GNS Final Term Notes

Chapter 7: Gender, Language, and Social is seen as a competition to maintain

Media status and avoid being “put down”
Language – a system of communication using ✓ Rapport Talk – focused on forming
spoken, manual, or written symbols within a relationships, bonding, empathizing, and
community to express identity, facilitate connecting. Involves more emotional
communication, play, imaginative expression and intimacy, a way to build
expression, and emotional release community and consensus.
- Is a fundamental tool for human 3. Contest vs. Community
interaction, influencing behavior, shaping ✓ Contest – dominance
culture, and reflecting societal norms and
expectations. ✓ Community – unity

- Is a tool for social interaction and it should Others:

not be surprising to learn that it can be • Physical Orientation
affected by different social contexts.
(Chambers 1995) • Statues and connection

Sexist Language – refers to language that • Directness and indirectness

reinforces stereotypes and assumptions • Public and Private Talk
about gender roles, often excluding or
demeaning individuals based on their sex. • Ritual opposition

Ways men and women communicate • Conversational Style

differently Social Media and Gender
1. Independent vs. Intimacy Role models/ influencers – people will want to
✓ Independent – tries to achieve and imitate their role models seen in movies and
maintain the upper hand and struggles influencers seen on social media platforms
to preserve independence and avoid Chapter 8 – Gender and Politics
failure.
Politics – the actions or activities concerned with
✓ Intimacy – negotiate for closeness, achieving and using power in a country or society
seek and give confirmation and support,
Gender & Politics
and avoid isolation.
Biological Determinism
2. Report talk vs. Rapport talk
Biological Sex characteristic = gender
✓ Report talk – focused on sharing
information, knowledge, and data. It Anabolic – Women conserve energy, making
involves less emotional attachment, and them passive, conservative, sluggish, stable, and
uninterested in politics
Katabolic – Men expand their surplus energy, - Known as “Anti-sexual Harassment Act of
making them eager, energetic, passionate, 1995
variable and, thereby interested in political and
• Republic Act 8353 of 1997
social matters.
- Anti-rape Law
Social Construct
- Expanded the definition of the crime of
Society defines gender by characteristic
rape and reclassified it as a crime against
behaviors and traits.
persons
When did suffrage start in the Philippines?
- Penalties: 12-year imprisonment, fines
April 30, 1937
from 50,000 to 200,000
Laws formed by the Philippine Government to
• Republic Act 8505 of 1998
advance the rights of women:
- “Rape Victim Assistance and Protection
• Philippine Constitution (Article XIII –
Act of 1998
Women; Section 14)
• Republic Act 9262 of 2004
- Protection of working women by ensuring
safe and healthful working conditions that - Anti-violence Against Women and their
considers their maternal function. Children Act of 2004”
• Republic Act 6972 of 1990 - Protects the rights of women and children
by preventing violence against women
- Known as “Barangay-level total
and their children.
development and protection of children
Act.” • Republic Act 10354 of 2012
- Protects the rights of the children - “Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Act of 2012
• Republic Act 7192 of 1992
• Republic Act 9710
- Known as the “women in development
and nation building Act” - Magna Carta of Women
- Women as full and equal partners of men - Aims to eliminate discrimination against
in the development and nation-building women and promote their rights and
empowerment
- Gender and Development (GAD)
➢ Recognizes that there are • Republic Act 11313
blocks/gender biases that - Safe Spaces Act
prevent people from attaining
- Aims to address gender-based sexual
their full potential
harassment in streets, public spaces,
• Republic Act 7600 of 1992 online, workplaces, and educational or
training institutions
- Known as the “Rooming-in and
Breastfeeding Act of 1992” Distinctions between RA 7877 (ASHA) and RA
11313 (SSA)
- Promote and support breastfeeding in the
PH - RA 7877 is limited in the workplace or in
educational institutions meanwhile RA
• Republic Act 7877 of 1995

2
 11313 (bawal bastos law) is broader not Chapter 9 – Gender and Violence
limited to the workplace but in public. Violence – the intentional use of physical force
Leadership in Government or power, threatened or actual, against oneself,
another person, or a group or has a high
Ways to Increase Participation of women in
likelihood of resulting in injury, death,
government
psychological harm, maldevelopment, or
• Setting numerical quotas for women in deprivation.
leadership positions
Gender-based violence – any act that is
• Expanding and diversifying the pool of committed against a person’s will based on
qualified and capable women able to run for gender norms and unequal power relationships.
election.
Different forms of gender-based violence
• Increasing awareness of the benefits that
1. Physical Violence – causes physical harm
women in politics bring
as a result of unlawful physical force.
• Encouraging support for them among 2. Sexual Violence – any sexual act
governing institutions performed on an individual w/out consent.
Forms of Sexual Violence
Impact Theory: each leader has one of six
• Rape or sexual assault
behavioral styles, and each style is effective in
only a particular situation, or in what the • Child sexual assault and incest
researchers call an organizational climate. • Intimate partner sexual assault
Six Behavioral Styles: • Unwanted sexual contact/touching
1. Informational Style – provide information in
• Sexual harassment
a climate of ignorance, where important
information is missing from the group • Sexual exploitation
2. Magnetic style – leads through energy and • Showing one’s genitals or naked body
optimism and is effective only in a climate of to other(s) without consent
despair, which is characterized by low morale
• Masturbating in public
3. Position Style – influence others by virtue of
• Watching someone in a private act
their appointed or elected authority; most
effective in a climate of instability • without their knowledge or permission
4. Affiliation Style – leads by liking and caring
about others 3. Phycological Violence – any act that
5. Coercive Style – leads by controlling reward causes psychological harm to an individual.
and punishment; most effective in the climate Is unique from other forms of violence due
of crisis to its focus on intentionally impairing an
individual’s psychological integrity.
6. Tactile Style – leads through the use of
strategy and is most effective in a climate of Ex. Marital infidelity as psychological
disorganization violence, Emotional abuse and denial of

3
 financial support, public ridicule and
humiliation, witnessing abuse.
4. Economic Violence – any act that causes
economic harm to an individual, can take
the form of, property damage, restricting
access to financial resources, education, or
the labor market, or not complying with
economic responsibilities such as alimony

Chapter 10 – Gender Issues in the Philippine

Context
Organizations and NGOs that exist for the
cause of gender equality
• Gabriela National alliance of women
• Women’s legal and human rights bureau
• Unicef
• Philippine Commission in women
The 1987 Constitution states two prominent
provisions:
1. The declaration of principles article II
section 14
- Role of women in nation-building and
ensuring equality before the law of
women and men
2. The Article XIII – labor: Section 14
- Protect working women