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    Human Thermography 3

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    Evandro Aguiar Nascimento
    Historico da termografia humana

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Human Thermography 3

    Uploaded by

    Evandro Aguiar Nascimento
    5 views2 pages
    Historico da termografia humana

    Original Title

    HUMAN THERMOGRAPHY 3

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Historico da termografia humana

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    5 views2 pages

    Human Thermography 3

    Uploaded by

    Evandro Aguiar Nascimento
    Historico da termografia humana

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Therefore, if a body maintains a constant temperature it

    is in thermal equilibrium; the energy emitted is counterbalanced


    by the energy absorbed plus any heat energy produced internally.
    If a body is at either a higher or lower temperature than its surroundings, the net
    radiative heat transfer is the difference between
    emitted and absorbed radiation. In infrared imaging, this radiative heat transfer
    occurs simultaneously between the human subject and the local environment, of which
    the thermal imager itself
    is an integral part. The sum of the infrared radiation emitted and
    reflected from a surface is what a radiometric thermal imager
    detects and quantifies as surface temperature. About 60% of the
    heat lost by the human body is lost through radiation.
    Conduction
    This describes the transfer of heat by direct physical contact
    between two bodies or masses having different temperatures.
    About 3% of human body heat is lost through conduction.
    Fourier�s law of heat conduction states that the rate of heat
    transfer through a material is proportional to the gradient in
    the temperature and to the area, at right angles to that gradient, through which
    the heat flows. Heat conduction is also
    inversely proportional to the distance through any material
    separating the two masses; the greater the distance, the less the
    rate of conductive heat transfer. Conduction of heat within the
    human body occurs between adjacent structures or regions of
    the body. Thermal conduction also occurs between the human
    body and items that touch it, such as furniture. Conductive
    heat transfer takes place through body tissues even with no
    blood flow. In the arms and legs, this transference depends
    on the temperature gradient between the skin surface and
    underlying muscle as well as the distance from the muscle to
    the skin. Heat transfer by conduction is facilitated when the
    temperature gradient between muscle and skin is increased. A
    subcutaneous muscle warmed by exercise will warm the overlying skin by heat
    conduction which can be detected by thermal imaging. Heat conduction may work both
    ways, as when
    a subject places his or her cold hand on a warm part of their
    body, thus temporarily decreasing the skin temperature of that
    part while simultaneously raising the temperature of the hand.
    Conductive heat transfer may be also be used in thermography by changing the skin
    surface temperature rapidly and reliably. As an example, the thermal recovery time
    after removing
    a cool pack from the skin may differentiate malignant from
    benign growths.
    Convection
    Convection refers to heat transfer occurring from the contact of
    a solid body with a moving liquid or gaseous medium. Within
    the human body, heat convection occurs via blood flow; blood
    flowing through the body core is heated and consequently
    heats the skin layers it passes through. Likewise, blood flowing through cooler
    skin will be carried back to cool the core.
    Outside of the body, heat from the body�s surfaces is transferred
    into the surrounding room through airflow governed by fluid
    dynamics. Air (or water, from swimming, for example) moving over the skin surface
    facilitates convective heat exchange
    with the environment. About 15% of the heat from a human
    body is lost through convection. In the case of an unclothed
    human standing still, heat convection occurs as the skin surface warms the nearby
    air, which expands and rises, creating
    a baseline convective airflow � this is referred to as natural
    convection. Convective heat transport can work both ways; hot
    air or water can increase skin temperature. Clothing decreases
    convective heat loss (or gain) by reducing the airflow near the
    skin. In the practice of human thermography, the convection principle explains why
    it is necessary to minimize forced
    convection (e.g., from air conditioning vents, HVAC (Heating,
    Ventilating, Air Conditioning) ducts, or fans) during an imaging.

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