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Chapter 2 Part 2

THIS IS THE GOOD MATERIALS

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15 views29 pages

Chapter 2 Part 2

THIS IS THE GOOD MATERIALS

Uploaded by

raedanithikhedzo14
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4:

Networking and the Internet

Computer Science: An Overview


Eleventh Edition

by
J. Glenn Brookshear

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Chapter 4: Networking and the
Internet
 4.1 Network Fundamentals
 4.2 The Internet
 4.3 The World Wide Web
 4.4 Internet Protocols
 4.5 Security

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Network Classifications
 Scope
◦ Local area network (LAN)
◦ Metropolitan area network (MAN)
◦ Wide area network (WAN)
 Ownership
◦ Closed versus open
 Topology (configuration)
◦ Bus and Ring(Ethernet)
◦ Star (Wireless networks with central Access Point)
◦ Irregular

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Figure 4.1 Network topologies

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Network topologies (continued)
 Ring

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Figure 4.1 Network topologies
(continued)

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Network topologies (continued)
• Irregular

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Protocols
 Protocol – rules by which an activity is
conducted
 Carrier sense, multiple access with
collision detection (CSMA/CD)
◦ Nodes contend for the right to send a
message
◦ Used in Ethernet (Bus network)
◦ Silent bus provides right to introduce new
message

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Protocols Cont.
 Carrier sense, multiple access with
collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)
◦ Used in WiFi
◦ Hidden terminal problem

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Figure 4.3 The hidden terminal problem

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Connecting Networks
• Repeater: Extends a network
• Bridge: Connects two compatible networks
• Switch: Connects several compatible networks
• Router: Connects two incompatible networks
resulting in a network of networks called an
internet

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Figure 4.4 Building a large bus network
from smaller ones

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Figure 4.5 Routers connection

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Inter-process Communication
 Client-server
◦ One server, many clients
◦ Server must execute continuously
◦ Client initiates communication
 Peer-to-peer (P2P)
◦ Two processes communicating as equals
◦ Peer processes can be short-lived

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Figure 4.6 The client/server model vs peer-to-
peer model

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Figure 4.8 A typical URL

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Figure 4.12 Package-shipping example

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Internet Software Layers
• Application: Constructs message with
address
• Transport: Chops message into packets
• Network: Handles routing through the
Internet
• Link: Handles actual transmission of
packets

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Figure 4.13 The Internet software layers

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Figure 4.14 Following a message
through the Internet

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Data communication channels
 Communication channel – passes
digital information from one location to
another
 Physical transmission medium
Wireless transmission medium

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Physical transmission medium

 Twisted-pair wire – has two insulated


copper wire twisted around each other

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Physical transmission medium Cont.
 Coaxial cable – constructed to permit
high-speed data transmission with less
distortion

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Physical transmission medium Cont.
 Fibre optic cable – carries data as laser-
generated pulses of light

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Wireless Communication
 Microwave signal or radio signal – signals
travel in a straight line

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Wireless Communication Cont.
 Satellite – eliminate the line of sight
limitation

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Security
 Attacks
◦ Malware (viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware,
phishing software)
◦ Denial of service
◦ Spam
 Protection
◦ Firewalls
◦ Spam filters
◦ Antivirus software

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Encryption
 FTPS, HTTPS, SSL
 Public-key Encryption
◦ Public key: Used to encrypt messages
◦ Private key: Used to decrypt messages
 Certificates and Digital Signatures

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Figure 4.16 Public-key encryption

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