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Permutation

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Sethu Lakshmi
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10 views

Permutation

Uploaded by

Sethu Lakshmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Permutation:

A permutation is an arrangement of all or part of a set of objects, with regard


to the order of the arrangement. In other words, a permutation is a mathematical
technique that determines the number of possible arrangements in a set when the
order of the arrangements matters.
For example, suppose we have a set of three letters: A, B, and C. we might ask
how many ways we can arrange 2 letters from that set. Each possible arrangement
would be an example of a permutation. The complete list of possible permutations
would be: AB, AC, BA, BC, CA, and CB.

Formula for Calculating Permutations:

The general permutation formula is expressed in the following way:

Where:

 n – the total number of elements in a set


 k – the number of selected elements arranged in a specific order
 ! – factorial

Factorial (noted as “!”) is the product of all positive integers less than or equal to
the number preceding the factorial sign. For example, 3! = 1 x 2 x 3 = 6.

For example, let n = 4 (A, B, C and D) and k = 2 (All permutations of size 2). The
answer is 4! / (4-2)! = 12. The twelve permutations are AB, AC, AD, BA, BC, BD,
CA, CB, CD, DA, DB and DC.
Combination:
A combination is a mathematical technique that determines the number of
possible arrangements in a collection of items where the order of the selection does
not matter. In combinations, you can select the items in any order.
For example, suppose we have a set of three letters: A, B, and C. we might ask
how many ways we can select 2 letters from that set. Each possible selection would
be an example of a combination. The complete list of possible selections would be:
AB, AC, and BC.
Formula for Combination
Mathematically, the formula for determining the number of possible
arrangements by selecting only a few objects from a set with no repetition is
expressed in the following way:

Where:
n – the total number of elements in a set
k – the number of selected objects (the order of the objects is not important)
! – factorial

For example, let n = 4 (A, B, C and D) and r = 2 (All combinations of size 2).
The answer is 4! /((4-2)!*2!) = 6. The six combinations are AB, AC, AD, BC, BD,
and CD.
NOTE: In the same example, we have different cases for permutation and
combination. For permutation, AB and BA are two different things but for
selection, AB and BA are same.

Fundamental Counting Principle:


The fundamental counting principle is a rule used to count the total number
of possible outcomes in a situation. It states that if there are n ways of doing
something, and m ways of doing another thing after that, then there are n×m ways
to perform both of these actions. In other words, when choosing an option
for n and an option for m, there are n×m different ways to do both actions.
Exercise
1. A bag contains 22 yellow, 33 green and 22 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at
random. What is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?
2. A bag contains 44 black, 55 yellow and 66 green balls. Three balls are drawn
at random from the bag. What is the probability that all of them are yellow?
3. There are 15 boys and 10 girls in a class. If three students are selected at
random, what is the probability that 11 girl and 22 boys are selected?
4. What is the probability of selecting a prime number from 1,2,3, ⋯10?
5. 3 balls are drawn randomly from a bag contains 33 black, 55 red and 44 blue
balls. What is the probability that the balls drawn contain balls of different
colours?
6. A letter is randomly taken from English alphabets. What is the probability that
the letter selected is not a vowel?
7. In a classroom there are 13 girls and 15 boys. The class is to elect a President,
Vice President, and a Treasurer. What is the probability if students were elected
at random that (1) all three positions were filled by boys (2) at least one boy (3)
no boys (4) at the most 2 boys?
8. A math class consists of 𝟏𝟒 girls and 𝟏𝟓 boys. The teacher likes to have the
students come to the board to demonstrate how to solve some of the math
problems. During a lesson, the teacher randomly selects 𝟔 of the students to
show their work. What is the probability that all 𝟔 of the students selected are
girls?
9. A bag contains 7 white and 9 black balls. 3 balls are drawn at random. What is
the probability that (1) all are black (2) 1 white and 2 black (3) 2 white and 1
black?

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