Application Report

SLUA363 – October 2005

Calculating CRC With TI Battery Management Products

Michael Vega ....................................................................................................... Battery Management

ABSTRACT

Certain Texas Instruments (TI) products such as the 1K-bits EPROM bq2022, the
battery monitor bq2023, and the security IC bq26150 require the host to be able to
calculate a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) based on a specific polynomial. The
purpose of this document is to briefly discuss what a CRC is, how it is used within the
mentioned TI products, and how to implement it within a system that interacts with
these products.

Contents
1 What is CRC? ....................................................................................... 1
2 CRC Used as a Data Verifier ..................................................................... 1
3 CRC Used as an Encryption Scheme ........................................................... 2
4 CRC Calculation Example ......................................................................... 2

List of Tables
1 Coefficients for Example Polynomial ............................................................. 2
2 Example of CRC Calculation ...................................................................... 3

1 What is CRC?
The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) calculation is a form of polynomial modulo 2 arithmetic. The CRC is
typically used as a calculation that returns a checksum based on a block of data and a set polynomial with
binary coefficients. It is useful for error detection during data transmission.

2 CRC Used as a Data Verifier

In the bq2022 and bq2023, the CRC is used to determine the integrity of data that has been transmitted
across the single-wire communication line. These devices return CRC values in the form of data after
certain commands have been transmitted to ensure that the device has understood the command along
with parameters such as register addresses as it was intended to be sent by the communication bus
master or host. After certain data that has been read from the devices, another CRC value is obtained to
verify the integrity of the data received by the host. It is up to the host to calculate a CRC for each time
that the TI device returns a CRC value so that the host can decide if the last command should be
repeated or not, relying on matched CRC values. The CRC values are based on an 8-bit polynomial which
is defined as X8 + X5 + X4 + 1.

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CRC Used as an Encryption Scheme

3 CRC Used as an Encryption Scheme
The bq26150 uses the CRC as an authenticating scheme. The CRC polynomial and seed are defined by
values that are contained in private memory. The host must know these values either by having
knowledge of them up-front or by decrypting cipher text versions of these values that are contained in
public memory of the device through a root key. The CRC polynomial and the seed are 16 bits each. Data
that consists of a 96-bit ID (contained in private memory) and a 32-bit random challenge is input into the
CRC generator and returns a 16-bit result which is used to authenticate a peripheral device that may be
connecting to the IC.

4 CRC Calculation Example

Before attempting a CRC calculation some terms must be defined:
CRC polynomial– Determines the size of a given CRC calculation result . The highest value exponent in
the polynomial indicates how many bits are in the CRC. For example, X8 + X5 + X4 +1 corresponds to an
8-bit CRC while X16 + X11 + X5 + X2 +1 corresponds to a 16-bit CRC.
CRC seed– The initial value of the CRC. For the bq2022 and the bq2023, it has a value of 0x00, whereas
in the bq26150 a user-programmable CRC seed is used.
Consider this example of how to calculate a CRC without the use of a computer program. The table
shown in Table 2 is helpful in arranging the data in an organized manner to avoid confusion. This example
uses the 8-bit polynomial of X8 + X5 + X4 +1. When placing the polynomial in this table, arrange the
polynomial as 1 + X4 + X5 + X8.
A value can be obtained from the polynomial if the coefficients of each power of X are arranged in the
order shown in Table 1. Notice that the coefficient for X8 is not used. That coefficient only provides the
size of the CRC result. The value for this example turns out to be 8C (hexadecimal). For the remainder of
this document, when referring to the polynomial, this is the value used.

Table 1. Coefficients for Example Polynomial

X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

Once the polynomial is determined, the CRC seed must be identified. A seed value of 0x00 is used in this
example. This corresponds with the CRC operation of a bq2022 or bq2023. Remember that in bq26150,
this value is chosen by the user when programming it into the one-time-programmable memory of the
device.
The last thing needed to begin calculating the CRC is the data that will actually pass through the CRC.
The data for this example is 0x0F.
• Compare the least significant byte (LSB) of the CRC with the LSB of data.
• If they are not equal, then shift both values to the right and then add (bit-wise XOR) the polynomial
coefficient to the CRC after being shifted.
• If they are equal, only shift right CRC and data.
• Repeat procedure until 8 sets of LSB bits have been compared.
• The last CRC value is the final solution.
These steps can be followed while verifying with Table 2. The final result of the CRC is 0x41. If another
byte of data were to be pushed through the CRC, then the procedure done in Table 2 would be repeated,
substituting 0x41 as the CRC seed. When calculating larger CRCs such as a 16-bit CRC, the table is
adjusted so that all 16 coefficients of the polynomial are considered.

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CRC Calculation Example

Table 2. Example of CRC Calculation

BYTE ACTION
Seed Initial 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Data value Initial 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Data value After 1st shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
CRC After 1st shift 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Poly 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
CRC After Adding 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Data value 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Data value After 2nd shift 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
CRC After 2nd shift 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
Poly 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
CRC After Adding 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
Data value 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Data value After 3rd shift 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
CRC After 3rd shift 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
Poly 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
CRC After Adding 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Data value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
CRC After 4th shift 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
Data value After 4th shift 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CRC After 5th shift 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
Data value After 5th shift 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CRC After 6th shift 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
Data value After 6th shift 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Data value After 7th shift 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CRC After 7th shift 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
Poly 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
CRC After Adding 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Data value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Data value After 8th Shift 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CRC After 8th Shift 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0x41

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CRC Calculation Example

Calculating a CRC by hand is impractical. Most likely a CRC calculation is used to validate a stream of
data. The processor which is communicating with the CRC responding device should be able to calculate
a CRC. A C-code example of calculating the 8-bit CRC in software follows. The function expects a byte of
data with the seed and returns a byte for a CRC result.
int calc_crc(int data_byte, int crc)
{
int bit_mask = 0, carry_check = 0, temp_data = 0;
temp_data = data_byte;
for ( bit_mask = 0; bit_mask <= 7; bit_mask ++)
{
data_byte = data_byte ^ crc;
crc = crc / 2;
temp_data = temp_data / 2;
carry_check = data_byte & 0x01;
if (carry_check)
{
crc = crc ^ 0x8C;
}
data_byte = temp_data;
}
return ( crc );
}

4 Calculating CRC With TI Battery Management Products SLUA363 – October 2005

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