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J
. . f'_l|
I I _ ‘I II II-

CHAPTERI
Differentiation and Integration of ‘Vectors L22“
1_ Vector function
2 | ,1'n1its and continuity of a vector fttuiiliflfl
ME

Lt-JI.'~Jl"
3, Derivative of a vector function with respect to a sealer 3'
GA

4. Curves in space
‘E-"' ‘Uglucitjt and BDCCIEIHHDI1
BE»
LE

F‘ Integration of vector functions

CHAPTER 2
CT

fill - T4
Gradient, Divergence and Curl '
lfl
L Pg;-tin] derivatives of vectors
UR

30
P The vector differential operator Del». "7
31
E

P Gradient of a scalar field

31
Level Surfaces I +
33
P‘? Directional derivative of a scalar point filflflilflfl 41
Tangent plane and nonnal to a level surface
49
I‘-IF‘ Divergence of a vector point function - 415!
P“ Curl of a vector point function
51
F‘ The Laplacian operator ‘ii’: 55.
Important vector identities
T2
|¢ihIIlI I-"ID Invariance
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CHAPTER3
- 168
Gt'een’a, Gaussis+92
and336 7801123
Stolreis Theorems 75
T5
l. Some prelim-ill-P-I'll’ '=""'J’=Pi5 T6
Line integrals ‘T?
Circulation 78
Surface integrals ED
Volume integrals
EH5
Green‘ s theorem in the Plan‘: 105
The divergence theorem of Gauss
103
Green’s theorem
132
Stolt.e's theorem ' 152
Line integrals indsvvfldvtlt vi Pam- 166
|-ls—l'|t.D'I"-§|I:l"t-'|r.tH-|F'lI|-1-I"'-l|"‘J -Z-" Phvsical interpretation of div. and curl
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1
Differentiation and Integration
of Vectors
ME
GA

§ I. ‘Vector Functiou. We ltnotv that a scalar quantity posses-

ses only magnitude and has no concern vvith direction. A single
LE

real number gives us a complete representation of a scalar quan-

CT

tity. Thus a scalar quantity is nothing but a real number.

Let D be any subset of the set of all real numbers. If to
UR

each element t of D, tve associate by some rule a unique real

E

number fit}, then this rule defines a scalar function of the scalar
variable t. Here fit} is a scalar quantity and thus f is a scalar
function.
in a similar manner ive define a vector function.
Let D be any subset of the set of nit rent numbers. if to each
eientent t of D, tve associate by sonte rnieu unique rector f (t }, then
this rttie defines tt vector function of the scttfar vorittbie t. Here I (I)
is tt vector qituntity and tints f is rt vector function.
We knovv that every vector canhe uniquely eirpressed as a
linear combination youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
of three fitted non-coplanar vectors. Therefore
+92 336 7801123
we may tvritc
fiti_=fi it) i+1‘i it) i+fs (I) It
vvhere i, j, It denote a fitted right handed triad of three mutually
perpendicular non-coplanar unit vectors.
§ I. Scalar Fields and ‘l-fector Fields. If to each point
P (Jr, y, tr] of a .region R in space there corresponds a unique
scalar_ftP}, then fis called a scalar point function and vve say
that a scalar fieldf has been defined in R.
Esamples. {1} The temperature at any point vvithin or on
the surface of earth at a certain time defines a scalar field.
(2) fiat, y, .r}=.t:fy"—3ci defines a scalar field.
If to each point Pix. y, cl of a region R in space there
corresponds a unique vector HP), then f is called a vector point
function and tve say that a vector field f has been defined in R.
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'2 Limit and Continuity of a Vector Function

Eituntples. (1) If the velocity at any point (Jr, y, tr) of a parti-

cle moving in a curve is lrnovvn at a certain time, then a vector
field is defined.
(2) if (st, y, s}=.ir_v' i+3_vz" j—2x' ck defines a vector field.
§ 3. Limit and Continuity of it vector function.
Definition 1. A vector function I it} is said to ‘tend to a limit I,
tvhen t tends to t,, iffor any given positive number e, hotvever smaii,
ME

there corresponds a positive number B such that

if“-')—l I ‘ii I
GA

ivhencver ii -<1: I t-t, I -<1‘ 3.

If I‘ (t) tends to a limit I as t tends to tn, vtc vvrite
LE

litn
H I. t{t)=I.
CT

_ Definition I. A vector function I’ (t) is said to be continuous

UR

for ti vaiue tn of t if
E

if} I (tn) is defined and

iii} for any given positive number e, itotvever smaii, there
corresponds a positive number B such that
|f(f)—[(1'ai I <1 I
whenever I t.— t, I -at 3.
Further a vector function I (I) is said to be continuous if it is
continuous for every vaiue of tfor which it has been defined. _
We shall give here [vtithout proof) some important results
about the limits and continuity ofa vector function.
Theorem 1 . The necessary and suflfcient condition for a vector
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function I (t)'to be +92
continuous at t=t,,, is that
336 7801123

iim
PH. t(t)=l‘ t_t,,).
Theorem 2. if I(t)=f, tr) i_.-I~j§, tt)j+f, ltl It, then tn) is
continuous i)" and only if]; (t],_,i', (t)', I, ft} are continuous.
Theorem 3. Let f (t)=f, [ti i-l-fi, it) 1+)’, ft} It
and l=.fi'i+'fs j"i'*il kt
‘Then the necessary and suflieient conditions that [ET I’ (t)-=1
I
iim iim iim -
nut-+t,,ji‘ U)=i" t—r-t,’c" m="‘ and tn-t,, It {H =1"
Theorem 4. if I ift1, g it) are vector functions of seaiar variabie
t and d (t) is a scuier function of scttiar variobie t, then
i -
to ‘"' [Wires rtJ]= 1'--it-In
I-I in
”'“ I we t--v""'in a cm
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-Differentiation and ititegratiott of Vectors 3

on ten
”'" it to-amt-—[ _ten“’" fit) “’" stti]
tan
itm iim iim
are ,_,_,n lfitlita tr11=[,_,,u no ]><[,._,_,n c It) ]
on ,2?“ it tot<:i1=[,i’j: out ,1’;to) ]
(P) iim Iii” l: iim I U),
ME

i"—t-in i'—t- in .
§ 4. Derivative of a vector function rvitlt respect to it scalar.
GA

[Banaras iii; Kolltapur 73]

Definition. Let r=f (t) be a vector function of the scaiar
LE

variabie t. We define r+br=f tt—l-Br).

CT

.5... fil‘==T (I-l-df)—f {f)L

UR

Consider the vector 3-. = LI -2? 1 _ f E].

E

F B
if MTG E; = 33:0
F f sin -tin . .
- 3!} - - -exists, then the value of this itmit,

which tve shall denote by g , is railed the derivative of the vector

function r tvith respect to the rcaiar t. Symbciicaiiy
dr lb
iim (r+3rl-r
L
iim l'{t+stl-fit)
i-

di Er-+0 3t ht-t-0 -it '

If eaists, then r is said to be differentiable. Since £1 is a
. dc .
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vector quantity. therefore
+92 -if
336is 7801123
alsoavector quantity,
Successive Derivatives. If r is a vector function of the scalar
variable t, then ills also in general a vector function of t. If dér

is differentiable, then its derivative is denoted by té-5 and is called

the second derivative of r. Similarly the derivative of is deno-

3
ted by %: and is called the third derivative of r and so on.

1%-, are also represented by i', i‘....rcspectively.

§ 5. Ilfifferentiation Formulae.
Theorem. if a, It and c are diijferentiabie vector functions o_i' a
scalar t and oi is a differcttttabie scaiarfunction of the satne variable
t,then
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4 Difierentiation Formulae

0' til db

2.
ti db do
it; i""”"" fig‘ tit "’ [Calcutta os]
3.
da
(I}{b)=I.'.'-WI Hr+?}Hh

[Agra 1967; Marathi-rada '74; Kolhapur 73]

ME

4- £{'r‘5'l)=i'5 tr;-:+'%a
GA

5. ‘Tirlitt It c ]=[% b c]-1-[ a g c ]-|-[it b

s
ti. E{aa(oao1}=%xicno1+aa(‘gee )+a><(aaj§).
LE
CT

d [Rohilkhand 1973]
_____ __ iim {ia+iai_+tb+_3£}—is+l>)
UR

Proof. 1. df [a-I-h]-3I_+0 i~ - at
___ lim sa+so lim (oi so
E

‘at-so at =sr-r-0 at +5?)

iim he iim Eb dl db
=o.seoT+o.-.on"=.n“+s'-
Thus the derivative of the sum of two vectors is ennui to the sum
of their derivatives, as it is also in Scaiar Caicuius.
Similarly we can prove that 5:; (a —h}='i-a ._.d_.I1
tit dt -
fl _ "Ill lI+3al-(It-I-obi-—a-It
2' at i‘ youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
h)"Bi+D
= +92
lint 336
I-b+I-sb+sa-h+sa-so-a-b
7801123
Bi—1-D ht
_ iim a-Eb.-I-ha-It-l—Ba-Sh
“st-o -st
litu sh ea 3;
=o..oi' i.-+3? "’+n'i'*i
lim iim he iim ha
“ere-0“ at +3t-r-fi3T‘b+at--r-t]3T'5h
dh d d
=lr3;+}; -b+-£5-0. since ob-r-zero vector as
Bi-i-U
-—a-€P+‘E- h
_ dt dt '
Note. We ltnovr that a-ls=h-a. Therefore vthilc evaluating
d
3-_— (a-h), vve should not bother about the order of the factors.
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.iJifl"erentiation and integration of Vectors 5

-3. Fill}-Cb]---8I__+0
ii _ lim ia+B=l>tth+sb)-one
__ lim air li+a i-tob+3a it b-1-an i-tb|t—-I it b
'_bt—i-0 __#_'
lim aishj-_ea:~tb+saireh
“st-so st '—" _
ME

lim Eb 3a ha
=or-.oi“"or+n'ii"+oTi'ii"} _
GA

lim so lim Ea lim an .

=st-so '><*s'i+st-ao'ii xi'+sr-sofir iii"
LE

db da >ib+§l‘-ii".
=ai-'IEy+3? da .
since 3b—>zcro vector as 3!-i-O
CT

_ lg! dl db da
UR

"IxdI'l‘EFi"ib+0I=IJ{£E+Ep-Kb.

Note. We know that cross product. of two vectors is not

E

commutative because a D-C h= - b it a. Therefore while evaluating

ti
H-F (at-tit), we must maintain the order of the factors a and Ii.

it '
lim (~t+sti (a+sai _ on
4' H (gm =31‘-i-U ‘"'
= lim iii-_3II+E-;i-a+bv53ii—-da_ lim oi5g+39t.+3¢gi
Bt—i-fl at -8]-no
lim so so so
=sr-a-oi “S youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
st ‘is? “ii 3'}
lim Ea lim
+92 Sd
336 iim
7801123 356
=3i—i-U ib bi +bi—i-I] 3-ii l+di—i-U iii 3.
dl d d .
. =55 5+ 6,? 1+J? ll. fillies bile-aero vector as bt—i-0
.= if at _ its iii
¢at+dt '+0_¢I+dt a‘
N°"i- 958 it Ills II"-llliolication of a vector by a scalar. In the
case pf such multiplication we usually write the scalar in the first
position and the vector inflthe second position. '

s. % [a a o]=:T{a-to so}
d da _
‘find? (ii: E)-L_€iT'{hx;1 [by rule (2)]
=“- ' b j —-~ -—-e I]
' i xdt+etm)+dt ( mi _[by rule (3)1
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5 Derivative of a Function of a Function

dc so , da
=“'("’*“.r.i+"i.r. "“)+.i;'“"‘*i
..[..;g]..[.g§.].[g..]
=-[g;.y.].[ .35.
—— 1 + [...r;-;=]
—.
Note. Here [a it c] is the scalar triple product of three vectors
ME

a, h and c. Therefore while evaluating 3? [a h c] we must main-

GA

tain the cyclic order of each factor.

6. 5?{at-tilt:-tc)}=a:~r%ib:~rc)ll-zéiribi-re) [by rule (3)1
LE

- db d so
CT

=avt(-t-5'—I7irc+h>ti_i:)+‘-pl;-ir(h>tc)
UR

ah
=lii(Epii¢)+ait(b:-r%)+g?i<(b><c)
E

dn db dc
=Eir(h:~¢rc)+air(Hi_-ire)+a>t (hit?!)
§ 6 Derivative of it function of a function.
Suppose r is a differentiable vector function of a scalar varia-
ble s and sis a differentiable scalar function of another _scalar
variable t. Then r is a function of t. ' u
An increment at in t produces an increment or in r and an
increment as in s. When st-vo, so-so and as-r-0, .
dr lim Br lim is
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+92 336 7801123

lim be lim hr ds dr
=ist-so siiist-so sI'r')=£iT oi?
N oI e . We can also write
‘ m_dr drds
J3
__.____dr . But it' should be clear
dr -is a vector quantity
that E-E . and ‘Tr
as .is a scalar quantity.
. Thus
drd . .
up ‘T: 15 Hill-llllls but the multiplication of the vector % by the

scalar E '
dt
_ § 7. Derivative of a constant vector.
A vector is said _ to be constant only if both its magnitude
and direction are fixed. If either of these changes then the vector
will change and thus it will not be constant.
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Differentiation and Integration of Vectors 1

Let r he a eonstant veetor funetion of the sealer variable t.

Let r=ee, vvhere e is a eonstant vee-tor. Then r+3*r=-e.
J. 3r==0 (zero veetor].
Er ti -
__ 5-I-=3‘ -0.
lim Sr lim
' — := “=0-
ME

" '~:it—1-U3! 3t-I-U

d
GA

E:7==I.'I (zero veetot].

Titus the dertvottve of o eottstont veetor is equal to the nail
LE

veetor.
§ 8. Derivative ol' I veetorfunction in terms of its eotnponents.
CT

Let r he a veetor funetioa of the sealer variable t.

UR

Let r=:ri +yj+elt vthere the eontponents tr, y, e are sealer

funetions of the sealar variabie t and i, 1, I are fixed unit veetors.
E

We have r+3r=[.r+3.r} i+(J’+3_v] H-{e+3e) I.

3r={r+3r}-—r-=-31¢ I-i-311 1+8: k.
. ti E 511- $3
“ St =étt ‘+3: ‘+3: K‘
_ lim fir lit:n 3_Jt E! Er
" 51-1-i] §F=st-1-oist i+3t Her k
o'r tit dy dz
a=a‘+a1+a? "' t
Thus in order to differentiate o veetor tee should dtjfferentinte its
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components. +92 336 7801123 ’ '
Note. It r=.ri+yj+rIt, then sometimes vte also write it as
r={.1r, y. 2)." In this notation
dr a'.r dy dr die die d*y ct‘:
E..=(E, E, HT), ‘E-:=-e(HF, E5, Q--,l—,), and so on.
Alternative Method. - .
We have r=xi+ yj-|-eh, where I, j, I are eonstant veetorl and
so their derivatives vtili be zero.
d
Now g-5-=i§-E (ri+y]+rki=€i- [Ii)+§I (yj)+;.-; (zk)
dx di dy di__ ff ii .
“It? i+xIt't'+Ei+'v 3t+dt Hid:
dtr i-1-E
=5} dy 1+5
dz k, stnee
. iii - h-
0,: ete. vants
§ 9. Some important results.
Theorem 1. The rteeessory and s'qfi'ietent eorto'ttt'ort for the
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3 Sonte Important Resnlte

veetor fnnetlon a(t) to be eonetant le that %:= 0.

Proof. The eontlition is neeessarv. Let a(t} he a oonstant
veetor funetion of the sealar variable t. Then a(t+3t)=a(t). We
Q lim a(t-1-at}-a(t)_lin1 tl_
hay’: 5'?"-

Therefore the eondition is neeessary.

ME

The eootlitioa is suflieient. Let j:=ti. Then to prove that I

GA

is a eonstant veetor. Let a[t)=a1(t) i-1-a.,{t) j+a,{t) It. Then

LE

dl dl-H1 .. dag 4. dig!

ma"; '+.w'1+.a “-
CT

da . do . do . d
Therefore HE=0 gives. Jr‘ n+5?“ 1-1-£3 l:=ll.
UR

Equating to zero the eoeflieients of i, j and k, vve get

E

da1_ da, do,

at-'1 o=°- e?=°-
Henoe a1, an a, are oonstant sealars t'.e. they are independent
-of t. Therefore a(t) is a eortstant veetor funetion. -
Theorem 2. tf a ls a differentiable veetor ficnetlon of the sealar
vartaete t and tf 1 a |=o. then
_ I d d - . do do
(t) E (a'}=2a R5: ; and (tr) a-dt =aE.
Proof. (i) We have ai'=a-tt=(a) (a) eos 0=a'.
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
+92 336 7801123
Therefore (a')=% (a')=2a 5?.
. d d d do do
(it) We have E; (ai')=-5,? (a-a)=‘T:-i-a+a-E=2a-di.
d d da
A150 E; (i:)=E (t5I:}=2tI

do do da do
_._ 2:-E-=-Zafi or a-5,?-a 3?.

Theorem 3. If a has eonstant length ( fined magnitude), then 1

mid g are perpendicular provided % 7&0.
Proof. Let I n ]=a=oonstant. Then a-a=a'==t.tot1stattt.
: d do dn
E-{a-a)=O, or E--a+a-F!~=U '
-da
or 2:-E-0 or a-§:=0.
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Differentiation and integration of veetors 9

Thus the sealar produet of tvvo veetors a and %2 is zero.

Therefore a is perpeadiealar to '3-LE provided ii; is not nall

veetor i.e. provided lqéfi.

Tints the derivative E-Eire veetor of eonstant iengtit is perpendi-
ME

ertiar to the veetor provided lite veetor itself is not eottrtant.

GA

Theorem 4. The neeeseary and eaflieient eondition for lite

veetor a[t) to have eotrtttant rnagnitade is as %:=0.
LE

[Agra I970. 75; Allahabad Bl]; Kanpur 75. 78; Samltalpur T4]
CT

Proof. Let a he a veetor funetiotn. of the sealar variable t.

Let I a I =a=eonstant. Then a-a=ai=eonstant.
UR

_ d __ da do
E

... 9? '[IIll)—0 Ell‘ fl#H,I+-EElI=fl

(TH till
or 2a-E:-0 or a- E-=0.
Therefore the eondition is neeessary.
Condition is suflieient. If a- %,?=ti, then
da da .
H‘ dt+ dt'fl=D
or -£%(a-a)=U
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+92 336 7801123
or a-a=eonstartt
or ai =eonstant
or ai'=eonstant
or I a I = ea nstant.
Theorem 5. if a ie a difl'erentt‘able veetor fnnetion of tite eealar
variable t, tirert
d da ___ din
5'?(“ii?t?)-ii‘i.-?tF=' - [Agra 1967]
d da) da do d'a
.t.( .
Proof. We have— at-t~; =-£.;.1;H~t+at<F

=[l+a:=e‘-2%, sinee the eross produet of tvvo equal

da .
veetors -5 ts zero

=lKd-in
art‘
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ll] Sotrte important Results

Theorem 6. The neeessary and sufiieient eondition jar tite

veetor a (t) to have eonstant direetion is
da
I I QED.

[Agrn l9‘i'{I; Samhalpur 7-I; Allahabad fill; Eolhapur 73]

Proof. Let a be veetor fuaetion of the sealar variable t. Let
A be a unit veetor in the direetion of I. If a be the magnitude
ME

of a, then a=aA.
GA

_ da_ tilt da
" Et't_"dt+dtA'
LE

Henee a}e‘:‘;=(aA}>e( a :?+§:A )=a‘AKj?+a :1: AHA

CT

dA
-‘=fl:.A}'iidE [.: fill)
UR

_ The eondition ls neeessary. Suppose a has a eonstant diree-

E

tion. Then A is a eonstant veetor because tt has eonstant direetion

as vvell as eonstant magnitude. Therefore 1:%L=fl.

From (I), vve get ax%%=aiA :-=:ti=ll.

Therefore the eondition is neeessary.
The eondition is sutlieieut. '
Suppose that a tr Z-?=ti.
dA
Then form (1), vte get a'A:~t E-=0
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+92 336 7801123
ea
“I ‘i".‘F“°' .. 12)
Siuee A is of eonstant length, therefore
ea
A'.ii" -0‘ _ ...(31
From (2) and (3), vte get‘%=ll.
Henee A is a eonstant veetor i.e. thejdireetion of a is-eons-
taut.
§ 10. Curves in spaee.
A eurve in a three dimensional Euolidean spaoe may be regar-
ded as the interseetion of tvvo surfaees represented by tvvo equa-
tions of the form F1 (er, y, ej==0, F, (tr. _v, s)==0.
It ean he easily seen that the parametrio equations of the form
===f1 (I1. r=f= tn. ==f. to.
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Dtfferentiotion and integration of Veetors 11

vvhere tr, y, s are sealar funetions of the sealar t._. also represents a
eurve in threcidirnensional spaee. I-lere l_'.r, y, e) are eoordinates
of a enrrent point of the eurve. The sealar variable t may range
over a set of values o Q t Q it.
In veetor notation an equation of the form r=f (t). represents
a eurve in three"ditnensional spaee if r is the position veetor of a
ME

eurrent point on the eurve. As t ehanges, r vvill give position

veetors of different points on the eurve. The veetor f (t) ean be
GA

ettpressed as fl (I) iefr ll) i+fs ll‘) li-

Also if [.r, _v, r] are the eoordinates of a eurre nt point on the
LE

eurve rvhose position veetor is r, then r=.ri+Jli+.t|tt-.

Therefore the single veetor equation r=f (t)
CT

i.e. .ri+_vj-|-elt=f1lt) i+A (Ill i+f. (I) It

UR

is equivalent to the three parametrio equations

I=)f1(lls J"=.le ill» =T=fs (ll-
E

The veetor equation r=o eos ti+lt sin tj+llk _

represents an ellipse, as for different values of t, the end point of
r deseribes an ellipse.
gimimfly |-=qrt i-5-Zor j-1-tilt is the veetor equation of a
parabola.
_ dr
Geometrieal stgnifieanee of E;
Let r=f (t) he the veetor equation of a eurve in spaee. Let
r and r+3r be youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
the position
+92 336 7801123
veetors of rvvo neighbouring Q
points P and Q on this eurve. /
Thus vve have -t
5*-P=l‘=f(t) .1,-St I

and 5E!=I+3f=lll+5li*
—a- -+ -—lI- O 1| _ _ ii
PQ=tIJQ—-GP
=(r+3r}-r 6"
=Sr.
Thus % is a veetor parallel to the ehord PQ.
Ar Q-t P i.e. as at-v 0, ehord PQ-+ tangent at P to the eurve.
Hm ¥-.=di is a veetor parallel to the tangent at P to
El-+0 3! till
the eurve"r=I ll}-
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l2 -_ Veloeity and Areeieration

Unit tangent veetor to a eurve. [Allahabad 1979]

. Suppose in plaee of the sealar parameter t, we take the para-
meter as .r where s denotes the are length measured along the
eurve from any eonvenient fitted point C on the eurve. Thus are
CP=s and are CQ=s+3s.
In this ease :5 will he a veetor along the tangent at P to the
ME

eurve and in the direetion of s inereasing. Also we have

GA

dr lirn I Sr | lim I he l lim ehord PQ___

ti? =55-to tr =Q-.eae'.==-p= Q-i-P Q -‘-
LE

Thus 3% is a unit veetor along the tangent at P in the diree-

CT

tion of s inereasing. We denote it by t.

UR

§ 11. Veloeitr and Aeeeleration. If the sealar variable t be

the time and r he the position veetor of a moving partiele P with
E

respeet to the origin O, then Br is the displaeement of the partiele

in time ht.

The veetor 2% is the average velooity of the partiele during

the interval st. If v represents the velooity veetor of the partiele
lim 31' dr
at P, T-hell 1% I

Sineeg? is a veetor along the tangent at P to the eurve in

whieh the partiele is moving, therefore the direetion of velo-eity is
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
+92 336 7801123
along the tangent.
If Bv be the ehange in the veloeity v during the time St, then
1%} is the average aeeeleratlon during that interval. If a represents
the aeeeleration of the partiele at time t,. then
,= ht-tvfl
“"1 'iI.,,'ti_!s=.-ii.
at dt dt dt
(‘ii )=€£
art‘
SDLVED EXAMPLES
EL 1- if l'=(l+1) i+(I"+I+1) i+(I‘+ti+t+1)lit fifltl
‘ll. at fr
at an dtt‘
Solution. Sinee I, j, It are eonstant veetors, therefore
dl dj dlt
.;I"=“=&i =15-
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Dtflerentlatior and integration of Veeiorn 13

_ d d . d . d
.. F:-=JE—(t+I}it+ Hi; (t=+t+1}1-|_-E;-[ti-E-t‘+t+l]k
=i+(Zt+lll+l3t‘+21'+Iil:.
dir d dr di d rt

=l1+2j+(et+t] tt=tt+t6i+2) k.
Err. 2. If r=.rin t i-i—eos t j-I-t It, find

to ‘fig. (H) git (iii) iii (“'3' lg;

ME

[Agra rs]
GA

Solution. Sinee i, j. It are eonstant veetors, therefore %=ll

ete. Therefore
LE

dr d . d d _ _ _
CT

(ll Hr =E(t1n I‘) i-l—-El; (eos t) j+£-5 (t)lt=eostt—stn t_]+lt

UR

..d'r dd d _d. .dlr.-

(ll) (CD5 T) l—;I_-fi~(El'l'l
E

=—sin t i—eos tj+tl=-sin t i—eos tj.

(iii) l 3; I-=1/[loos t)i+(—sin t}i+(l)‘]=1/2
. dlr
I (Iv) IE-i =1/[l—sin t)i+{-oos t)=]= l.

Err. 3. ljf r=(eo.r ntl i+[sin nt} j, tvhere n is o eonstant and t

varies, sitotv that r 1:-ttg =nlt.
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
[Utkal 1913]
Solution. We have+92 336 7801123
dl:__d . d . .
dt"*'hF ll-"15 "ll I-FE (stn nt) j=-=—n stn at l+n eos nt j.
dr
a II 3p'=l'-I15 HI-' i-l-sin nt jletl-n sin nt l+n eos nt j}
=-n eos nt sin nt i:s:i+n ens‘ nt it-tj
—n sin‘ rttjtvti—I—n eos nt sin nt jtstf
-=n ens‘ nt lt+n sin‘ nt k
[._. rlHl=0,j}-{j=[|Iij;r;i=k'j}q_'[_1__k]
=n {eosi nt+sin* nt) lr=-..nlt..
Eu. 4. if a, h are eonstant veetors, to i.r o eonstant, and r is o
veetor funetion of the seoior vorioitle t given by
r;eos tot a-l-sin out h,
sitotv that
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14 Solved Examples

J’ .. ti
(ll l"=l'=".
fllltl (Ill IKE?-=tolXb. [M-drag 1933]

Solution. Sinee a, h are eonstant veetors, therefore

da oh
E ---0, -Ifir-‘IL

(CUB tall] I+ E? (Elli! {ell} h

ME

=—ot sin tot n-|-to eos tot b.

GA

::—:= -co‘ eos oat a--to‘ sin on h

= —-to“ (eos rot'a+sin out b)=--toir.
LE

. IF .
CT

..,
UR

(ii) raj: ={eos rot -a+sin out b):s:(—-at sin rot l—|-to eos rot It)
E

==eo eos“ otl‘ tilt-til)-—-tit sin‘ out hit! [',‘ ll}-tn:-=ll, l)l'sIlJ=0]
=eo eos‘ out tilt-tilt-|-to aillieol‘ I3-Ell
=to (eos' o:t+sin= tot) a at b=wat-tb-
Err. 5. if r={sinh t} a+(eosh t) b, tvitere a and b ore eonstant
veetors, then shout that =r.
Solution. Sinee' a. b are eonstant veetors. therefore
fl?-.1) ‘.ih=o
er” ' dt ‘
_ dyoutube.com/c/MegaLecture/
_d . d
. . ‘T: =6;+92(stnh t] a+‘-F {eosh tj h
336 7801123

=(eosh t} a-|-(sinh t ] h.
' j;=(sinh t} a+(eosh t] h=r.
' Err. 6. l_'fr=o eos t i+o sin t j-I-oi ton o lt.}‘i_rtd_
dr dir dr dir dar
idt Edi? and ‘nit’ [Agra I977]
Solution. We have
dr .
di; =—o sin t‘ l+n eos t j+o tan a lt
d’r - . . .
‘Ii;-i=—fl CUE T I"-"H E111 ll], ['_'
an

'::_,;=a sin t i-u eos t j

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Differentiation and integration of Veetors l.'i

-ih &;
" g; i"ig;e—
E
—a sin t
ioeost R
atano
—a eos t —a sin t fl
=o’ sin t tan o l—-o‘ eos t tan aj-l-a'h.
31% i-=\/(o‘ sin‘ t tan‘ a-I-a“ eos‘ t tan‘ o-{-at) '
=o' see ii.
Ag [1 do d’-]_(e: H-In) . or
ME

dt ' sit" dtt _ dt dtl dtt

GA

=(o* sin t tan o i—o' eos t tan a. j+oili)-(a sin t i--a eos ti)
=6‘ sin‘ t tan it i-i-I-oi eos‘ t tan oi j-j [T l-j=0 ete.]
=a* tan aisle‘ t-I-eos‘ t) [‘.' i-i=l=j-j]
LE

=a’ tan oi.

CT

Ea. 7. H %::;=tr>-tn, g=w>tv, shoiv that

UR

;- (u>tt]=w>-t(u>t‘F}_
E

[llrleerut 1975; Kanpur 77]

Solution. We have
to.i<:v)=f,? t~tv+ui~:§'- =twieul1>tv+ui-tlwiev]
-=(v-iv} u—-iv-u] iv-I-in-v] w-(u-wl v
=(v-vrl ii—l_u-vv] v ['.‘ u-v=v-u]
==lvv-v) u—(w-nl v=w:>t(u:»-cv).
Err. 3. if R be o unit veetor in the direetion of r, prove that
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
R;~t<?&?=.-lg-
+92 reel‘-1%. iviiere r=|
336 7801123 r
[Kanpur 1979; Agra 74]
Solution. We have r=rll; so that R=—r!- r.

.“ o_1o La,
dt_'rdt'_i-‘dt '
dll l ldr ldr
HeneeR>t'HI-=-;- ret(-?-3;-r-I-I-1? r )

—--1 rt-tdr- -1- dr ri-tr

__ri' dt _t'“ dt
l dr
=r" midi" ['.' rt-<r=il]
Ea. 9. if r is o veetor fonetion of o sealar t and a is a eons-
tttttt veetor, tn o eonstant‘, differentiate the following ivith respeet
tori-'
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www.megalecture.com I

|l

Solved Examples

(i) r-a, (ii) ri-ta. (iii) rug, (iv) r-gt

(it) r=_|..I.%, (vi) m Y, (vii) 5-1-2:, {viii} :_—‘—f~;-E_

Solution. (i) Let R=r-a. [Note r-o is a sealar]
dlt dr do
Then H? 2‘? l'l'+-rim

=§:--a+r-ll 'e ‘I-£?=[l, as o is eonstant ]

ME

‘I

dr dr
GA

tii}
=2? '“+"'a'
Let R=r It-C a.
‘*-
LE

dll. E- do
Thflfl E?=—— :3'i:I-i-l'}'i.' dr
CT

El.-S-E-. t~ia+ri-til jl:=0]

UR
E

H3.
E-2-
(iii) to 1i=i-;~.~.-::%l.
dlt dr dr dlr
Then H-I-= - or-A,-T-+ritd—Ii
dt
m
=0+rn$ d dr
E; gE=n]
Ir
dtt
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(iv) Let R=r-$--_
+92 336 7801123
dtt dr dr dir dr t dir
T“=" lil"=.F ' at +".o==(o) +"sE-
(v) Let R=r'-l-I}.

d d
Then R
(fl)-|-‘ -Iii

=&€ [ri'}+-— where r= I r |

5‘.-e_E-.rs_ li l-I-tilti-I
"Ii"I

=2r ‘E 1-ii
Q-_.|- 1-.,_ _. -1-. , _

EL 5-'-1
{vi} Let R= El no

" " .I.'i-i- i

tllil d
)
H

Thflfl {T1-'-—Tl'l'l'
Ehae“
("-
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Dijferentiatien and l'tit'egrati'on of lleetors Q 1?

='2_t",l']
dr dir [Nfllfi
tl1"i__
t'_l;F'—*2|'
fl!‘

_2pH dr Ifl.
_ E 'dt='
r+a
(till) LEI R=Ffi_-I2.

dR I d d l
ME

Tllfifl (F =(}-iii"); (l"'i'I)

GA

[Note that 1*‘-I-it“ is a sealar]

LE
CT

2r-‘E
__ l dr _ dt (PH
UR

“(tin-l§ailH_(ri+al)‘ I‘
do ti dr d E
E

[_ H'F="u| ‘E |'I=2l"'d,E.,, E: ll

[viii] Let R=]%_?—:.

. dR l d tl l
Then 3-E-'_—_*;:-agfi {fill

[Note that r-o is a sealar quantity]

2'2;
1 dr do 1 o {T
_
.3}

dr__
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at it" l dr
+92 336 7801123
to
-‘sir *i(?.'o'= in '“+"'eil Mt‘
dr rir
-—-no ----a
tlt dt tin 1
.-_—_'—l_'-I-5-" ——-‘Pg? {FER}. [_

Fla. lll. if r is a veetor fitnetion of a sealar t. r its module, and

a. li are eonstant veetors. difierentiate tlte follon'ing’ii~itli respeet to
l I

{ii r“r+aHg:, {ii} rir+(o-r}-It. (iiil rvr, (iv) [art-rhli.

Solution. (ii Let R=ri r+a it

dll d d dr t
Then 1;]?-=dE (rt rl+;-3-: {a Ts: 5?]-
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I3 Solved Ezeatnples

_ dr dr do dr dir
—3r‘ ‘E r+ri‘~E+E:r-g-E+g><Fi

13]‘: 5% r+rlg+aH [it-'1

(ii) LEI H=r5r+(a-1'} ll.

dR d d dh
Thfln (F: (III|')} lj-I-(lief) “TI
ME

_ dr dr do dr _ db
-Zr If-I r+r'-5-+(&-E-r+a-E) h [ E z‘]=_-.0]
GA

=2il' fig l"l'.l'2g-ii-l-( log) ll [if -

LE

{iii} Let R=ro r.

CT

Then rt‘) r+r"-€=.(nrs'l r+r"'

UR

(iv) Let .ll=[ar+rh)". Then

E

o'ii'__ d d dr
3-:--2 (ar+rb)-El; (or-I-rh) [Note -5 r“=2r- 3?]

=3Z(o1'+rli)-(g r+a g-1-5} b+r 5-1’)

=2 (or—|- rh)-( a E}-|-gt; ti ) -jiE=tl, 5?-=0]
Ea. 11. Find
- ll fill‘ fin!‘ _ . di dr d'r _
(I) HE [ rs HF! 1, [ I", Hf, 1

d dr dir
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
(till H? [IR (EH+92 336 7801123

Solution. (i) Let’ .li'=[r. gt, Thenll is the sealar triple

produet of three veetors r, -2 and 3%.. Therefore using the rule

for finding the derivative of a sealar triple produet, we have
an drdrdlr] [regal] .3e_=5]
n=[..T=a?ar=' + 'si=' .1-t= +["’e:'at=
dr dlr . . .
=[r,-E, I-I-,?::|,l5lIl~llE sealar triple produets having two
equal veetors vanish.
(ii) Lei; R=[ r, -- Then as in part (i)

E... _...._
er“ r"-i E-E-E5 =1»it-..eh-e'h“-‘:-‘
:I
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lJl_fi"erentiation and -integration of Vectors I9

‘ Differentiating again, we get

d'R dr dr Q dj I E ll‘
'“dT=i'= E"ih'g:i + r';.'t='dq't' + 'dt‘dt'
dlr r _ r r
=[ri Ear 3?: E].

l
(iii) Let R_=.|'}{ Theo R is the vector triple pro-
duct of three vectors. Therefore using the rule for finding the
ME

derivative of a veetor triple product, vve have

GA

dR dr dr dlr dir dhr

ifi‘=h"(tTF"‘iiFi+'lii.hi"iFi+"ii etxdrt
LE

dr dr d'r dr d't'
=o“(o*<ml+"‘(n%tT=*
CT

. dlir dlr . .
since £-fig _".~.-qj F=tt, neing veetor produet of two equal vectors.
UR

Eii. 12. lfo=sin ti i+eos 5 j-|-pk, b=r:risBi--.!l'll'l it j~3li and

E

==2i-l-3i-—3lt._tind% {satiety} at .i=§. [Rohilltliautl tore]

Solution. We have
liite=l i j It =ts sin n+9) i+l3 cos e-sit
I co; ll -sin 6 --J -H3 cos 6+2 sin ti} k.
3 3
'. at-t(h>te)=f _i j k
1 sin e eos e ti
I 3sin n+9 3cos 9-6 seosa-|-2 sine
=t"3 eos‘youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
it-I-2 sin it cos ti--3o cos a-t-fin) i-I-(30 sin a+9s
-3 sin +92
ti eos
3369-2 sin‘ til} j-I-{-—-6 sin 6--9 cos El I.
7801123

%{ai<(b>=:e)}
=l-—-6 cos ti sin ll-l-2 cos‘ B-2 sin‘ ii-3 eos e-I-39 sin 9+6] i
+(3 sin e+3e cos 6-I-9-3 cos‘ t-3+3 sin‘ tl-+4 sin ti cos 9"] j
+(—t5 cos n+9 sin ti) Ii.
Putting tl=n/2, we get the required derivative
=(4+-En) i+ 151-l-9lt.
Err. 13. Slioiv that if o, h. c are eonstant veetors, then
r=a ti -I-b t +c it the path of a partiele moving ivith constant acce-
leration. [ljtglhi 19.51}
Solution. The velocity of the porticle=grF=2ta-+h.

The acceleration of the partiele-=:%'=.-2a.

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20 Solved Examples
Thus the point ivhose path is r=a ti-|-h t-|-e is moving with
constant acceleration.
Ex. 14. A partiele moves along the curve x=4 cos t, _;v--=4 sin t,
s=6t.- Find the velocity and acceleration at time t=tl and t=§i-.-.
Find also the triogrtitudes of tlte velocity and acceleration at any time
l- [Kanpur 1980]
Solution. Lei r be the position vector of the particle at
time t.
ME

Theo r=x i+y j+.r li==4 cos ti+4 sin t j+6t li. lf v is the
GA

velocity of the particle at titre t and a its acceleration at that time

dr .
lilflfl i*=‘;,?=-4 sin t i-l-4 eos tj-|-tilt,
LE

dz
CT

l=fi=-4 cos t'i—4 sin t j.

UR

lvlagniiude of the velocity at time t=l v i

=1/(I6 sin‘ ‘t-|-l6 cosi t+.il6}=1/(52;---2-\/(I3).
E

Mllhnitude of the acceleration

=| a [=1/{lo cos“ t—|-I15 sin‘ t)=4.
At i=0, v=4j+6lt. o= —-tli.
At t=§ir,.v-= —-4 i-I-ti Ii, a=--4 j.
Ex. 15. A particle moves along the carve x=ti"—l-I, y=== F,
s==2t+5'vrhere t is the time. Find the components of its itelocitjtt and
acceleration at t=l in the direction i-l—j+3k. '
[Agra l9'?9, Roliillilianil 81]
.Solution. If r is the position vector of any point (x, y, it) on
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
the given curve, then
+92 336 7801123
r=si+.vi+oi={rt+1i i+t= i-l-i2t+5l ii.
. ti
Vtlet-itr=v=£ =3it i+2ii+2ii=3i+2i+2t in t=l.
Acccleration=a=%;-.=g-E (gig-)=6t i+2.i-'-=6i-+21 at t=l.
Now the unit veetor in the given direction i+j—l-3lt
__ i-l-j-I-3|: i+.i+3li___
-|i_|_j+3k l= ‘H-H) --li. salt.
'- the l1'1l"1Ponent of velocity in the given direction
= oeh= 3i 2' 2li - ' ' 3
_§_l= l
__i_ ==v.'(| I) ;
1/ill] mdill}
and the component of acceleration in the given direction

1/(Ill .—'i_lrll|j'
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Differentiation and integration of Vectors -21

hilt. 16. A particle moves so that its position vector is given by

r=cos on i+sin oitj ivhcre oi is a constant; shoiv that (it the velo-
city of the particle is perpendicular to r, (ii) the acceleration is
directed toivards the origin and has magnitude proportional to the
. . d .
distance from the origin, {tit} r it E? is a constant vector.
ME

. . . dr . .
Solution. (ii Velocity v=i-if = — to sin out i-|-at cos rot j.
GA

We have r-5;-—=t'cos tot i+sin tot j}-{-to sin att i+to cos out j]
LE

=-—-to cos tot sin a-t+o.i sin oit cos rot=0.

CT

Therefore the velocity is perpendicular to r.

UR

(ii) Acceleration of the particle

E

dit , .
=fl‘=;i—I§= '—'tt.l' CD-S tltll I -—'iEI.I
, S111
. .
fill]

=—-oi‘ {eos ait i+sin oit j)= - .-ail r.

acceleration is a vector opposite to the direction ofr t'_a,
acceleration is directed towards ilic origin. Also magnitude of
acceleration-= l at = | -coir I =oiir which is proportional to r
t.e. the distance of the particle from the origin.
(iii) ring?-=(cos tut i+sin tot jl.‘st(- D‘. I' sin an i—|-to cos rot j]
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
=to GU52
+92cot
336l3"{j—to Elli: col jb-ti [T l1i{l~_-'=-l],j>(j=l|]
7801123
=to E05: till li-I-to Sill: t-iii ltl ['_' l,‘;=t,'j=li,'= ——j}{i.]
=ai (cosi o.it+sini nit} li=o.ili, a constant vector. _
l
Ex. 17. Find the unit tangent vector to any point on the carver
x=a cos t, y=o sin t, s=bt.
Solution. lfr is the position vector of any point (x, y, st on
the given curve, then
r=xi+_vj-l-sli=a cos t i-l-a sin i j+i:it Ii.
cl . .
The vector 3:; is also the tangent at the point [x, y, ti) to the
given curve.
We have gt; = —a sin t l+n cos tj-1-it li.

| g [= ./or no r+a cos‘ i+i=)= ,/oi=+et;.

 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit:
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21 integration of Vector Functions

Hence the unit tangent vector t

_ dr/dt I—a sin t i-l-a cos tj +bli'.
_' l Ell-‘ll l- 1/("'+-it‘)
I . .

Exercises
ME

1. lfr is the position vector of a moving point and r is the

modulus of r, show that
GA

r-d—-L ==t’ i
dt dt '
LE

Interpret the relations r-3%-ill and rot %=0. - l

CT

[Sambalpnr 1974]
UR

1. llr is a unit vector, then prove that

E

= at
i I“ -ill’: E
ill
di '.
[Rfljtltillltltt 1914]
3. If r=i‘ i-I-( 2t‘--$1.) j, show that rxg =|r,
[Utlial 1973]
4. If r=e'" a+ e-at h, where a, b are constant vectors, show
that ‘fir --~n‘r=ll l
dti ' [Agra 1976]
5. If r=a sin -r.ot+h cos tit.ll"i"'E'Lf‘ sin cot, prove that
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d'r+92 336
, 7801123
2c
‘Fri-arir-= Ices out‘,
where a, ii, c are constant vectors and tLt.I is a constant scalar.
[Marathiviida 1974]
6. Show that r= ae""+lie"" is the solution of the differential
_ dl d
equation 3;; - (m~l~n) 3;» +mn r-—-ell.
Heniie solve the equation
dlr dr
‘F,-E,——2r=0, Wlliffl

. d .
r=i and 5;-=1 for to-ll.
[lilanpur 197?]
Ana. r=i [c“+2c'l} i+} (e"—e",t j.
7. A particle moves along the curve x=a-i, y=2 cos 3t,
.r=-=2 sin 3t. Determine the velocity and acceleration at any time-.
I and their magnitudes at t-=-U.
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Differentiatian and tntegratian af Veetars 23

Ans. I ‘F I =v’(37} i I R | =‘*/(325? ‘

8. If A=5t' i+t j—ti It and B=sin t i-ens t j, find
an 5- (A-B); an ff (MB); <-=) {Ti-(A-A)-e
Ana, (a) (5t'—l‘|Ieee t+l_lt sin t;
(h) ta an i-3ti ens r) i-—-{ti ees 1+ Sri sin r) i
ME

-Hsa sin t—llt ens t-sin 1; lr.

(e) te0ri+2t+6ri. _
GA

9. Preve the fnllnwing :

LE

Q‘ db da dih din.
tfl) he
CT

a’ db an Jib d__'_e
UR

‘hi iii i:‘i'iE"tiim']“““°'iHi‘i‘et=i'i"'

E

§ 12. Injegratinn nf Vector Fnnetinna.

We shall define integrattan as the reverse praeess nf differentia-
rian. Let Ht) a.na'F (t} he twn veeter fnnetiens of the sealar t
sueh that £ F (t)=T (ll-
Then F (t) is ealied the indefinite integral at f (r) with respeet
ta r and symhelieally we write I t‘ (t) a't=F (t). ...{lJ
The funetien I‘ (I) tn he integrated is ealled the integrand.
If e is any arbitrary eanstant veetar independent at t, then
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
5:-{F+92(t)+e}=f
336 7801123
(t).

This is equivalent tn I l'(t) dt=F (Il+v- ...[2)

Frnrn (2) it is ebvieus that the integral F (t) ef I’ (I) is indefi-
nite tn the extent nf an additive arbitrary eenstant e.‘ Therefnre
F (r) is ealled the indefinite integral at‘ I (r). The ennstant veeter
e is ealled the eanstant af integratian. It ean be determined if we
are given serne initial eenditiens.
- r

1f £15‘ (;j=l‘ (t) fer all tin the interval [a. bi, then the defi-

nite integral between the limits t=a and r=a ean in sueh ease be
written
tr _ tr ' d

=[_r <a+=]: =F<r>1—Ft-=1-I

at
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24 Integratian af Veerar I-'unet.itnts

Thenrent. Ifl'(t)=f1{t] i+fs {t} j-I-I, {I} It, then

I ftn dr=i If1(r)st+iI.ht"r)dt+k ifs tr) er.
Prnnf. Let ‘Z? F tt)=l'(r). H (U
Then If {t} a‘r=F tr). ...{2}
LB! Ft-'}=F1iili+1cel'-'i.l+F:(iJk-
Then frem ti), we have
ME

ff; {Fm i+r.m1+F.m1=}=m>

GA

fit‘ Ft iii} l+{‘%’ Fa Hi} .l+{;?F: l-'1} Ii

LE

=11 tr) i+h tr) i+f. tr) k-

CT

Equating the eeeflieients nf i. j, It, we get

_T‘f Fttil-=11 (11.6-,—"_‘,' F. tn=,t. -zu. F. tu=f=tr1-
UR
E

F1(t)=,if1ttJ tit. Fe ttl=.l.!T.= tr) dr, F3 tr}==j fa (rj dt.

FttJ=U _r, (t) ail t+-U A in .a}j+H f, (1) st} lt.
So frnm (2). we get
Ifiil ¢"=i if} (U s"-l-l ifs (1') dt+ls ifs, (ti tit.
Nnte. Frnrn this theeretn we eunelude that the definitien of
the integral efa veetnr funetinn implies the defilnitiun uf integrals
at three sealar fnnetinns whieh are the eentpnnents ef that veeter
funetien. Thus in nrder tn integrate a veetnr futletinn we sh-nuld
integrate its youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
enrnpnnents.
+92 336 7801123
§ I3. Snrne Standard Results.
We have already ebtained serne standard results fer difi'eren-
tiatien. With the help ef these results we ean ehtein 5tJITlE'.
standard results fer integratien.
a‘ ti
1. We have my {r-s)=EE- -s+r-3?
d d
Therefere -tt+I'- i) a"t=r-s+e,
where e is the eenstant nf integratinn. it shuuld be fluted that .;- 55
here n sealar quantity sinee the integrand is alse sealar.

I 2. We have ‘Ti? (r*]=2r-:2;

_ ti‘
Therein-re “Zn a'r=ri-1-e.
Here the eenstant at integratiuu e is at sealar quantity.
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.lJi,_!?'ererrtiatiarr and Integrarian nf Veetars

3. WE have E
ti dr i =2 E-Fe
dr dir

Therefere we have
dr dir dt‘ '
il 2 It ea) “"’=lal it t
Here the eenstant at integratienie is a sealar quantity.
ME

Alan (J!-):_...£
i tit ‘cit 'd't'
GA

_* d airs dr dr dir riir

LE

rial‘ dr-
_ ". Hr I><~—
‘#5) a't = r:>tdr+e
-- .
CT

Here the eenstant hi" integratiun e is a veetnr quantity sinee

UR

. dir . _
the integrand r Jrt HI-E ls alse a veetnr quantity.
E

S. If a is n eenstant veetnr, we have

at eta dr dr
if-i;ta>tr;_&,?>tr+ast£—i,F-axH1¢.
Therefnre Hang-I-.~) a't=as:r+e.
Hence the eenstant nf integrati-nn'e isia veetnt quantity.
6. lti r=[ r I and Fis a unit veetnr in the direetien et‘ r then
till youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
I )__ l _l 0"!
+92 336 7801123
cit _a't r “rd”-‘fir
t ridt '
Therefnte
ldr lu'r
H?~--E2"
HT T ) t.ili=tF+II.

7. If e is a eenstant sealar and r a veeter funetien ef a sealar

t, then ehvieusly ser a‘t=-ejr a't.
3. if r and s are twe veeter innetinns ef the sealar r. then
ebvinusiy Sir-i-s} rtteesrrtt +8 s a't.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
last. l. Iff t_rj={'t—ti} i-|—2ti*j—-3lt,firtd.'
qr) it tr) at and {ii} fir; st.
Snlntinn. ti; I tu ,1 dr= I {{t-ti} i+2.-rt j-Bk} at
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26 Saivea‘ Eirarnples

=i' l(t -ti} tit-I—j 82:‘ at-Ht J-3a't

=i (%-5_;1)+i ( 2%)+I=t—31)+-=.
where e is an arbitrary ennstant veeter
i+%:-j—3tlr+e.
ME
GA

(ii) f(r) .:tr=F {(r-rt) it‘-I-2:“ j--3Ir} dr

I
LE

=i ll it-is; .e+j ii 2e dI—k Y as

1 I I
CT

.r=tti . tit ‘I 5.15.

UR
E

Es. 2. Find the seine af rgsatrsfying the eaaatran F=a,

ivhere I is a eanst-ant neetar. Alta it is given that when t=l], r=i}
d'r
GU-dif-II.
[Agra 1978]

Snlntinn. Integrating the eqnatien :%==a, we get

d . .
JIl:=ta+ b,.where h is an arbitrary ennstant veeter.

youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
But it is given that when t==fl.§:%=u.
+92 336 7801123
u=lla+h er b=n.
a'
_t_ H-::=ta+u.

Integrating again with respect tn t, we get

r=§t‘ it-1-tu-1-e, where e is eenstant.
But when t=il, r=tl.
.*. ll=ll-l—lIl+e nr e=ll.
_=. r={.~t' tt-I-tn.

Ex. 3. Find the valae af r satisfying the equattan %=ta+h,

where a and b are eanstant veetars. [Agra 1979]

Solutiun. Integrating the equatinn 1%-5!-.=ta+h, we get

Jr .
E=1}r= a+ th—l-e, where e is eenstant.
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Difierentiatien and Integration af Veetars 2?

Again integrating”-we get

r=i:-'=' a-|-§r= b+t e-1-d, where d is eenstant.
Est. 4. Integrate gji-= —nir
dti
Selnt'ten. W e h ave mE=-n
dill 1 r.
...(l)
ME

Ferrning the sealar preduet ef eaeh side ef (1) with the veeter
dr a'r diir a'r
GA

2 -J:-, we get 2 :fi..£Ei= _.2g=|-..Et._

New integrating we get
LE

dr = ,
(Hr = *-Hal‘:-f-C‘, WIIEIB t‘.‘.' 15 EDI1»5l'.EtiEllI.
CT

a'i'r
UR

Es. 5. integrate a ls: ‘E-i=b, where aana' hare eanstant veetars.

E

.
Selutten. We have d‘-5; {a It-t‘ dr tiiir
HF} =3 st “Ti,
. . . es
Iherefere integrating a;-ti-FE== 1;, e,-E ggt
dr -
a I-t’ Hi =tb+e, where e is eenstant.
Again integrating, we get
a :-tr===§tih+-re+d, where d is eanstant.
E1 5- 1.7 l'(U=5ii i+t j--ti It, prave that
ll2 (ta$)st=-1=n+'ts;-151;.
din" _ _
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
+92 336 7801123

[Kanpur 1976, 78; Agra 80]

.
Snlutien. We have Hr it iii
fi) dr= r ye gE_|. .|-_~;_

_ "2 stir _ a‘r '

.. ]1£fl'—-[l'.7-"iitF']1‘

ti ti _
Let _us new find rt»-t~é. We have F:=1t]; i+_-|__.3;r |;_

I'J{$=l5l"i t+t j-it It):-t{ltlt i+j-an 1;;

= 512 -I3: =--21"?’ l-l-514 j—-.51":

_'_ (fiilgi) d|l'=[.-—2[a l+5ii j—--51‘:

E E 2

=[--Iii] i+[5r‘] i—[5t=] k=-l4i-I-'t5j-15k.

.|. 1 I,
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23 Seived Examples

Es. '7. Given that

r(t)=2i--j—|-2k, when t=2
3k,
l'l*‘hEI'.'| I23,

siren‘ that F i a‘t= 10.

H [Kanpur 1980; Rehitlthand Bit; Agra 76]
ME

Selutien. We have fig) d't=~1:ri-’+e;

GA

El ~=[s"]Z»
LE

When r=a, r=4i~—— 2j+3s.

CT

when i=3, ri={4i—2j+3lt)-{4i--2j+3k)=16—l-4+9=-29.

UR

When t=2, r=2i-j—|-21:.

When t---=2, r=‘=4+l+-'-i=9.
E

S’ (1-J5) ate-ties-91=1e.
2 if:

Es. 3. The aeeeieratien sf a partiele at any time t '5;-s ll is

given by I
a==€%=l2 ens 2t i-it sin 2t j-I-ltit It.
if the velaeity v and displacement r are sere at r=i], fina‘ v and
r at any tinte. [K575]! 1974]

Snlutinn. youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
its +92
have3363’7801123
=12 ees 2t t- 3 sin 2: j+ it-at it.
Integrating, we get
vs-.~i glfi ees ate:-1-j 8-8 sin 2t a't-1-taller at
at v=6 sin 2t i-[-4 ees 2t j+3ti It-I-e.
when t=-JJ, v=l].
n=ni+4.i+t)k+s
er ¢=—4i~
- t»=§=s sin 2t t-1-tr: ees 2:-4) i+sin.
Integrating. we at-st
r=i in sin it tit +i S04 ens 2r-4} dt+lr Sit‘ at
= -3 ens 2t i-H2 sin Fit--it) j-|-it-i‘ it-5-d. wheredis eanstant.
when t=fi.t'=fl.
tr=---3i+i1i+0k+t1- =I=ti.
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Esereises
29
t‘=-3 ees 2t i+{2 sin 2t—-4t) j-t_§;s k_|_3i
=(3—3 ees 2:) i-,|:(2 sin 2t~-tr} j+§t'|r.
Eirereises
l. Evaluater (st i+g-It j_|_,Ik} ail-_
it
Ans. {e -I) i‘-"ii (e"i--1) i+i}lt
2- "*'it)=' i+(t‘—1t).i+istt+3t"i e. find '
ME

I.
S Ht) at.
t'I [Agra 1977]
GA

Ans. ii --i§j+,-alt
3- If "=i"i‘"*"E.l+(i-1 l lt and s-.=2ti i~!-titlt. evaluate i
LE

iii 1--M.iii) Fri-tsdt.

CT

ll ti
- Ans. (ij 12. iii} . -"iii.34-5.-
-_24|._3_ 64 L-H
UR

. fir
E

s a eenstant veetnr;
- it
glltttll lIl'lB.l' l*=.ii 83 l"lCl i =10 whgn it-_-_.[j_ An5_ I-__=%_;.'-tfl_

F. Find the ‘glue el' r satisfying the t=;ql',]fl[ir]|'g

Feast-zstsj-is sin tit,
given that r=2i-I-j and =—i—-iilt at t==0_

6. The aetreleratitin
Ass r=iti-—t~--ii i+t1--3i').i+l’t--4 sin tJ It.
efa partzeale at any ti meiis
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
+92 336 7801123
F: 1", glhifin l:l'|i.lt Ht fr."-

[Agra I973]

-2
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2
Gradient, Divergence and Curl
ME
GA

§ 1. Partial Derivatives el‘ Veeters. Suppese r is a veeter

depending en ntiere than ene sealar -variable. Let r=fi.ir, y, s] i.e.
LE

let r be a fnnetien ef three sealar variables s, _y and s. The partial

derivative ef r with respeet tn it is defined as
CT

ill iim l'(I+3-111.1’.-Tl-f§_J’Lfl

Bx =ss-se as
UR

' I-

if this limit eirists. Thus ta-ts: is nething but the erdinary deri-
E

vative at r with respeet te .ir previded the ether variables Jr and s

are regarded as eenstants. Similarly we may define the partial

derivatives and
dy Eta
Higher partial derivatives ean alse be defined as in Sealar
Calenlus. Thus, fer eitample, .
iitr Er Hr an E Br iiir 1.3 er
'“'—l=—.--- —- ,"-=_' i i"'“5=‘ ‘-' it
es: Bit (Bit) By‘ sales) is as lit)
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
ii'r 336E7801123
+92 st air it Br
its By itsifly iiy is Hy lite)
If r has eentinueus partial derivatives ef the seeend erder at
2 I
least, then, -51- =£ i.e. the erder el‘ differentiatien is imma-
fls iiy By Bx
terial. If r=l‘(.it, _it, s), the tntal difi'erentia| dr ef r is given by
Er Er Br
dr=5;- .-ts+,,; d.P+§;- (3--

§2. The Veeter Differential Operater Del. {V}. The veetnr

difierential eperater ‘U’ (read as o'er’ er. nahia) is defined as
B . ii . El _ 5 . ii ,
?=;=.s.¢'+:s Its; "=-i at! 531+“ its
and ene: ates distrihutively.
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Gradient, Divergenee and Carl 31

The veetnr eperater "i;t ean generally be treated te behave as

an erdinary veeter. It pessesses preperties like erdinary veeters.
The symbols 3-Tr, £3. 2% ean he treated as its-eemnenents aleng
i, j, E.
s s- Grrulient nf a sealar Field. Definition. Let f ts, y, a)
be defined and differentiable at eaeh paint (st, y, a} In a eertain regian
ME

ef spaee (i.e., defines a differentiable seaiarfieid). Then the gradient

eff], written as U far grad f, is defined as
GA

._ 5 i_ E =.7i.~ i ./Q. if.

?f_(iiit'i+iiy j+Ea k l I bit '+by I-ids L
LE

[Kerala 1975; Allahabad 79]

CT

It sheuld be neted that ‘ii’ f is a veetnr whese three sueeessive

UR

eetnpenents are 2:2 , %-, and Thus the gradient ef a sealar

E

field defines a veetnr field. {ff is a sealar paint ftrtietian, then V I

is a veetar paint fanetien.
§ 4. Ferninlas involving gradient.

Their-rem 1. Gradient ef the sum ef tvve scalar paint funetinns.

{ff and g are rwe sealar paint fttnetians, ttien
srvd (f+s)==srsd f+srst~’ s
er ‘I? l.l'+i.')= ‘7f+ ?s- I
.B . B s
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
- Prsflf. We have ‘IF €f+sl=(i 5+1—3;+k§-5) (f+.-st
+92 336 7801123

=i(f+s}+i%_(f+s}+k—g1,if+e)
.Bt' .Bs .81’
=15}-'l"'k"’E
Be Bf is
' . -if -if if .Bs
=[ I fi*—l—]g+ii?)-}-(I if-+15’-+lt§;I-)
.53 is
. 5 . 5 it El ii El
I =(l 51+] €}',"*l-|£a—‘-E) f"l"( i'ET;k+l€?‘l"k 3

=Vf+ V'g=-grad f+grad g.

Similarly, we ean preve that ‘F ( f—-g)=‘i;tf-E? g.
Theorem 2. Gradient ef a eenstant. The neeessary and stifl-
eient eanditten fer a seaiar paint jitnetien te be eanstant is that
?f=
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‘ft Saived Esanipies

=-l2i--9j-—lbk.
Est. 3. lfr=| r | wiiere'_r=iFi+J’l"l'-i»'kiPl'ii"'-‘i that
(I) ‘~I_? f(r)=f' fr) ‘{?r, [ii] ‘U'r'==~%_— I‘, [fltlhllkllllltl 1931]

(iii) ‘U flit) Ir‘-I I'=ll', (iv) ‘U’ (%)=-F2. [lianptir I976]

ME

iv) v his I rI=§

GA

{vi} ‘*1? rti=nr'i"' r.

[Kanpur 1970; Reliilhhand 76; B.H.U. Til]
LE

Selutien. It‘ I-=si+yi+sk. then r=i r |= v’tI'+.i"+s'J~

CT

_'_ flax:-"I-ya-l-Z2.

ti) ?fir)=(ig;+ig}+l¢%)f(t)
UR
E

=1 f{r)+l %ftri+ii§-; In-1

. . . . s
-=if(»-1 Z-[+11 (r) -Z-;;+kt it) B; .
, , Etr fir Br ___ ,
=f (F) (- a_7__+i.-B;+ka—,__)—f terr-
(ii) We have vi-=i it-i
Bit
E-i-":,+k
B
3 _ Br :.i:
NEW l":=I2+y:—|-3:], .'. 11" F%=2I LE. 5:11?-
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
+92 336 7801123
E3
Similarly %=% itfld
- , , I "'
-1-. VI.-=_'::__ _':',: l'=I'.

(iii) We have as in part {i}, T_?f(t')=f' (Fl Vt’-

But as in part [ii] ‘L7 r=-:_— r. -

I
-ll
‘it ftr)=f" (10% I'-
‘F I-lr)ttr={f'[r)-ii: r ]»‘:itr={+ filft} (PHI)
=0, sinee r:r:r=0.
(iv) We have V (-:_—)=i 31- K-ér)-l'.l Z? (+)+k_ig*i
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38 Dtreetienai Derivative af a Sealer Faint Fanetien

he a neighbenring peint en this surfaee. Then the pesitien veetnr

ef Q---=r+hr-==(;ii=-I-i‘i.1r,| i+(y+3y) I+(I+3a} It.
.l-i’-5=[r+sr} —r=-at-=3: i-|-sy j‘+'3I lr.
As Q—i- P, the line PQ tends te tangent at P te the level sur-
faee. Therefere dr=dxi+dyj+delt lies in the tangent plane te the
surfaee at P.
Frem the diderential eaieulus, we have
ME
GA

ti‘-lf-=g% dI'l'g§f dj-1'-+g% -di

=[i 352+; aé£+k )-iesi+syi+saa=ef.a.

LE
CT

Sinee f (st, y, s)=-eeenstant, therefere df=il.

‘J I-dr=tl an that ‘U’ f is a veeter pcrpendieular te dr and
UR

therefere te thcfingent plane at P tn the surfaee

E

- f(Il ye 3]'=c*
Henee ‘F f is a veetnr nermal te the surfaee f [.ir, y, s)--=e.
Thus iff (tr, y, st) is a sealar field defined ever a regien R,
then ‘iaf at any peint (tr, y, s} is a veeter in the direetien ef ner-
mal at that peint te the level surfaee f (it, y, s)=e passing threugh
that peint
§ ti. Direetienal Derivative et a sealar peint fnnetieu.
[Agra l9?2; Eelhapur 73; Bnmliay 70]
Defillitien. Let f (Jr. Jt, it) define a sealar field in‘-a regien R
and tet P be any peint in this regien. Sappese Q is a peint in this
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
+92 336 7801123
regien in the neighbrntrheed ef P in the direetien ef a given unit
I

IFECIGF B.

Then Hm Ii-Q.)-Tflpi , if it e.rists is ealled the direetianat

Q-+ P PQ '
It

derivative eff at P in the direetien ef a.

Interpretatien at‘ direetienal derivative. Let P be the peint
(s, y, at and let Q be ' the peint {:.r+3.r, J-'+ii_it, .r—l-Es). Suppese
PQ=as. Then as is a small element at_ P in the direetien ei
ii. if hf=f[.t+ii‘s,y~|-By, s-i-he}-f(.ir,y, a}=f{Qj—f[.P}, than
-—represents the average rate ef ehange eff ner unit distanee in
e-ertd"~ii,

the direetien ei it. New the direetitinal derivative eff at P in the

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eeek.
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42 Seived .E;'Jtnn:pies

Nnrntel at P. Let R=X i+ }’j+ZIt be the peeitinn veetnr nf

any eurrent peint Q (X. 1’, Z) en the netmei at P tn the eutfeee.
The veetnr t;E=R—l'=(X——I) i+(Y——]=) j+{Z-e) It lies along the
net-met at P tn the eutfeee. Therefnre it ie parallel tn the veetnr
‘Ff
(R-—r):=-t?f=0 ...(2)
is the veetnr equetien cit‘ the nermal et P tn the given enrfeee.
ME

Cartesian fnrm. The veetnte

GA

ix».-e i+(Y—J’) i+(Z-—=) it and w=§f. i+§-fl; 1+}; t

will be pntelle] tr
LE

(X-xi i+<Y—-J») t+<z-=> I==.== t+§f; 1+ I:

CT

where p ie ennte eeel:-tr.

UR

Equating the eneffieiente hf i, j. It, vve get

X-—x=p 5;. .~__..=. 2-.-. 5;?
E

B B B

X--.1:__E-_-;_,_v___Z—e

Ur
T:
Bx
- at
By
"Ti
he
are the eqnetiene nf the nertnel at P.
QOLVED EXAMPLES
Eat. 1. Find n unit nnrrnni veetnr in the ievei enrfnee
:.t2y+2xe=4 nt ti:e"pnint (2, --2, 3).
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
Snlutinn. The+92 equetien ef the ievei enrfaee ie
336 7801123
fix, y. ej§.t:Ey+2x.e=4.
The veetnr grad fie elnng the nnrntel tn the entfeee et'the
peint (I. 1'. IL
We have greti f= E‘ (xEy+2x.e)={2xy+2e) i+x* j-I-21 E.
at the peint [2, -2.. 3}, gred f=-2i-1-4] -|-4k.
--2i-I-4j+4It ie a veetnr nleng the nermal tn the given
eutfeee at the peint (2, —2, 3}. '
Henee e. unit nermal veeter tn the eurfeee at this peint
- 2i-|-4 +-=k —-2i+¢t‘-1--alt . .
'=. -:.ii+4jj+-tit |=-Hie +'ih'-i-'."e';="i‘+§1+%k'
The veetnr - (—§i 1-ii-|-filt) i.e.. §i——§j—-Eh ie elee_e unit
netmel veeter te the given enrfeee at the peint (2. -2, 3 }.
Ex. 2. Find iiie direetinnni derivatives ef n eeninr peint fnne.
{inn f in the direetien ef ennrdinnie nxe.-t. -
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Gradient, Divergence and Cari 43

_ Solution. The grad fat any peint (er, y, t) is the veetnr

Bf . Bf - Bf
Bx '+E;iy ‘I+E L
The direetienal derivative eff in the direetien ef i
__
--grad
._ Q. Bf. Bf
f 1- (ax I-I-By 1+3: E )-t-ax.
.“Q'
ME

Similarly the direetienal derivatives eff in the direetiens ef I

GA

and It are if and

Eiy he
Ea. 3. Find the direetienet derivative eff (it, y. e}=.e'ye+ 41:2‘
LE

at the peint [1, —2. - I j in the direetien ef the veeter 2i—j-~2k.

' [Allahabad teve]
CT

Selutien. We have f (Jt, y, zj=.siye+4.itei*. .

UR

grad f-={2:ey.e+fie'] i-I-zitie j+{x‘y+3Jte] It

E

=8i—j---10]: at the peint (I, -——2, ~—I).

if E he the unit veetnr in the direetien ef the veetnr 2i -j—2lt.
_-__g1--1--2]: __% ._l .__E_ _
then a--v,{4_H_|_4)_.3 1 31 311:.
Therefere the required direetienai derivative is
df - . . . . I6 1 20 37
E;*—Bl'3-d f'3—'i3l *1" |Uk)'i§l“ hl -513-?" + '§'+§“‘ ='3--
Sinee this is pesitive,_f is inereasing in this direetien.
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
Ea. 4. Find the direetiettai derivative
+92 336 7801123 ef
f(a:, y. e)=.s'i—2y'+4e‘
at the peint (1. 1, -1) in the direetien ef 2i+j‘ - It [Agra 1979]
Ans. Big/'6.
Ea. 5. Find the direetienai derivative ef the fnnetien
f.-=;;‘—_}-1-}-Ea‘ at the peint P (1, 2, 3) in the direetien ef the tine
PQ a-‘here Q is the peint i5. U. 4). [Agra 1930]
‘iv

Selutien. Here grad f=g£ i+%j+g—£- It

=21: i—-2y j-I-4e It-=2i —4j-i-I2]-; at the peint (1, 2, 3).
Alan 1%-=pesitien veetnr ef Q -- pesitien veetnr ef'P
=(5i+{ij+4lt) -(i-|-2j+3k}=-=li-—-2j+lt.
if d he the unit veetnr in the direetien et the veetet P-5.
h e _. _4i_'f@i +E___4i-2-i.‘.|.'.i_‘
‘ B“ “H/i1i:+4+1i‘ ~/1.211 '
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44 Seived Eaantpiee

the required direetieual derivative

={gratl f}-i=(2i -4j+ l2lt].{“i_5€iiT-l;_lt}
23 23 4
='1/(il')=‘iT ‘Y/(2|)=? ‘\/(21%
Eit. 6. in ivhet -direetien firern the peint‘ (1.1, -1) te the
ME

direetienai derivative ef f=Jr'—2y'+4e' n rnattinntnt ‘i Aise find the

vehte ef this n-te.virnnnt direetionaf derivative.
GA

Sflllllililll. W: ha-VB f= szk

=2i—4j-Bl at the peint (1, 1, -1).

LE

The direntienal derivative eff is a masintutn in the direetien

ef grad f=2i—4j—8k.
CT

Tiflfl I'l1ilJiiIIl1l.lII1 value Of lhifl direetienal derivaljvrg,

UR

=i sredf l=i 2i~4i-an |._=¢(4+1e+e4;= -,/(:54)-=2’./(21).

E

Es. 7. Fer the fttnetien f-=_vj(x2+_v‘), find the veine ef the

direcfimmj ‘ii’-'-'*'i|"*im"""5' mflkiflfl in I‘-“£15 3U“ with the positive Jt-ttJtt'.v at
the peint (0.. I).
Solutiell. Bf i.|_é}
We have grad f=5£ Bf j
—2#r . re ~-.1-»= . . .
If ii is a unit veeter aleng the line vvhieh makes an angle 30°
vvith the pesitive Jr-axis, then
youtube.com/c/MegaLecture/
+92 336 7801123
5-..=ees 30° i+sin 3t]vj='%"':\'. i.|_fi_

thje___rt=;gu_i[e=|d;_direetienal derivative is

- I
| -

-' I

E1. 3;," IE.‘-rhfl EFEQIEEI rate Elf WFEHIE li]fII%xJ:Z3'flI [he

evvir it-. H. 31 _ _' [Agra ms]

Selutietl. we have ‘i;?a=}-3* i+;¢_-H-I j+2_-W3 L -_
.', -at the peint [1, I], 3}, vve have
' _ i?n=D i-I-9 _i+0 lt=9 j.
The greatest. rate et' inerease ef n at the peint (1, it, 3)"
==theT'n1eeitnu1n value ef at the point (1, U, '3} l
=| ‘Kin 1, at'the"peint [1, it, 3) '
=i 91 |=v-
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heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
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‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures, Notes & Past Papers visit
www.megalecture.com

‘reti heve either reeeheri eege thet ie tiheveilehle iervievvihggi er reeehee ~_.retirvievvihg lihiitier thie
heeh.
 For Live Classes, Recorded Lectures,5 Notes & Past Papers visit:
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