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The 8085 Microprocessor Instruction Set Table of Contents Introduction Processor 8085 Registers Assembly Language Format Instruction Set Encyclopedia The Processor 8085 Electrical Pins and Pin Descriptions References.

Introduction The 8085 microprocessor is an eight bit general purpose processor. It is a conventional Von Neumann type computer design that uses binary numbers as information storage. A binary number consists only as ones and zero. A bit 1 is represented by about +5 volts at about 0.02 watt, and a binary zero is represented by a voltage of less than +0.8 volt. It was first made by Intel in 1977. Its main advantages are its small size, fast calculation speed, relatively low electrical power consumption, requires less hardware, has only about 256 instructions for easier assembler construction, and low cost. It has a 16 bit address bus which permits ffff16 bytes of main memory size of read only memory and random access memory electronic intergrated circuits accessed directly. The 8085 may have been used by the United States military. The circuit uses miniature electronic components called transistors (metal-oxide semiconductor), diodes and resistors to form logic gates. Logic gates can be combined to form electronic temporary memory circuits called registers in the 8085.

Processor 8085 Registers Table 2 shows the 8085 microprocessor internal registers that the programmer has access to. Registers are temporary memories that can be accessed with some of the instructions. each are 8 bits long and two are combined to form 16 bit binary numbers like registers B and C. Stack pointer register SP as low order byte in SPL and most significant byte in SPH. Value in SP points to current top of stack memory. Table2: Microprocesor 8085 Registers 7 0 7 0

B D H SPH

C E L SPL PCL 0

PCH (program counter) 15 A

increment/decrement register

Assembly Language Format The 8085 instruction consists of a label label2, followed by the mnemonics, then the distination operand and the source operand if present on a single line like this: label2: MOV A,(HL) ; Code explanantions and comments. where label label2 to is made equivalent to the location of the first byte of the instruction by the assembler. The word "MOV" is the mnemonics, character "A" is the distination instruction operand in this case. The (HL) is the source instruction operand in this case and means that the contents of registers H,L points to a memory location. The characters to the right of character ";" to end of line "\n" are code explanations and are not compiled by the assembler. Mnemonics Reprentation Conventions r, r1, r2 One of the registers A, B, C, D, E ,H, L (, ) round brackets means register(s) in these contains a pointer value to a main memory location, DDD three bits in opcode representing destination register in table 4, SSS three bits in opcode representing source register in table 4, M a 16 bit pointer value to a main memory location, d8 data as a 1 byte operand immediately following the opcode, d16 data as a 2 byte operand immediately following the opcode, low order data byte first; low order byte d16l

of d16, most signifcant byte d16h of d16; word d16 is two bytes. rp Two bits in opcode representing the use a register pair in table 5; register pair instruction operand: BC, DE, HL or SP. PC 16 bit progam counter register, with PCL low order byte of PC and PCH the most significant byte of PC. SP 16 bit stack pointer register which points to start location of stack in main memeory, SPL is low order byte of SP, SPH is most signifcant byte of SP. port an eight bit number as port number that follows the opcode byte in main memory and is from address pins A0 through A7 used by "IN", or "OUT" instruction. . Tables 4 and 5 shows bits that needs be included in some opcodes depending on the register(s) used in instruction. For example if register B is used in instruction "MOV B,(HL)", its opcode will be: 01DDD110=01000110. Table 4: Register Bits DDD or SSS bits: 111 000 001 010 011 100 101 register names: A B C D E H L

Table 5: Register Pairs For Opcode

rp bits: 00 01 10 11

register pairs (rh, rl): B, C D, E H, L S, P.

Intruction Set Encyclopedea Intruction set encyclopedea for each intruction below has instruction syntax (mnemonics) format, basic operation, code explanations and comments, operation function, machine code or opcode of corresponding instruction in binary format with optional immediate operands, addressign types, flags affected, other information and then perhaps an example instruction. The 8085 microprocessor has ff16 assembly instructions that have opcodes that are eight bits long. Some opcodes have an immediate byte or two immediately following it in main memory. Indirect addressing means that a value in one of the register pairs (b-c, d-e, h-l or sp) contains a value that points to a main memory location of a byte. Direct addressing means the immediate operands (2 bytes) following the opcode points to a location in main memory of a byte.

Data Transfer Mnemonics MOV r1,r2 (move value between registers). The content of source register r2 is moved or copied to destination register r1: r1r2. Opcode: 11DDDSSS2 . Addressing type(s): register r; flags affected: none. Example: MOV A,B.

MOV r,M (move byte from main memory to a register). The byte contents of main memory location whose address is in index registers H and L is moved to register r: M= (HL). r (HL).

01DDD110. Addressing: register r, indirect M; flags affected: none. Example: MOV B,(HL).

MOV M,r (move byte from a register to a memory location) The contents of register r is moved or copied to the memory location whose address in in registers H, and L; register L contains to the lower byte of location M and H the most significant byte of M: (HL)r. 01110SSS. Example: MOV (HL),C.

MVI r,d8 (move immediate byte to register e) The content d8 of immediate operand byte of the instruction into register r: r d8. Opcode and operand: 00DDD1102, d816 . Example: MVI D,02h.

MVI M,d8 (move immediate byte to a memory location) The content d8 of immediate byte operand of the instruction is moved or copied the main memory whose address is in registers H and L. (HL)d8. 00110110, d8 Example: MOV (HL),03h.

LXI rp,d16 (load register pair rp with immediate word d16) Most significant byte d16h of data of d16 is moved to most significant register rh of register pair rp and low order byte d16l of d16 is moved to low order register rl of register pair rp: rhd16h, rld16l. 00rp0001, d16l, d16h Example:LXI HL,025dh.

LDA A,(d16) (load accummulator A direct) The content of the memory location pointed to by immediate operand value d16 is moved to register A. A(d16). 00111010, d16l, d16h. Example: LDA A,(0255h)

STA (d16) (Store from accummulator direct) The content of accumulator A is stored in main memory location whose address is d16 (immediate word). Low order byte is d16l. 00110010, d16l, d16h. STA (041ch)

LHL (d16) (load H and L register direct) The content of two adjacent memory locations whose starting address is immediate operand d16 is loaded into register paint H and L, with lower order byte in L and most signficant bye following is stored into register H. L(d16), H(d16+1). 00101010, d16l, d16h. LHL (02a7h)

SHLD (d16) (store H and L direct) Store H and L values into memory location beginning at location d16. Lower byte in L into main memory location d16, and most significant byte in H into location d16+1 (following L). (d16) L, (d16+1)H. 00100010. d16l, d16h. SHLD (030fh).

Arithmetic Mnemonics ADC r (add register r to A with carry) The content of register r and contents of current carry bit C are added to content of accmumulator A=An with results in acccumulator A=An+1 .ResetscarryflagtoC=1=Cn+1bit if carry bit is present. Example value An+1=100011012. An+1An+r+Cn, Cn+1.

10001SSS. ADC B.

ADC M (Add a memory location content with carry) The byte content of the memory location whose address is contained in register pair H and L and the current carry flag C bit are added to the accumulator A value with result in accumulator A. An+1An+(HL)+Cn, Cn+1. Opcode: 10001110. Example: ADC (HL).

ACI d8 (add immediate operand with carry) The content of the second byte (immedate operand) d8 of instruction, the current carry bit Cn and contents of accumulator A are added. Results in accumulator A=A n+1. An+1An+d8+Cn, Cn+1. 11001110, d8. Example: ACI 04h.

Processor Input, Output IN port (processor byte input) The byte data is placed on the eight bit bi-drectional data bits (bits D0 through D7) by another circuit (8155)) by the specified port is moved to register A. Pin IO/~M goes bit 1, and address pins A7 through A0 contains the port number. A (data). 11011011, port. Addressing: direct; flags: none. Rxample: IN 82.

OUT port (Byte output from processor) The contents of register A is placed on the eight bit bi-directional data bus (D0 through D7) for transmission

the specified port. During data transmission (on the eight bit bi-directional data bus) pin IO/~M goes bit 1 and ~Wr pin goes to bit 0. The IO/~M pin goes bit 1, and port number byte is address value in pins A7 through A0, and then repeated at the most significant byte of address word at pins A8 through A15. (data) A. 11010011, port. Addressing type: direct; flags affected: none. address A: 8155 names: 76543210 x x x x x 0 0 0 command status register x x x x x 0 0 1 port A x x x x x 0 1 0 port B x x x x x 0 1 1 port C. The x means does not care, can be bit 1 or 0. Example: OUT 80.

HLT (halt procesor) The proceesor is stopped. Switch "reset in" pin to restart processor. 01110110.

NOP (no operation) No operation, proceed to next intruction in main memory. Program counter register PC value is incremented by 1. Registers and flags are unaffected. Opcode: 000000002 . Example: NOP.

RIM (read interrupt mask) The RIM intruction loads data into the accumulator relating to interrupts and serial data input. Opcode: 00100000.

The Processor 8085 Electrical Pins and Pin Descriptions Figure 3 shows the overview of the electrical signal pins of the 8085 microprocessor. The 8085 Microprocessor Pins

Figure 3.

Pin Descriptions

Ale Pin The Ale pin is an output called the address latch (memory) enable. It tells an external circuit that the AD0 through AD 7 contents are address outputs A0 through A7 when it (Ale) is bit 1. When Ale is bit 0, the pins AD0 through AD7 will be data byte in pins D0 through D7.

Pins AD0 Through AD 7 Pins AD0 through AD7 are pins that can be address output pins A0 through A7 or bi-directional data pins D0 through D7 depending in pin ALE bit value. Signal of +5 volts at about 0.025 watt is bit 1. Pins A8 Through A15 Pins A8 Through A15 are address pins part of address bus with A15 being the most significant bit. Most signficant bits of pins A0 through A15. Are tri-state outputs as bit 1, 0 or large impedance (no output). VCC Supply VCC is a +5 volt electric supply pin with about 0.2 ampere supply current.

A Simple 8085 Computer Circuit Figure 4.