XAVIE

R
LAZIMPAT, KATHMANDU

ACAD
EMY
PROJECT REPORT ON

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Submitted By: Krisha Maharjan Submitted To: Dina Pradhan

Class: 12 “C” (Management)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Creating this project has been a beautiful and enlightening experience for me. I’ve
gained valuable knowledge along the way. Special thanks to my computer teacher
Dina Pradhan Maam, for entrusting me with the incredible opportunity to work
on Database Management System.

Finally, Thanks to my parents and close friends for their unwavering support
throughout the journey from ideation to execution. Without them, this project
wouldn’t have seen the light of day. Their contributions made my project a huge
success, and I couldn’t have done it without them. It was a fulfilling and happy
experience, thanks to all those who helped me along the way.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................4
DATA......................................................................................................................................................4
DATABASE............................................................................................................................................4
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM..............................................................................................5

Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS................................................................6

Advantages of DBMS (Database Management System)..........................................................................6
Disadvantages of DBMS (Database Management System).....................................................................6

DATABASE MODEL...............................................................................................7
CENTRALIZED AND DISTRIBUTED DATABASE..........................................10
 INTRODUCTION

DATA
In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is
efficient for movement or processing. Relative to today's computers and
transmission media, data is information converted into binary digital form. It is
acceptable for data to be used as a singular subject or a plural subject. Raw data is
a term used to describe data in its most basic digital format. Data can be stored in
file formats, as in mainframe systems using ISAM and VSAM. Other file formats
for data storage, conversion and processing include comma-separated values.
These formats continued to find uses across a variety of machine types, even as
more structured-data-oriented approaches gained footing in corporate computing.

DATABASE
A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data,
typically stored electronically in a computer system. A database is usually
controlled by a database management system (DBMS). Together, the data and the
DBMS, along with the applications that are associated with them, are referred to as
a database system, often shortened to just database. Data within the most common
types of databases in operation today is typically modeled in rows and columns in
a series of tables to make processing and data querying efficient. For Example, a
university database organizes the data about students, faculty, admin staff, etc.
which helps in the efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion of data from it.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Database Management Systems (DBMS) are software systems used to store,
retrieve, and run queries on data. A DBMS serves as an interface between an end-
user and a database, allowing users to create, read, update, and delete data in the
database. DBMS manage the data, the database engine, and the database schema,
allowing for data to be manipulated or extracted by users and other programs. This
helps provide data security, data integrity, concurrency, and uniform data
administration procedures. Database management systems can be classified based
on a variety of criteria such as the data model, the database distribution, or user
numbers. The most widely used types of DBMS software are relational,
distributed, hierarchical, object-oriented, and network.
Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS

Advantages of DBMS (Database Management System)

 Data can be shared (concument access of data): Data stored in database can be
shared. It can be shared among the several different users or concument access
by different users, which means access to the same data simultaneously by more
than one user.
 Reduce data redundancy: In traditional file processing, the same data may be
duplicates at many times or places, is also called data redundancy. A DBMS
reduces duplication of data from a database.
 Providing backup and recovery: A DBMS must provide facilities for recovering
from hardware or software failures. The backup and recovery subsystem of
DBMS is responsible for recovery.
 Inconsistency can be avoided: When the same data are duplicated and changes
are made one side, and not other sites, it causes data inconsistency. But DBMS
reduces the inconsistency problem by eliminating two entries regarding the
same data.

Disadvantages of DBMS (Database Management System)

 It is complex to understand and implement.
 The overhead cost of providing security, recovery, and integrity functions.
 Proper training is required for staff to work properly in the database system per
annum.
 An additional cost is for migration from a traditionally separate application
environment to an interpreted one.
 DATABASE MODEL

A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a
database. It fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored,
organized and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the
relational model, which uses a table-based format.

 Relational Model: The relational model was introduced by E.F. Codd in 1970 as
a way to make database management systems more independent of any
particular application. The products that are generally referred to as relational
databases in fact implement a model that is only an approximation to the
mathematical model defined by Codd.

 Network Model: The network model expands upon the hierarchical structure,
allowing many-to-many relationships in a tree-like structure that allows
multiple parents. The network model organizes data using two fundamental
concepts, called records and sets.

 Hierarchical Model: In a hierarchical model, data is organized into a tree-like

structure, implying a single parent for each record. A sort field keeps sibling
records in a particular order. Hierarchical structures were widely used in the
early mainframe database management systems, such as the Information
Management System (IMS) by IBM, and now describe the structure of XML
documents.
 E-R DIAGRAM

This Company ER diagram illustrates key information about Company, including

entities such as employee, department, project and dependent.

Entities and their attributes are:

 Employee Entity: Attributes of Employee Entity are Name, Id, Address,

Gender, Dob and Doj. Id is Primary Key for Employee Entity.
 Department Entity: Attributes of Department Entity are D_no, Name and
Location. D_no is Primary Key for Department Entity.
 Project Entity: Attributes of Project Entity are P_No, Name and Location. P_No
is Primary Key for Project Entity.
 Dependent Entity: Attributes of Dependent Entity are D_no, Gender and
relationship.
CENTRALIZED AND DISTRIBUTED DATABASE

Centralized Database Distributed Database

1. It is a database that is stored, located as 2.
well as maintained at a single location only.
3. The data access time in the case of multiple
users is more in a centralized database.
4. The management, modification, and
backup of this database are easier as the
entire data is present at the same location.
5. This database provides a uniform and
complete view to the user.
6. This database has more data consistency in
comparison to distributed database.
7. The users cannot access the database in
case of database failure occurs.
8. It is less costly.