OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB-B.

TECH

School of Computing Science and Engineering (SCOPE)

Programme: B.Tech Branch: CSE
Course: CSE2005-OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB Fall semester [2021]

PHASE -I

UNIX Basic Commands

Login and authentication

login access computer; start interactive session

logout disconnect terminal session
change local login password; you must set a strong password that is not
passwd
easily guessed
kinit obtain kerberos ticket for connections to other kerberized computers
kdestroy destroy kerberos tickets (authorizations)
request longer lifetime for kerberos ticket so long-running jobs can access
keeptoken
AFS files

Information

date show date and time

history list of previously executed commands
pine read or send email messages or networks news groups
msgs display system messages
man show online documentation by program name
info online documentation for GNU programs
w, who who is on the system and what they are doing
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whoami who is logged onto this terminal

tpo show system stats and top CPU using processes
uptime show one line summary of system status
finger find out info about a user@system
whois look up information in the Stanford Directory

File management

cat combine files

cp copy files
ls list files in a directory and their attributes
mv change file name or directory location
rm remove files
ln create another link (name) to a file
chmod set file permissions
crypt encode/decode a file with a private key
gzip, gunzip compress/decompress a file
find find files that match specific criteria

Display contents of files

cat copy files to display device

more show text file on display terminal with paging control
head show first few lines of a file(s)
tail show last few lines of a file; or reverse line order
vi full-featured screen editor for modifying text files
pico simple screen editor for modifying text files
grep display lines that match a pattern
lpr send file to line printer
pr format file with page headers, multiple columns, etc.
diff compare two files and show differences
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cmp compare two binary files and report if different

comm compare two files; show common or unique lines
od display binary files as equivalent octal/hex codes
strings show printable text embedded in binary files
file examine file(s) and guess type: text, data, program, etc.
wc count characters, words, and lines in a file

Directories

cd change to new directory

mkdir create new directory

rmdir remove empty directory (remove files first)

mv change name of directory
pwd show current directory

Devices

df summarise free space on disk drive

du show disk space used by files or directories

Special character handling for C-shell (See man cs)

* match any characters in a file name

~user shorthand for home directory of user
$name substitute value of variable name
\ turn off special meaning of character that follows
' in pairs, quote string with special chars, except !
" in pairs, quote string with special chars, except !, $
` in pairs, substitute output from enclosed command
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Controlling program execution for C-shell (See man csh)

& run job in background

DEL, ^c kill job in foreground
^z suspend job in foreground
fg restart suspended job in foreground
bg run suspended job in background
; delimit commands on same line
() group commands on same line
! re-run earlier commands from history list
jobs list current jobs
ps print process screen
kill kill background job or previous process
nice run program at lower priority
at run program at a later time
crontab run program at specified intervals
limit see or set resource limits for programs
alias create alias name for program (in .login)
sh, csh execute command file

Controlling program input/output for C-shell (See man csh)

| pipe output to input

> redirect output to a storage file
< redirect input from a storage file
>> append redirected output to a storage file
tee copy input to both file and next program in pipe
script make file record of all terminal activity
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Editors and formatting utilities

sed programmable text editor for data streams

vi full-featured editor for character terminals
emacs GNU emacs editor for character terminals
xemacs GNU emacs editory for X-Windows terminals
pico very simple text editor, same as pine Compose screen
fmt fill and break lines to make all same length
fold break long lines to specified length

X-Window client programs (output to X terminal or server)

xterm provide login shell window

xauth manipulate authorization files
xload show system load
xman full screen online manual viewer
pinex send or recieve mail messages
xemacs GNU emacs editor
gv interface to contol gs to display PostScript or PDF files on screen
xdvi display DVI files on X-Window (screen preview)
netscape web browser
gnuplot interactive data plotting on screen

TeX typesetting system

tex process TeX files to DVI (device independent) output

latex process LaTeX files to DVI
texpr process and print TeX and LaTeX in one step
dvips print DVI files on Postscript laser printer
xdvi display DVI files on X-Window (screen preview)
latex2html translate LaTeX files to HTML (for web pages)
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Printing

lpr send file to print queue

lpq examine status of files in print queue
lprm remove a file from print queue
op lpc
abort print queue qname to clear printer (all files saved)
abort qname
op lpc
restart print queue qname
start qname
enscript convert text files to PostScript format for printing

Interpreted languages and data manipulation utilities

sed programmable text editor for data streams

awk pattern scanning and processing language; 1985 vers.
perl Practical Extraction and Report Language
sort sort or merge lines in a file(s) by specified fields
tr translate characters
cut cut out columns from a file
paste paste columns into a file
dd copy data between devices; reblock; convert EBCDIC

Graphics and mapping

gnuplot interactive data plotting; outputs to PostScript or X-windows

general 2D and 3D data processing and plotting software package; also

GMT
plots maps

"ghostscript" converter displays PostScript files on X-window displays or

gs
other devices
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Networking/communications

klogin remote login to kerberized computer; encrypted

execute single command on remote kerberized computer;
krsh
encrypted
krcp remote file copy to/from kerberized computer; encrypted
ssh remote login/command execution; encrypted
scp remote non-interactive file copy; encrypted
sftp remote interactive file copy; encrypted
telnet remote network login - plain text password
ftp network file transfer program - plain text passwords
rlogin remote login to "trusted" computer that is not kerberized
rsh execute single command on remote "trusted" computer
rcp remote file copy to/from "trusted" computer
host find IP address for given host name, or vice versa
netscape web browser for X-window terminals/servers
lynx web browser for character based (text-only) terminals
kermit transfer files over modem connections
gzip, gunzip compress/decompress a file
tar combine multiple files/dirs into single archive
uuencode, uudecode encode/decode a binary file for transmission via email

Compilers, interpreters and programming tools

csh command language interpreter (C-shell scripts)

ksh command language interpreter (Korn-shell scripts)
sh command language interpreter (Borne-shell scripts)
f77 Compaq(HP) Fortran 77 compiler
f95 Compaq(HP) Fortran 90/95 compiler
f2c convert fortran source code to C source code
cc, c89 Compaq(HP) ANSI 89 standard C compiler
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cxx Compaq(HP) C++ compiler

gcc GNU C compiler
g++ GNU C++ compiler
pc Compaq(HP) Pascal compiler
dbx command-line symbolic debugger for compiled C or Fortran
ladebug X-window symbolic debugger for compiled C or Fortran
make recompile programs from modified source
gmake GNU version of make utility
cflow generate C flow graph
error analyze and disperse compiler error messages

Programming libraries (see man library name)

Fortran 77 routines for numerical linear algebra (supersedes LINPACK

lapack
and EISPACK)
routines to interface with X window system (no man page -- get the X
X
Toolkit book)
dbm database routines
xdr library routines for external data representation
netcdf routines for machine independent data representation

Tape manipulation and archiving

mt manipulate tape drive and position tape

dd unformatted tape read and write; file conversion
tar archive disk files on tape or disk
ltf read/write ANSI standard label tapes

Geology programs

supcrt92 thermodynamic properties of high P/T reactions

diagram calculate activity phase diagrams from log K values

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PHASE –II

VI COMMANDS

Cursor Movement Commands:

Esc h Move the cursor left by one character

Esc j Move the cursor down by one line
Esc k Move the cursor up by one line
Esc l Move the cursor right by one character
Esc ^d Scroll the screen down by 12 lines
Esc ^u Scroll the screen up by 12 lines
Esc ^ b Scroll the screen up by 24 lines
Esc ^ f Scroll the screen down by 24 lines
Esc $ Move the cursor to the end of a line

Insert and Replace Commands:

Esc a Append to the right of the cursor

Esc A Append at the end of the line
Esc I Insert at cursor position
Esc o Insert a blank line below the current
Esc O cursor
Insert aline
blank line above the current
Esc rx And allow
cursor
Replace lineinsertionat current cursor
character
And
position insertion
allow
Word Movement Commands: With character x

Esc w Move to next word

Esc b Move backward to previous word
Esc e Move to the end of the word

Deletion and Modification Commands:

Esc dw Delete Word

Esc dd Delete line
Esc cw Change word
Esc cc Change line
Esc C Change rest of the line from current
Esc D cursor position
Delete rest of the line from current cursor
Esc J position
Join lines
Esc x Delete char at current cursor position
Esc uX Deletelast
Undo char before current cursor
change
Esc U position
Restore last change
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Pattern Finding Commands:

/pattern Find the next line containing the pattern

Esc n Find the next occurrence of the pattern
Find the previous line containing the
?pattern pattern

Esc :line number Go to line number

Esc : se nu To see line numbers

Block Operation Commands:

Esc yy Yank current line into buffer

Esc nyy Yank n lines into buffer
Esc p Put back yanked text after the cursor
Esc P Put back yanked text before cursor
Esc ndd Delete n lines from current cursor
Esc n>> position
Shift n lines by one tab position to right
Esc n<< Fromncurrent
Shift lines bycursor position
one tab position to left
From current cursor position
Saving and Exiting From Vi:

ESC : w Save all changes made

: wq Save all changes and quit from vi
:® Quit
: q! Quit without saving
: !command Execute Unix command
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UTILITY COMMANDS

 CAL
Print the calendar
cal 1998 all months of the year
cal 12 1998 December month of 1998
 DATE
Print System date (date can be changed by system administrator)
Options:- d (day of a month), y(2 digits of an year), H,M,S (hour
,minutes and seconds )
date system date with time
date +%m print month number
date +%h print month name
date +”%m %h” name and number
date –u universal time
date +%r 12 hr time

 WHO
Details about login users
Options:- am I ( about user), -Hu ( more information with header
details)
who am i
who –Hu

 TTY
Know the terminal name. Unix treats terminals in multiuser as files in device
directory.
tty

 UNAME
Print system information
uname –a all
options –s (print kernel name), -n (network name), -e (hardware platform)
,-o (os)

 TPUT
Various displays
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tput 12,30
echo “hh” position cursor
tput smso highlight text
echo “ddd”
tput rmso disable highlight

 BC
Binary calculator
Provides all type of calculations
bc
12.3 + 9.9
<ctrl + d>
sacle =2 truncate to 2 decimal places
ibase=2 to set input bae
obase=16 set output base
c=a+b
c to print c

 TIME
To calculate the time taken by a command
time sort –o 1.c 2.c
time shows real(elapsed time),user(execution time), sys time(time by os to
do the operation)

 SCRIPT
To record the user activities for further use .Doesn‘t record commands in vi
editor
script write to typescript file
script –a appends to typescript file
script logfile writes to logfile

 SPELL
Spell check of a file
spell filename displays incorrect words
ispell filename displays lines and suggestions
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FILE SYSTEM COMMANDS

 LS
Listing files
ls -x (display files in many columns)
ls -a hidden files
ls -f shows / for directory, * for exe file
ls -r list in reverse order
ls -R recursive listing
l (long listing) i ( inode number) t (modification time) u (access time)

 SPLIT

split filename splits file into many of 1000 lines each in name fna, fnb,
fnc…
split –34 filename splits after 34

 CMP
Compare two files

cmp filename1 filename2 displays difference between 2 files

cmp –l filename1 filename2 displays line numbers

 COMM
Displays common in 2 files
comm f1 f2

 DIFF
Says the difference between 2 files, suggests which line to be
changed

 CHMOD
Change permission mode of a file
chmod 744 filename
rwxrwxrwx -this combination stands for read, write, execute permissions of
user ,group ,public.
Either a number can be given or abbreviations can be given
chmod ugo+rwx filename r,w,x perm for u , g , o
chmod u-x,g+r filename remove exec for user add read for group
chmod –r u+x shell assign permissions for all files in shell directory
 OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB-B.TECH

 CHOWN
Change owner and/or group of a file
chown owner_name filename
chown owner:groupname filename
chown :groupname filename

 CHGRP
Change group of a file
chgrp <name> filename

 CP
Copy the contents of one file to another
cp t1.txt t2.txt
cp –i s1.doc s2.doc prompts an alert message
cp –r copying directory structures
 RM
Remove a file from the directory
rm filename
rm –i filename interactive remove
rm –f filename forcibly remove a file
rm –r directory name delete a directory with contents
 MV
Move a file to another(rename)
Move a file from one directory to another
mv d f
mv d ipc/shell/d

 WC
Count of lines ,words, bytes in file
cat <filename> |wc (all)
cat <filename> |wc –l (only lines)
cat <filename> |wc -c
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FILTERS

 PAGINATING FILES

pr filename formats to print the file

pr –d filename double spaces the file
pr –n filename number lines
pr –3 filename filename in 3 columns

 HEAD
Display the beginning of the file
head fn first 10 lines of a file
head –3 fn cut first 3 lines of a file

 TAIL
Display the end of the file
tail –3 fn extract last 3 lines of a file
tail +11 fn from 11th line

 CUT
Extract columns and fields
cut –c1 cut column one
cut –c1-11 form one to eleven
cut –c1,4,5 cut column 1,4,5
cut –f1-5 cut field one to five
cut -d “ “ –f5 cut field 5 by delimiter space
d can be ; / , “ “ :
 TR
Translate characters
tr [options] < filename
cat filename | tr [a-z] [A-Z] translate lower to upper case
tr –d “ “ delete blank spaces
tr –s “ “ suppress many spaces to one
tr ‘|/’ ‘~-‘ change | to / ~ to –
 OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB-B.TECH

tr –cd ‘/’ delete except / ( c for complement)

 SORT
Sort the contents of file
sort –t \ : +1 <filename> sort by : separated field by col 2
sort -t \ : +2 -3 +1 secondary key 2 ,primary key 3,resume after first
field( sort from 2 field to 3rd field
nd

sort –u unique contents in a file

sort –m <fn1> <fn2> sorts by merging 2 files

PATTERN MATCHING

 GREP
Globally search for a regular expression and print it.
grep sales filename prints all lines containing sales
grep ‘components number’ filename match phrase
options
-c count of match
-n line numbers of matching lines
-v inVerse match for other than pattern
-l filenames which are matching
grep –l ‘ipc’ *.c
-i ignore case
-e multiple options
-o give matched pattern
grep –e ‘agar’ –e ‘Agar’ –e ‘ Aagar’ filename
grep –5 “do loop” update.sql 5 lines above and below do loop
gr.ep –A 5 …. (below)
grep –B 5 … (above)
grep –N 2 ‘bill’ accounts.c two occurrences of bill

Regular Expressions
* Zero or more occurrences of a character
. Matches a single character
[pqr] Matches p or q or r
[c1-c2] Matches between c1 to c2
[^ pqr] Matches other than p q r
^ pattern Matches pattern at the beginning of line
Pattern$ Matches pattern at the end of line
 OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB-B.TECH

grep [rr][aa][nn][ii] os.txt matches for lower or upper case

grep “7…$” emp.txt matches 7000 to 7999

 EGREP
Extending grep

ch+ One /more of character

ch? Zero/more of character
exp1|exp1 Match exp1 or 2
(x1|x2)x3 Match x1x3 or x2x3
egrep ‘(lalitha|meena)kumari’ student.txt
egrep –f pat.txt filename pat.txt should contain patterns seperated by
‘|’

 FGREP
faster grep
only patterns used regular expressions cannot be used
fgrep –f <pattern file > targetfile

 SED
Stream Editor
sed ‘ed commands’ <filename>
sed –n ’20,30p’ print lines from 20 to 30
sed ‘1,10d’ delete 1 to 10 lines
sed ‘s/old/new/g’ search for old and replace by new
sed ‘y/str1/str2/ replace each in str1 by str2

PROCESS COMMANDS

echo $$
process id of current shell
ps
process status (pid, name, tty, time )
ps –f
full information(uid, ppid etc)
ps –f –u cra
full information of user cra
ps –a
processes of all users
ps –x
 OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB-B.TECH

system process
nohup < any command> & makes to run a command without hangup
even after logout

kill pid to terminate a process

kill $! Kill last background process
kill –9 121 Sure kill of process 121
kill –9 0 kills process including login shell

 NICE
Job execution with low priority
nice wc –l unix.txt
 AT
Execute a command or file at a given time
at 14.00
sam.sh
<ctrl –d>

 BATCH
Schedule the process for later execution
batch < filename

 CRON
ChRONograph .It is a daemon process which ticks every minute.
It looks for the file in /var/spool/cron.
User can insert their file in cron directory by
cron cron.txt
crontab –l shows the contents of cron file

SCRIPT STATEMENTS

 Declaration -not needed,no datatypes,identifier names

 I/O
– echo name list /string
– echo $a,$b
– echo “enter a variable”
– echo “value of “ $a
– echo -n “give two int”
– read variables
 OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB-B.TECH

 Operators
– relational(numbers) -gt, -lt , -ge, -le ,-eq, -ne
– relational (strings) = , != , -n string,-Z string $a -gt $b , $abc -
ne $ghj
-n $a ( $a > 0)
-z $a ($a equal to zero)

 Logical operators

and -a $a -gt $b -a $c -gt $f

or -o
not !

 File operators
-r , -w , -x , -c , -b , -d
-f , -s ,-k

if [ -r $fn ]
then
echo “ file has read”
fi

 Control Statements --IF

if [ $a -gt $b ] if [ $a = $b ]
then --
echo “ hello” --
fi If [ -z $a ]
then
if [ $a -ne $b] echo “null string”
then fi
echo “hello”
elif [ ] if [ -n $a ]
echo then
else echo “not null”
echo “hai” fi
fi
 For
for i in a b c
 OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB-B.TECH 20

do
echo $i
done
for i in *
do
echo $i
done
$* parameters in command line

 While

while [ $i -lt $n ]
do
..
..
expr ` $i + i `
Done

 Case
case expr in case $i in
1) ;; 1)
2) ;; a)
*) default;; asd)
esac

 Arithmetic Statements

+-*/%
expr 1 + 2
expr 1 \* 2
expr $a + $b
expr $a \* $b
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OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB-B.TECH

REFERENCES
TEXT BOOK
 Eric Foster-Jonson, John C. Welch and Micah Anderson, “Beginning Shell Scripting”, Wiley-
India
 Introduction to Linux – A Hands on Guide
 Ashley J.S Mills, "Unix Shell Scripting Tutorial", Copyright © 2005 The University Of
Birmingham
WEB REFERENCES
 SHELLdorado (http://www.oase-shareware.org/shell/)
 Shell Information from CUED (http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/unix.html#Shell)
 Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial - A Beginner’s handbook (http://www.freeos.com/guides/lsst/)
 http://www.japarker.btinternet.co.uk/sh/
 http://linux-training.be