s  g(t )
.B
Pdx
To solve such an equation multiply both sides by e or e  f ( t ) dt

10. Equations Reducible To Linear Form : ( Bernoulli’s Equation)

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dy
The equation + py = Q . yn where P & Q functions of x , is reducible to the linear
dx
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form by dividing it by yn & then substituting yn+1 = Z. Its solution can be obtained
as in the normal case.

11. CHANGE OF VARIABLE BY A SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION :

dy dy dz
(i) y sinx = cos x (sin x – y2) put y2 = z  2y =
dx dx dx
dz
sin x = 2 cos x (sin x – z)
dx
dz dz
= 2 cos x – 2 cot x z or + 2 cot x z = 2 cos x which is linear.
dx dx
dy 1
(ii)  sin 2y  x 3 cos 2 y . [Hint: multiply by sec2y and put tan y = t]
dx x
dy tan y
(iii)   (1 x)e x sec y [Hint: multiply by cos y and put sin y = t]
dx x 1

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Note: FOLLOWING EXACT DIFFERENTIALS MUST BE ReMEMBERED :
xdy  ydx  y
(i) xdy + y dx = d(xy) (ii) 2
 d 
x  x
ydx  xdy  x xdy  ydx
(iii)  d  (iv)  d (ln xy)
y2  y xy
dx  dy xdy  ydx  y
(v) = d (ln (x + y)) (vi)  d  ln 
xy xy  x
ydx  xdy  x xdy  ydx  y
(vii)  d  ln  (viii)  d  tan 1 
xy  y x2  y2  x

ydx  xdy  x xdx  ydy

(ix)  d  tan 1  (x)  d ln x 2  y 2 
x2  y2  y 2
x y 2  

 1  x dy  y dx  e x  y e x dx  e x dy
(xi) d    (xii) d  
 x y x2 y2  y y2

 e y  x e y dy  e y dx
(xiii) d  
 x x2

r
Purpose of Crash Course :
Si
1. Finishing your unfinished sheet.
.B
2. Quick Revision of all topics in chapter.
3. Target is Problems ; Not Good or Bad problems.
4. Giving mental training to keep time a prime focus.
G

5. Regaining Your Confidence.

6. Completing more than 1500 questions in just 40 - 45
@

days.
7. Covering all institutes Exercise 1 , 2 along with Past
Year problems

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Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota, Rajasthan
 Differential Equation
9. A curve passing through (2, 3) and satisfying the
1. The order and degree of the differential equation x
differential equation ty(t)dt  x 2 y(x),(x  0) is

2
 dy  3 d3 y 0
9
1 3   4 3 are
 dx  dx
2
(A) x  y  13 2
(B) y 2  x
2
x2 y2
2 (C)  1 (D) xy = 6
(A) 1, (B) 3, 1 8 18
3
10. The solution of the equation
(C) 1, 2 (D) 3, 3
dy y
2. The order and degree of the differential equation x = y – x tan  x  is-
dx  
dy d2 y
3  4 2  7x  0 are a and b, then a + b is
dx dx x
(A) x sin  y  + c = 0 (B) x sin y + c = 0
 
(A) 3 (B) 4
(C) 5 (D) 6
y
(C) x sin  x  = c (D) None of these
 
3. The degree of the differential equation
11. The solution of the differential equation
2/3
3 2
d y dy dy dy

r
 3 43 +5 = 0 is x2 = x2 + xy + y2 is-
 dx  dx2 dx dx

4.
(A) 1
(C) 3
(B) 2
(D) None

The degree and order of the differential

Si  
y
(A) tan–1  x  = log x + c

y
equation of the family of all parabolas whose axis (B) tan–1  x  = – log x + c
.B
is x - axis, are respectively-  
(A) 2 , 3 (B) 2, 1
(C) 1, 2 (D) 3, 2 y
(C) sin–1  x  = log x + c
 
5. If y =e(K+1)x is a solution of differential equation
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d2 y dy x
2
4  4y  0 , then k equals (D) tan–1  y  = log x + c
dx dx  
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(A) –1 (B) 0 12. The equation of the curve passing through origin
(C) 1 (D) 2 and satisfying the differential equation
6. The differential equation, which represents the dy
 sin(10x  6y) is
family of plane curves y=ecx , is- dx
(A) y’ = cy (B) xy’ – log y = 0
(C) x log y = yy’ (D) y log y = xy’ 1  5 tan 4x  5x
(A) y  tan 1  
3  4  3 tan 4x  3
xdy  y  1 1  5 tan 4x  5x
7. The solution of 2
  2
2 2
 1 dx is (B) y  3 tan  4  3 tan 4x   3
x y x y   
11  3  tan 4x  5x
(A) y  x cot(c  x) (B) cos1 y / x  x  c (C) y  3 tan  4  3 tan 4x   3
 
(C) y  x tan(c  x) (D) y 2 / x 2  x tan(c  x) (D) none of these

8. The equation of the curve through the point

y 1
(1, 0), whose slope is , is-
x2  x
(A) (y – 1) (x + 1)+2x = 0
(B) 2x (y – 1) + x + 1 = 0
(C) x (y – 1) (x + 1)+2 = 0
(D) x (y + 1) + y (x + 1) = 0

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 Differential Equation
13. The solution of (1 + y2) dx = (tan–1 y – x) dy is - 18. Solution of x cos y dy = (xex log x + ex) dx is
(A) xe tan 1 y = e tan 1 y (tan–1 y – 1) + c (A) siny = log x + c (B) siny = e–xlog x + c
(C) siny = exlog x + c (D) None
(B) xe tan 1 y = (tan–1 y + 1) – c

(C) xe tan 1 y = (tan–1 y – 1) + c

19 . Solve the differential equation
(D) None of these (2xy –3x2)dx+(x2–2y)dy = 0
(A) x2y – x3 – y2 = c (B) x2y + x3 + y2 = (C)
14. The solution of the differential equation x2y + x3 – y2 = c (D) None of these
dy
(2x  10y 3 )  y  0 is 20 . Find the particular solution of (cos x – x sin x +
dx
y2)dx + 2xy dy = 0
(A) x  y  ce2x (B) y 2  2x 3  c that satisfies the initial condition y = 1 when x = π
(C) xy 2  2y 5  c (D) x(y 2  xy)  0 (A) xy2 + xcos x = 0 (B) xy2 – xcos x = 0
(C) xy2 + xsin x = 0 (D) x2y + x sin x = 0
15. The solution of the differential equation
1 dy 21 . Orthogonal trajectories of family of the curve x2/3
(1 + y2) + (x – e tan y) = 0, is-
dx + y2/3 = a2/3 , where a is any arbitrary constant, is
(A) x e 2 tan
1
y
= e tan
1
y
+k (A) x2/3 — y2/3 = c (B) x4/3 — y4/3 = c
(C) x4/3 + y4/3 = c (D) x1/3 — y1/3 = c

r
1
y
(B) (x – 2) = k e tan
22 . The curve for which the normal at any point (x,y)
(C) 2x e

(D) x e tan
tan 1 y

1
y
=e 2 tan 1 y

= tan 1 y+k
+k Si and the line joining origin to that point form an
isosceles triangle with the x-axis as base is
(A) an ellipse
(B) a rectangular hyperbola
16.
.B
The solution of the differential equation,
(C) a circle (D) none of these
dy 1 1
x2 .cos – y sin = –1, where y  –1 as x 
dx x x
23. Which of the following transformation reduce the
 is
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differential equation
1 1 x 1 dz z z
(A) y = sin – cos (B) y = 1  log z = (log z) 2 into the form
x x x sin dx x x2
x
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du
+ P (x) u = Q (x)?
1 1 x 1 dx
(C) y = cos + sin (D) y =
x x 1 (A) u = log z (B) u = ez
x cos
x (C) u = (log z)1 (D) u = (log z)2
17. Solution of y log y dx – xdy = 0 is
24. Number of straight lines which satisfy the differential
(A) y = ecx (B) y = e–cx
2
(C) y = logx (D) None dy  dy 
equation + x   – y = 0 is
dx  dx 

(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4

25. The differential equation of the family of

circles with fixed radius 5 units and centre on
the line y = 2 is [AIEEE 2008]
(A) (y – 2) y′2 = 25 – (y – 2)2
(B) (y – 2)2 y′2 = 25 – (y – 2)2
(C) (x – 2)2 y′2 = 25 – (y – 2)2
(D) (x – 2) y′2 = 25 – (y – 2)2

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 Differential Equation
26. The differential equation which represents the 31. Let the population of rabbits surviving at a time t be
c2x governed by the differential equation
family of curves y = c1 e where c1 and c2 are
arbitrary constants, is - [AIEEE 2009] dp(t) 1
= p(t) – 200. [JEE Main 2014]
(A) y = y2 (B) y= y y dt 2
(C) yy = y (D) yy = (y)2 If p(0) = 100, then p(t) equals :
(1) 400 – 300 et/2 (2) 300 – 200 e–t/2
27. (3) 600 – 500 e t/2 (4) 400 – 300 e–t/2
Solution of the differential equation cos x dy = y

(sin x – y) dx, 0 < x < is - [AIEEE 2010] 32. Let y(x) be the solution of the differential equation
2
(A) sec x = (tan x + c) y dy
(B) y sec x = tan x + c (x log x) + y = 2x log x, (x  1). Then y(e) is
dx
(C) y tan x = sec x + c equal to : [JEE Main 2015]
(D) tan x = (sec x + c) y (A) 2 (B) 2e (C) e (D) 0

28. Let I be the purchase value of an equipment and 33. If a curve y = f(x) passes through the point (1, –1)
V(t) be the value after it has been used for t years. and satisfies the differential equation, y(1 + xy) dx
The value V(t) depreciates at a rate given by  1
dV(t) = x dy, then f   2  is equal to:[JEE Main 2016]
differential equation =–k (T–t), where k>0  
dt 4 2 4 2
is a constant and T is the total life in years of the (A)  (B) (C) (D) 
5 5 5 5
equipment. Then the scrap value V(T) of the equip-
ment is : [AIEEE 2011] dy
34. If (2 +sinx) + (y + 1) cos x = 0 and y(0) = 1,
1 KT 2 dx

r
(A) T2 – (B) I –
k 2 

29
(C) I 
k(T  t)2
2
(D) e–kT

The population p(t) at time t of a certain mouse

dp(t)
Si then y  2  is equal to :

(A)
1
3
 

(B) –
2
3
(C) –
[JEE Main 2017]
1
3
(D)
4
3

species satisfies the differential equation =0.5

.B
dt
p(t) – 450. If p(0) =850, then the time at which the
population becomes zero is: [AIEEE 2012]

(A) ln 18 (B) ln 18
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2
(C) 2 ln 18 (D) ln 9

30. At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It

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is estimated that rate of change of production P

w.r.t additional number of workers x is given by
dP
 100  12 x . If the firm employs 25 more
dx
workers, then the new level of production of items
is : [JEE Main 2013]
(A) 3500 (B) 4500 (C) 2500 (D) 3000

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