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Module 7 - Stress and Work Load

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Leonard Cataluña
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11 views53 pages

Module 7 - Stress and Work Load

Uploaded by

Leonard Cataluña
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 7 – Stress Workload

and Safety

Prepared by:
Ezrha C. Godilano
MSIE, CIE
[email protected]
CTD and TOOL DESIGN
• Cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs)
– Work-related musculoskeletal injuries
– Due to repeated microtrauma from
• High force, high repetition
• Extreme joint motions, lack of rest
– AKA: repetitive motion injuries
• Cost to industry
– 15-20% of workers
– Average of $30,000/case
– OSHA effort ‘Ergonomics Standard’
HAND ANATOMY and CTDs
• Carpal tunnel syn.
• Tenosynovitis
• Tendinitis
• Trigger finger
• White finger
• Raynaud’s disease
• Rotator cuff
• Thoracic outlet syn.
CARPET MOLDING
CARPET MOLDING

Trimming Hammering
RESEARCH - Knife
MEAT PACKING
Splitter (Knuckle puller) Fabrication (Trimming)
Weasand Clipper (sights/sounds)
TESTING OF
MEAT HOOKS
TYPES OF MEAT HOOKS
TANNING INDUSTRY (2 in PA)

• Dehairing
 Fleshing
 High forces -100 lbs
 Putrid, maggots,
smell !!!
• Dipping
 Lift 100 lbs
 Postures
LEATHER INDUSTRY

Pinch
POULTRY PROCESSING
FOUNDRIES

• Despruing – tendinitis
• Ladles – high forces
BOILERS – castings, boring
60 lbs
ASSEMBLY OPERATIONS
GARMENT INDUSTRY

• Bad postures
• Hi reps
• Hi forces
• Piece rate
T-SHIRT TURNING
• T-shirts sewn inside out
• T-shirt needs inverting
• Operators on incentive
• Injuries – productivity!
• 5 hp reversed blower
• Foot pedal control
• Sucks in t-shirt
• Pull out inverted
• Doubled productivity
• Decreased injuries
COAL MINING
Continuous Longwall

36” seam
MINE SIMULATIONS IN LAB
APPLE HARVESTING
TS_Dumping

Hip belt
Shoulder straps
HAND/WRIST POSTURES
• Maintain neutral wrist
– Flexion/extension
– Radial/ulnar deviation
– ↓ grip strength 20-30%
• Arms hang down
– Abduction fatiguing
– Overhead work is very
bad
TYPES OF GRIP
• CTD risk
analysis
• Similar to
NIOSH
• 4 factors
– Frequency
– Posture
– Force
– Misc
• Index < 1
TOOL DESIGN #1
• Grip span,
opt = 2¾-3¼ in
• F = ½-⅔ M strength
• Handedness, ↓10%
• Strength, 90% can
• Avoid tissue
compression
• Handle length ≥ 4 in
TOOL DESIGN #2
• Triggers→ trigger finger
– Force < 2 lbs
– Use 2-3 fingers (not 1)
– < 10,000 motions/day
• Use strongest finger
– Thumb ~ 16 lbs
– Middle ~ 88%
– Index ~ 81%
– Ring ~ 69%
– Little ~ 44%
TOOL DESIGN #3
• Handle – grip
– Circular crossection (double frustum)
– Wood, plastic - ↓ shock, ↓ conductivity, friction
– Metal bad (unless covered with rubber)
• Weight < 5 lbs
• Gloves
– Add 0.2-1 in to hand diameter
– ↓ grip strength & dexterity 10-20%
– Tradeoff: ↑safety vs. ↓ performance
POWER TOOLS
• Provide power
• But vibration
• But reaction torque
– Automatic shutoff
– High RPM, high power
– Reaction bar
• Use proper tool in
proper orientation
– In-line vs. pistol grip
– Neutral wrist
What are stressors?

• Influences on information availability


and processing that are not inherent in
the content of the information itself.
Examples of physical stressors: noise,
vibration, heat or cold, dim lighting
Examples of psychological stressors:
anxiety, fatigue, frustration and anger
The effect of Stress
• A psychological experience; usually but not always
feelings of frustration or arousal
• A change in physiology; e.g., change in heart rate or a
change in the output of catecholamine, measured in the
urine after periods for flying combat maneuvers.
• Stressors affect the efficiency of information processing,
usually, but not always degrading performance.
• Stressors may have long-term negative consequences for
health.
The Effects of Stress
• Headache
• Sleep disturbances
• Difficulty in concentrating
• Short temper
• Upset stomach
• Job dissatisfaction
• Low morale
Environmental Stressor - Motion
• High frequency motion: cyclic motion
(aka vibration) – can be specific to a part
of the body (handheld power saw) or to
the whole body (from a vehicle).
• Low frequency motion (rocking of a ship)
and motion sickness: acts as a distracter
making it hard to concentrate.
• Whole body vibration makes it difficult
for the user to input or control the
device because of loss of precision.
Written information may be blurred
Environmental Stressors
• Dim Light • Noise
Remediation for Environmental Stressors

• Remediation involves using the midrange of lighting


and sound and sound
• Remediation for hand vibration involves tool selection
and limiting dose exposure
• Remediation for whole body vibration involves
insulating the user and the interface (input device)
from the source of vibration (cushioning).
Psychological Stressors
• Perceived threat of harm or
loss of esteem
(embarrassment), or
something valued, or of
bodily function through
injury or death.
Psychological Stressors
• Varies by individual (thrill-seeker versus the novice)
• Amount of stress is related to the persons
understanding or cognitive appraisal of the
situation.
• Varies by person depending on their sense of
control. May not appreciate the danger.
• Research difficult in this area because of ethical
issues.
Level of Physiological Arousal Related to Stress

• Documented by changes in
• Heart rate
• Pupil diameter
• Hormonal chemistry
Optimal Level of Arousal
• Performance increases as arousal increases up to a
certain point (trying harder)
• Performance decreases with overarousal (overload)
The Human Function Curve
Performance Degradation with Overarousal

• Perceptual or attention narrowing (tunneling)


• May cause you to focus on the
wrong thing
• Less ability to use working memory to come up
with creative solutions.
• Long term memory intact
Remediation of Psychological Stress
During an Emergency

• Have written instructions (do not rely on working memory).


• Practice for emergencies (overlearn).
• We tend to perform the dominant behavior (turning back
from a skid on slippery ice because that’s what we do on dry
pavement).
• Avoid the tendency to “do something now.”
• Take time to take a deep breath and plan a strategy.
Life Stress
• Stress related to the job or
personal life.
• Poor performance because
of lack of attention or
motivation.
• Safety may be compromised
because of distraction or
diversion of attention
Remediation is complex.
Here are some general suggestions:

• Address and remove the


source of stress within the
organization
• Stress management training
• Provide counseling
WORKLOAD
• The amount of work assigned to or expected from a
worker in a specified time period.
• Stress may be induced by having too much to do in
too little time.
• Overload can result in forgetting to do some critical
task e.g., air traffic controller forgetting that he had
already scheduled another aircraft to land on the
runaway.
Measuring Workload
Question
• If you have a report to do that can be completed
in 4 hours and is due at exactly , what is latest
time you can start working on the report in order
to avoid stress?

Answer:
noon or 12:00
Consequences of Work Overload
• More selectivity of input.
• More important sources of information
given more weight.
• Decrease in accuracy
• Decreasing use of mental strategies that require
heavy mental computation.
• Locking onto a single strategy.
Remediation
• Task redesign or assignment to multiple workers
• Automate
• Develop display design that highlights the most
important information.
• Training for high time-stress workload situations.
• Training of task management skills.

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