Bones of trunk 躯⼲⻣
Composition:
• Vertebrae 椎⻣
– Sacrum 骶⻣
– Coccyx 尾⻣
• Sternum 胸⻣
• Ribs 肋
1. Vertebrae 椎⻣
There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:
• Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C. 7
• Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T. 12
• Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L. 5
• Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S. 5 →sacrum 骶⻣
• Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.4 →coccyx 尾⻣
1）General features of vertebrae椎⻣的⼀般形态
• Vertebral body 椎体
• Vertebral arch 椎⼸
– pedicle of vertebral arch 椎⼸根:
sup. and inf. vertebral notch
椎上、下切迹
– lamina of vertebral arch 椎⼸板
• process (7):
– spinous process 棘突
– transverse process 横突
– sup. and inf. articular processes
上、下关节突
• Vertebral foramen 椎孔
– Vertebral canal 椎管
• Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔
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2）Regional variations of vertebrae
各部椎⻣的特征
（1）Cervical vertebrae 颈椎
• Vertebrae Body: small 椎体⼩
• Vertebral foramen: large and triangular in
shape 椎孔⼤ 三⻆形
• Spinous processes: 棘突
short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6, and
longer in C7 短 分叉
• Transverse processes:
short and bifid, transverse foramen 横突孔
• Articular processes: horizontal 关节突：⽔平
Atypical vertebeae ⾮典型颈椎
Atlas 寰椎 (C1)
• Body and spinous process absent
椎体和棘突缺如
• Consists of anterior and posterior arches
前 后结节, and two lateral masses 侧块
• Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟
Axis 枢椎 (C2):
• Distinguished by dens ⻮突
• Which articulates with dental fovea of
anterior arch of atlas 与第⼀颈椎⻮突凹
形成关节
侧块
• Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7):⼤椎 contains long
and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with
neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in
counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes
(C7棘突随摇头时左右摆动，T1棘突则完全不动）
（2）Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎
• Vertebrae Body ：
heart-shape, superior and inferior costal
fovea 上、下肋凹
• Vertebral foramen：椎孔
smaller, rounder
• Spinous processes：
long, point obliquely downward 斜向下
• Transverse processes：
transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹
• Articular processes 关节突
Scoliosis
（3）Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎
• Vertebrae Body：
larger, kidney-shape
• Vertebral foramen:
larger and triangular
• Spinous processes:
projects horizontally
• Transverse processes:
long
• Articular processes:
sagittal
adenocarcinoma Bone Metastases
滑膜炎，痤疮，脓胞病，
⻣肥厚，⻣髓炎
Multiple myeloma SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis,
hyperostosis, and osteitis) syndrome
Multiple myeloma
Regional variations of vertebrae
各部椎⻣的特征
Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumber vertebrae
Body Small Heart-shape, have Larger, kidney-shape
superior and inferior costal
fovea for rib heads
Vertebral Larger and triangular Smaller, rounder Larger and triangular
foramen
Spinous Short and bifid in C3 to Long, point obliquely Projects horizontally
processes C5, long in C6,and downward
longer in C7
Transverse Short and bifid, Have transverse costal Long
processes transverse foramen fovea for rib tubercles
Articular Horizontal Coronal Sagittal
processes
各部椎⻣的特征
1、椎体⼤⼩（对于同⼀个⼈来说）：颈椎椎体较⼩，胸椎次之，腰椎最⼤。
2、从形态：
（1）颈椎横断⾯呈椭圆形，胸椎横断⾯呈⼼形，腰椎横断⾯呈肾形；
（2）颈椎上下关节突关节⾯⼏乎呈⽔平位，胸椎的关节突的关节⾯⼏乎呈冠状
位，腰椎关节突粗⼤、关节⾯呈⽮状位。
（3）第2-6颈椎的棘突较短末端分叉、第7颈椎棘突较⻓且末端不分叉，胸椎的
棘突较⻓、向后下⽅倾斜、呈叠瓦状，腰椎的棘突宽⽽短、呈⽔平板状向后、
棘突间隙较宽。
（4）颈椎横突上有孔（横突孔），胸椎椎体与椎⼸根交接部的上缘和下缘有上
下肋凹、在横突末端的前⾯有横突肋凹。
（4）Sacrum 骶⻣
• Anterior surface:
– Promontory 岬
– anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔
(four pairs)
• Posterior surface:
– median sacral crest 骶正中嵴
– posterior sacral foramina 骶后孔
(four pairs)
– sacral canal 骶管
– sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔
– sacral cornu 骶⻆
• Lateral part:
– auricular surface ⽿状⾯
骶⻆
骶管裂孔
palpation
caudal anaesthesia
2. Sternum胸⻣
• Manubrium sterni 胸⻣柄
– jugular notch 颈静脉切迹
– clavicular notch 锁切迹
• Body of sternum 胸⻣体
– Costal notches 肋切迹
• Xiphoid process 剑突
★ Sternal angle 胸⻣⻆:
• the junction of manubrium
and body
• which connects 2nd costal
cartilage laterally
• lies opposite lower border
of T4 posteriorly 平第四椎体
下缘
3. Ribs肋
General features
• 12 pair
• Ribs 1~7 called true ribs 真肋
• Ribs 8~10 called false ribs 假肋
• Ribs 11~12 called floating ribs 浮肋
1）Characteristics of “typical” rib
典型肋⻣
肋颈 肋头
• Posterior end
肋结节
– costal head 肋头
– costal neck 肋颈
– costal tubercle 肋结节
• Shaft
– costal angle 肋⻆
– costal groove 肋沟
• Anterior end
Atypical rib
⾮典型肋⻣
• First rib:
– tubercle for scalenus
anterior 前斜⻆肌结节
– sulcus for subclavian vein
and artery 锁⻣下静、动脉沟
• 11th and 12th ribs lack costal
necks, tubercles and angles
胸廓出⼝症候群
You must identify follow structures！
• Vertebral body 椎体 • Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔
• superior and inferior costal fovea
• Vertebral arch 椎⼸
上、下肋凹
• pedicle of vertebral arch 椎⼸根 • transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹
• sup. and inf. vertebral notch • transverse foramen 横突孔
椎上、下切迹 • Atlas 寰椎
• lamina of vertebral arch 椎⼸板 • Axis 枢椎
• spinous process 棘突 • Groove for vertebral artery 椎动
• transverse process 横突 脉沟
• sup. and inf. articular processes • anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔
median sacral crest 骶正中嵴
上、下关节突
• posterior sacral foramina 骶后孔
• Vertebral foramen 椎孔
You must identify follow structures！
• sacral canal 骶管 • Body of sternum 胸⻣体
• sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔 • Xiphoid process 剑突
• sacral cornu 骶⻆ • Sternal angle胸⻣⻆
• auricular surface ⽿状⾯ • costal head 肋头
• sacral tuberosity 骶粗隆 • costal neck 肋颈
• Manubrium sterni 胸⻣柄 • costal tubercle 肋结节
• jugular notch 颈静脉切迹 • costal angle 肋⻆
• clavicular notch 锁切迹 • costal groove 肋沟
