Shanmuga Nathan.

K, AEE/E/NCTPS-II, 11-01-2021

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Name K.Shanmuganathan
Qualification B.E.(Distn.) & M.Tech.(Hons.)
PG Specialization Power Systems
Designation Asst. Executive Engineer/E/C&I
Posts Held AE/MRT-II/TTPS, AEE/MRT/NCTPS-I
Place of working NCTPS-II
Power System Exp. 21 years
Contact Detail [email protected]
CUG 9445858547

Self Introduction

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References

1. TD on Generator Protection - Er.A.Krishnavel EE/MRT-II/TTPS

2. ALSTOM MICOM P34X - Technical Manual

3. Network Protection & Automation Guide – ALSTOM

4. The Art & Science of Protective Relaying – C.Russell Mason

5. Protective Relaying Theory and Applications – Walter A. Elmore

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Contents Introduction

Trip Logics

Classes of Tripping

Protection Over view

System Grounding

Protection Functions

Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION

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 Single Line Diagram of a Power System

400kV Bus From remote end

stations / Grid
600 MW

110kV Bus
Distn. SS
21 / 400kV

400 /
Generating Station 230/110kV

Receiving SS
110 / 22kV
433V Bus

End User 22 / 0.433kV

22kV Bus
( Load)

Distn.Transfo,
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Function of Protective Relaying
Trip Logics

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 210MW Units
Class A:
Urgent isolation for in-zone abnormalities
Trips Turbine, GCB, FB & UAT Changeover

Class B:
Non Urgent isolation, for in-zone abnormalities
Trips Turbine & UAT Changeover, Time delayed trips for GCB
& FB

Class C:
Isolation for out-zone abnormalities
Trips GCB, Unit under House Load
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Class A1:
Trips Turbine, GCB, GT HV Main & Tie Breakers, F.B &
UT Change over
Class A2:
Trips Turbine, GCB & F.B
UT in Service
Class C:
Trips GT HV Main & Tie Breakers
Unit in House Load Operation
Class D:
Trips GCB & F.B
Provided for LF & RP Protection with Turbine Trip

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Classes of tripping

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• Negative Phase Sequence (46G)
• Over Fluxing (24 or 99)
• GT Differential, O/C, Overall Differential (87GT, 51GT, 87QA)
• UT Differential, REF (87 , 64AUT)
• Inadvertent Energizing (50/27)
• Backup Impedance (21G)
• GCB LBB (50LBB)
• Neutral over current (51NGT)
• LV Backup E/F (51N)
• GT Mechanical Protections (PRV, SPRV,OLTC, Buchholz, Fire)
• UT Mechanical Protections (PRV, OLTC, Buchholz, Fire)

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• Stator Earth Fault ( 59N, 27TN+59N, 59X+59N, 64S)
• Rotor Earth Fault (64F or 100F)
• Over Voltage (59G)
• Under Voltage (27G)
• Over Fluxing (24 or 99)
• Loss of Excitation (40)
• Generator Differential Protection (87G)
• Generator Inter turn fault Protection (87G)
• Reverse Power (WOTT) (32G)
• Low Forward (WOTT) (37)

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• Negative Phase Sequence
(46G)
• Pole Slipping (78G)
• Under Frequency (81GUF)
• GT Backup E/F (51NGT)
• GT OT & WT Protection

• Reverse Power (WTT) (32G)

• Low Forward (WTT) (37)

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Protection Overview

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System Grounding

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Vrg = Vrn + Vng
Vyg = Vyn + Vng
Vbg = Vbn + Vng
V0 = (Vrg + Vyg + Vbg) / 3
V0 = Vng = Zero Seq. Voltage

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• To reduce the stator fault current & over voltages while
detecting ground fault condition quickly enough to
prevent core burning

• Our generators are high impedance grounded through

distribution transformer whose secondary is shunted
with reactor/resistor

• This reactor will neutralize the generator system zero

sequence capacitive reactance

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Protection Functions

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 Neutral Over Voltage (95% Stator winding E/F
Protection)

 Monitoring of Zero sequence voltage across the

grounding reactor is used for this over voltage
protection element
 This relay insensitive to third harmonic voltages
present in the neutral
 This protection roughly covers 95% of stator
winding depending upon the location of the winding
fault
 This will not cover 0-5% of winding as neutral to
ground faults will not produce phase shift

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 100% Stator winding E/F protection using 27TN + 59N

 3rd harmonic voltages are generated in the stator

winding due to non-linearity in the generator.
 Due to this circulation of 3rd harmonic capacitive
charging currents resulting in 3rd harmonic voltage
appearing between ground and neutral of the
generator
 For a ground fault the 3rd harmonic voltage at the
neutral becomes zero and amount varies depend
upon the fault location
 This protection can provide adequate coverage for 0
– 30% of the stator winding measured from the
neutral
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 100% Stator winding E/F protection using 3rd harmonic
ROV 59X + 59N

 For a fault near neutral, level of 3rd harmonic voltage

at the generator terminal increases
 Over voltage relay detecting 3rd harmonic voltage
level at the terminals of the generator is employed
 The residual voltage at the generator terminals is
supplied by the Wye grounded open delta VTs.
 This voltage is passed through 150Hz tuned filter
and an over voltage detector

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 100% Stator winding E/F protection using Sub harmonic
injection 64S

 Entire stator winding of a generator is protected by

deploying signal injection equipment to inject a low
frequency current (generally at 12.5Hz or 20Hz)
between the stator star point and earth
 An earth fault at any winding location will result in
the flow of a measurable injection current to cause
protection operation
 This form of protection can also provide earth fault
protection when the generator is at standstill, prior
to run-up

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 The basic of the rotor is to
produce a magnetic field of
the size and shape
necessary to induce
desired voltage in stator
 The magnetic flux radiates
from rotor and follows the
magnetic circuit across the
air gap, stator core back
across air gap again into
the rotor
 Field winding provides
path for the DC current
needed to magnetize the
field

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 Due to deterioration of rotor
conductor, turn to turn
insulation rotor E/F is
created
 If a large portion of winding
is short circuited in 2nd E/F,
the flux may concentrate on
one pole and widely
dispersed over the other
and results in unbalanced
force.
 This may cause violent
vibration, bearing surface
damage even possible for a
rotor foul to stator

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Low frequency injection technique
A DC voltage injected into the rotor circuit, the polarity of
the voltage is reversed at low frequencies (0.25 Hz to 1 Hz)
The voltage source is symmetrically coupled to the
excitation circuit via high resistance resistors. It is also
connected to the earthing brush of the rotor via a low
resistance measuring shunt
Every time the DC voltage is reversed in polarity, a
charging current is applied due capacitance of the rotor
windings to earth
Under no fault conditions, the charging current should be
discharged to zero
When a rotor earth fault occurs, the steady state current
will no longer be zero, the magnitude of which can then be
used to calculate the fault resistance
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1. Biased differential protection
• The through current is used to increase the setting
of the differential element
• Through current is calculated as the average sum of
the current entering and leaving the zone

2. High Impedance differential protection

• Based on the consideration of saturation of one side
CT for external fault
• The secondary current produced by healthy CT
flows through the saturated CT
• The maximum voltage across the relay circuit equals
to the Secondary Fault Current X Connected
Impedance
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• Possibility of winding inter turn fault for multi-turn
stator windings
• Detection with conventional protection arrangement is
difficult otherwise the fault becomes stator E/F
• Types
1) Protection using Separate CTs
2) Protection using core balance CTs

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 Most common causes for generator unbalance currents
are system asymmetries, unbalanced loads, unbalanced
system faults & open circuits
 Highest source of NPS component is generator Ph-Ph
faults
 NPS current creates double frequency flux will create
Eddy current at the surface of the pole face, teeth and
retaining rings
 This protection protects rotor of the generator from
damage resulting from heating effects of NPS currents
 Also Act as a backup protection for uncleared
asymmetric faults

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 O/V in generator may occur due to
1. Transient Surges
 Created by Switching and atmospheric
disturbances of transmission system
2. Sustained power frequency O/V
 Mal operation of AVR when the m/c in isolated
operation
 Sudden variation load while Man mode AVR
 Sudden loss of load

 Will lead to Generator insulation failure

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 How to protect?

1. Transient Surges
 Shunt gaps, surge diverters, stator slot surge
capacitors

2. Sustained power frequency O/V

 Time delayed power frequency O/V protection
either IDMTL or DTL elements
 Highset element with Flat Frequency Response

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 E = 4.44 X f X A X N X Bm X 10 ‾ ⁸

 E – induced rms voltage in volts, f – frequncy in herts,

A - cross sectional area of the core in sq inch, N- No. of
turns, Bm – flux density in maxwell / sq inch

 Bm α E / f

 Condition when V/f ratio exceeds permissible limit is

called as overfluxing or overexcitation

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 Effects

 Hysteresis and eddy current losses are each

proportional to the power of flux density
 Core saturates due to high flux density and results
in stray flux occurring in components not designed
to carry it leading to thermal stress
 Eddy currents also cause interlaminar voltages
which further degrade the insulation and results in
severe iron damage
 Sustained O/F can arise during run up if excitation is
applied too early

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 Causes

 Attempt to maintain rated voltage during coast-down

 Keeping manual excitation at fixed level during
acceleration
 Loss of AVR voltage feedback due to reference VT
problem
 Most frequently occurs during unit is offline, prior to
synchronization & operator manually prepares unit
for synchronization
 Possibility during Auto synchronization also
 Sudden loss of nearby generators or inter
connection
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 Protection schemes

 Inverse time volts per hertz relaying

 Two stage DTL & IDMTL relaying is recommended

 Case Study

 HOUSE LOAD OPERATION – TURBINE TRIP, FB

TRIP…?

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 What is LOE?
 When excitation is reduced or lost generator
absorbs reactive power from grid and operates in
the under excitation region of Capability Curve
 Generator may run as induction generator for total
loss of field
 This change is not instantaneous but occurs over a
time period ( generally in seconds)
 Causes of LOE?
 Field open circuit
 Field short circuit
 Accidental tripping of FB
 AVR control failure
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 Effects of LOE?

 Induction generator mode of operation will act as a

large reactive drain and causes problem to the
adjacent units
 Higher speed will create slip induced eddy currents
in field winding, rotor body, wedges& retaining rings
 Can overload and heat stator winding also due to
high reactive current
 Loss as well as draining of reactive power will cause
wide voltage collapse & power swings in the power
system

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 Protection Scheme

 Using off-set MHO

type distance relays
sensing the stator
current raise ,
terminal voltage
drop and change in
power factor

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 Typically occurs under prolonged fault condition which
cause a transient torque on the generator which
exceeds the ability of the field to hold the rotor
synchronized with stator
 More possibility when system fault happens during
under excitation operation
 “Pole Slip” occurs when rotor experience sudden
physical electrical shift in position relative to stator
 Creates violent acceleration and deceleration leads to
enormous stress on generator and prime mover
 Can even cause winding movement & shaft fracture if
left unprotected

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 Methods of protection

 Using straight line ohm

characteristics
 Normal operation the
generator lies in zone A
 During pole slip, the
impedance traverses zone
B and C and tripping
occurs when the
impedance characteristics
enters zone C

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 Methods of protection
 Using lenticular
characteristics by
measuring impedance of
the generator and using
lenticular impedance
characteristics
 Normal operation in zone
R1
 During pole slip,
impedance locus
traverse through zones
R2, R3 & R4
 When entering zone R4
trip signal is issued
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 Reverse power protection is applied to prevent

damage to mechanical plant items in the event of

failure of the prime mover

 The reverse power protection should be provided

with a definite time delay on operation to prevent
spurious operation with transient power swings that
may arise following synchronisation or in the event of
a power transmission system disturbance
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It is not good practice to open the main circuit
breaker simultaneously with tripping of the prime
mover for non-urgent trips

This is to minimize the risk of plant overspeeding

when the electrical load is removed from a high-speed
cylindrical rotor generator

For a steam turbine there is a risk of overspeeding

due to energy storage in the trapped steam, after
steam valve tripping, or in the event that the steam
valve(s) do not fully close for some reason
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 Need
 Accidental energization of generator while off-bar on
barring gear or coasting down
 Generator behaves as induction motor, can be
damaged within few seconds
 Turbine damage also occurs
 Complete destruction costs repair and replacement
and purchase of power
 Causes
 Operating errors
 Breaker head flashovers
 Control circuit malfunctions
 Complex schemes like 1.5 breaker, ring bus…
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 Response of generator
 During 3-ph energization at standstill, a rotating flux
at synchronous frequency is induced in the
generator rotor
 The resulting rotor current is forced to flow in rotor
body and damper windings causing rapid thermal
heating
 If the generator is connected to strong system,
initial stator current range will be 3-4 times, voltage
in 50-70%
 If the generator is connected to weak system, initial
stator current range will be 1-2 times, voltage in 20-
40%

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 Protection schemes
 Using loss of excitation, reverse power,
NPS, breaker failure & system backup
relays

 Dedicated protection system using over

current and under voltage elements

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CONCLUSION

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